Summary
In Jordan v. Mississippi, 585 U.S. ___, 138 S.Ct. 2567 (2018), Justice Breyer wrote of the "unconscionably long delays" in death penalty cases as currently administered in the United States; the named Petitioner, Jordan, had spent forty-two years on death row. Nor was Jordan's situation atypical.
Summary of this case from Davis v. ShoopOpinion
Nos. 17–7153 17–7245.
06-28-2018
Richard Gerald JORDAN v. MISSISSIPPI. Timothy Nelson Evans, aka Timothy N. Evans, aka Timothy Evans, aka Tim Evans v. Mississippi.
The petitions for writs of certiorari are denied.Justice BREYER, dissenting from the denial of certiorari.
In my dissenting opinion in Glossip v. Gross, 576 U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 2726, 192 L.Ed.2d 761 (2015), I described how the death penalty, as currently administered, suffers from unconscionably long delays, arbitrary application, and serious unreliability. Id., at ––––, 135 S.Ct., at 2731–2732. I write to underline the ways in which the two cases currently before us illustrate the first two of these problems and to highlight additional evidence that has accumulated over the past three years suggesting that the death penalty today lacks "requisite reliability." Id ., at ––––, 135 S.Ct., at 2733.
I
The petitioner in the first case, Richard Gerald Jordan, was sentenced to death nearly 42 years ago. He argues that his execution after such a lengthy delay violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on "cruel and unusual punishments." I continue to believe this question merits the Court's attention. See id., at ––––, 135 S.Ct., at 2739–2746 ; Boyer v. Davis, 578 U.S. ––––, 136 S.Ct. 1446, 1447, 194 L.Ed.2d 840 (2016) (BREYER, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari) ("Richard Boyer was initially sentenced to death 32 years ago"); Ruiz v. Texas, 580 U.S. ––––, 137 S.Ct. 1246, 1247, 197 L.Ed.2d 487 (2017) (BREYER, J., dissenting) (slip op., at 1) ("Petitioner Rolando Ruiz has been on death row for 22 years, most of which he has spent in solitary confinement"); Lackey v. Texas, 514 U.S. 1045, 1046, 115 S.Ct. 1421, 131 L.Ed.2d 304 (1995) (Stevens, J., memorandum respecting denial of certiorari) (discussing petitioner's "17 years under a sentence of death").
More than a century ago, the Court described a prisoner's 4–week wait prior to execution as "one of the most horrible feelings to which [a person] can be subjected." In re Medley, 134 U.S. 160, 172, 10 S.Ct. 384, 33 L.Ed. 835 (1890). What explains the more than 4–decade wait in this case? Between 1976 and 1986, each of Jordan's first three death sentences was vacated on constitutional grounds, including by this Court. See Jordan v. Mississippi, 476 U.S. 1101, 106 S.Ct. 1942, 90 L.Ed.2d 352 (1986) (vacating death sentence and remanding case in light of Skipper v. South Carolina, 476 U.S. 1, 106 S.Ct. 1669, 90 L.Ed.2d 1 (1986) ); see also Brief in Opposition in No. 17–7153, p. 4–5 ("Jordan was originally convicted and automatically sentenced to death" in July 1976—the same month that this Court held mandatory death sentences unconstitutional in Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280, 96 S.Ct. 2978, 49 L.Ed.2d 944 (1976) (emphasis added)). In 1998, Jordan was sentenced to death for the fourth time. (He had entered into a plea agreement providing for a sentence of life without parole, but the Mississippi Supreme Court invalidated that agreement and the prosecutor refused to reinstate it. See Jordan v. Fisher, 576 U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 2647, 192 L.Ed.2d 948 (2015) (SOTOMAYOR, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari).)
Jordan has lived more than half of his life on death row. He has been under a death sentence "longer than any other Mississippi inmate." 224 So.3d 1252, 1253 (Miss.2017). The petition states that since 1977, Jordan has been incarcerated in the Mississippi State Penitentiary and spent "most of that time on death row living in isolated, squalid conditions." Pet. for Cert. in No. 17–7153, p. 11; see also ibid. (citing Gates v. Cook, 376 F.3d 323, 332–335 (C.A.5 2004) (holding that the conditions of confinement on Mississippi State Penitentiary's death row violate the Eighth Amendment)); Robles, The Marshall Project, Condemned to Death—and Solitary Confinement (July 23, 2017), (reporting based upon a nationwide survey of state corrections officials that Mississippi is 1 among 20 States that permit death row inmates "less than four hours of out-of-cell recreation time each day"), https://www.themarshallproject.org/2017/07/23/condemnedto-death-and-solitary-confinement (all Internet materials as last visited June 27, 2018); cf. Davis v. Ayala, 576 U.S. ––––, ––––, 135 S.Ct. 2187, 2208, 192 L.Ed.2d 323 (2015) (KENNEDY, J., concurring) (noting that "the usual pattern" of solitary confinement involves "a windowless cell no larger than a typical parking spot" for up to "23 hours a day"). This Court has repeated that such conditions bear " ‘a further terror and peculiar mark of infamy’ [that is] added to the punishment of death." In re Medley, supra, at 170, 10 S.Ct. 384. Such "additional punishment," the Court has said, is "of the most important and painful character." Id ., at 171, 10 S.Ct. 384. In my view, the conditions in which Jordan appears to have been confined over the past four decades reinforce the Eighth Amendment concern raised in his petition.
