Opinion
A89A0830, A89A0831.
DECIDED JULY 12, 1989. REHEARING DENIED JULY 25, 1989.
Action for damages. Bibb State Court. Before Judge Phillips.
Dozier, Akin Lee, L. Z. Dozier, for appellant.
Jones, Cork Miller, Wallace Miller III, for appellee.
Appellant/cross-appellee Melanie Labelle and appellee/cross-appellant Tammy Lister are both employed by Brown Williamson Tobacco Company in Macon, Georgia, and both had been working the 11:00 p. m. — 7:00 a. m. shift when the incident which underlies the instant appeal took place. Both parties completed their shift, left the building where both worked, entered the adjacent company-maintained parking lot, and, after pausing momentarily to discuss an upcoming private social event, entered their vehicles and prepared to leave the parking lot. Ms. Lister's automobile struck Ms. Labelle's pick-up truck at approximately 7:08 a. m., according to the security guard on duty, with the result that Ms. Labelle's arm was broken.
Ms. Labelle filed a complaint against Ms. Lister seeking compensation for her injury. The latter answered, denying any negligence and citing as defenses, inter alia, plaintiff's negligence; comparative negligence; legal accident; and the immunity of a fellow servant under workers' compensation law. The complaint was subsequently amended to include a claim for loss of income.
Ms. Lister moved for summary judgment under OCGA § 34-9-11, which deals with the exclusivity of workers' compensation as the remedy for injuries among fellow employees. The brief supporting the motion noted, inter alia, that Ms. Labelle had filed a claim with the State Board of Workers' Compensation in connection with the incident. Labelle contended, in response to the motion, that genuine issues of material fact precluded summary adjudication, and the trial court thereafter entered an order denying the motion on the basis urged by Ms. Labelle.
Shortly before trial, Ms. Labelle filed a motion in limine prohibiting the defendant from introducing any evidence to the effect that Ms. Labelle had said the collision was unavoidable. Ms. Lister filed a motion in limine to exclude evidence tending to establish that after the collision Ms. Lister had stated that she was at fault and that her insurance would cover the damage.
The jury, obviously concerned about the workers' compensation aspect of the case (the foreman had sent the court a note asking for clarification of certain workers' compensation considerations, and the jury's initial verdict had read, "For workers' compensation"), returned a verdict for defendant Lister. Ms. Labelle appealed, and Ms. Lister filed what she designates as a "protective cross-appeal." Ms. Labelle enumerates as error, in Case No. A89A0830, certain evidentiary rulings and jury instructions. Ms. Lister's sole enumeration in Case No. A89A0831 is that the trial court erred in denying her motion for directed verdict on the fellow-servant tort immunity defense. She contends that a reversal of this ruling would in effect render moot most, if not all, of appellant/cross-appellee's enumerations. Held:
1. It is well settled that when an injury arises out of and in the course of employment, the employee's sole remedy is against the employer, pursuant to OCGA § 34-9-11. It is also well settled that the period of employment generally includes a reasonable time for ingress to and egress from the work station. Knight-Ridder Newspaper Sales v. Desselle, 176 Ga. App. 174 ( 335 S.E.2d 458) (1985). In West-Point Pepperell v. McEntire, 150 Ga. App. 728 ( 258 S.E.2d 530) (1979), this court affirmed the applicability of workers' compensation law in the case, holding at 729 that the parking lot was a part of the employer's premises and that an employee "remains in the course of ... employment" during a reasonable time for egress. In United States Cas. Co. v. Russell, 98 Ga. App. 181, 184 ( 105 S.E.2d 378) (1958), the court found 30 minutes between automobile and work station "not an unreasonable time." In the instant case it is undisputed that both parties left their work stations at 7:00 a. m. and that the security guard was notified of the collision at 7:08 a. m. — or well within the "reasonable time" contemplated by the cited decisions.
OCGA § 9-11-50 (a) provides that a verdict "shall be directed" when "there is no conflict in the evidence as to any material issue and the evidence ... shall demand a particular verdict." Applying the "any evidence" standard, we find that the evidence did not authorize a directed verdict for appellant/cross-appellee Labelle. Thus as a matter of law the Workers' Compensation Act works in the instant case to preempt any tort claims that otherwise might lie.
2. Having found preemption under the Workers' Compensation Act, Division 1, supra, we do not address the parties' remaining enumerations of error.
Judgment affirmed in Case No. A89A0830; Case No. A89A0831 dismissed. Birdsong, J., concurs. Benham, J., concurs specially.
DECIDED JULY 12, 1989 — REHEARING DENIED JULY 25, 1989 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.
While I completely concur with the resolution of these appeals, I believe it is important to recognize that in determining whether the injury arose out of and in the course of employment, there are factors to be considered other than just the time sequence in which the injury occurred. Such factors may include whether the site of the injury was the only means of the employee's ingress and egress. ( DeHowitt v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 99 Ga. App. 147 ( 108 S.E.2d 280) (1959)); whether there was a causal connection between the employment and the injury ( Borden Foods Co. v. Dorsey, 112 Ga. App. 838 (3) ( 146 S.E.2d 532) (1965); Employers Ins. Co. v. Bass, 81 Ga. App. 306 ( 58 S.E.2d 516) (1950)); or whether a personal deviation has broken the link with employment ( Chandler v. General Accident c. Corp., 101 Ga. App. 597 ( 114 S.E.2d 438) (1960)). Thus, "[w]hat constitutes a reasonable interval depends not only on the length of time involved but also on the circumstances occasioning the interval and the nature of the employee's activity." 1 A Larson's Workmen's Compensation Law, 5-42, § 21.60.