Jordan, now 72 years old, is one among an aging population of death row inmates who remain on death row for ever longer periods of time. Over the past decade, the percentage of death row prisoners aged 60 or older has increased more than twofold from around 7% in 2008 to more than 16% of the death row population by the most recent estimate. Compare Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, T. Snell, Capital Punishment, 2008—Statistical Tables (rev.Jan.2010) (Table 7), with Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, E. Davis & T. Snell, Capital Punishment, 2016, p. 7 (Apr.2018) (Table 4) (Davis & Snell). Meanwhile, the average period of imprisonment between death sentence and execution has risen from a little over 6 years in 1988 to more than 11 years in 2008 to more than 19 years over the past year. See Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, T. Snell, Capital Punishment, 2013—Statistical Tables, p. 14 (rev.Dec. 19, 2014) (Table 10); Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC), Execution List 2018, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/ execution–list–2018; DPIC, Execution List 2017, https:// deathpenaltyinfo.org/execution–list–2017; see also F. Baumgartner et al., Deadly Justice: A Statistical Portrait of the Death Penalty 161, 168, Fig. 8.1 (2018) (analyzing recent data showing that "nationally, each passing year is associated with approximately 125 additional days of delay from crime to execution").
II
In addition, both Richard Jordan's case and that of Timothy Nelson Evans, the second petitioner here, illustrate the problem of arbitrariness. To begin with, both were sentenced to death in the Second Circuit Court District of Mississippi. Evans says that district accounts for "the largest number of death sentences" of any of the State's 22 districts since 1976. Pet. for Cert. in No. 17–7245, pp. 5–6; see also App. D to Pet. for Cert. (citing death sentencing data maintained by Mississippi's Office of the State Public Defender).
This geographic concentration reflects a nationwide trend. Death sentences, while declining in number, have become increasingly concentrated in an ever-smaller number of counties. In the mid–1990's, more than 300 people were sentenced to death in roughly 200 counties each year. B. Garett, End of Its Rope: How Killing the Death Penalty Can Revive Criminal Justice 138–140 (2017). By comparison, these numbers have declined dramatically over the past three years. A recent study finds, for example, that in 2015, all of those who were sentenced to death nationwide (51 people in total) were sentenced in 38 of this Nation's more than 3,000 counties; in 2016, all death sentences (31 in total) were imposed in just 28 counties nationwide (fewer than 1% of counties). Id., at 139–140, Fig. 6.2; see also Garrett, Jakubow, & Desai, The American Death Penalty Decline, 107 J.Crim. L. & C. 561, 564, 584 (2017) ; Fair Punishment Project, Too Broken To Fix: Part I: An In–Depth Look at America's Outlier Death Penalty Counties 2 (2016) (citing data indicating there were 16 counties, or 0.5% of all counties nationwide, in which five or more death sentences were imposed from 2010 to 2015); cf. M. Radelet, The History of the Death Penalty in Colorado 168 (2017) (explaining that Colorado's three death row inmates "[a]ll were prosecuted in the same judicial district, all the cases came from Aurora, all are young black men, and indeed all attended the same high school"); Joint State Government Commission, Capital Punishment in Pennsylvania: The Report of the Task Force and Advisory Committee 90 (June 2018) ("[D]ifferences among counties in death penalty outcomes ... were the largest and most prominent differences found in the study. In a very real sense, a given defendant's chance of having the death penalty sought, retracted, or imposed depends upon where that defendant is prosecuted and tried") (internal quotations omitted); Glossip, 576 U.S., at ––––, 135 S.Ct., at 2755 (BREYER, J., dissenting).
This geographic arbitrariness is aggravated by the fact that definitions of death eligibility vary depending on the State. This Court has repeated that "[c]apital punishment must be limited to those offenders who commit a narrow category of the most serious crimes," Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 568, 125 S.Ct. 1183, 161 L.Ed.2d 1 (2005) (internal quotation marks omitted), since "the culpability of the average murderer is insufficient to justify the most extreme sanction available to the State." Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 319, 122 S.Ct. 2242, 153 L.Ed.2d 335 (2002). But the statutory criteria States enact to distinguish a non-death-eligible murder from a particularly heinous death-eligible murder and thus attempt to use to identify the "worst of the worst" murderers are far from uniform. See Baumgartner, supra, at 90–115 (reviewing data collected in a "host" of empirical studies showing "that nearly all homicides in a given state are death-eligible").
For instance, as Evans argues, Mississippi is one of a small number of States in which defendants may be (and, in Mississippi's Second Circuit Court District, routinely are) sentenced to death for, among other things, felony robbery murder without any finding or proof of intent to kill. Pet. for Cert. in No. 17–7245, at 4–5, and nn. 3–4; see also id., at 8, n. 10 ; Miss.Code Ann. §§ 97–3–19(2)(e), (f ), 99–19–101(5)(d) (2017) ; McCord & Harmon, Lethal Rejection: An Empirical Analysis of the Astonishing Plunge in Death Sentences in the United States From Their Post-Furman Peak, 81 Albany L.Rev. 1, 32–33, and n. 155, Table 10 (2018) (citing data indicating the general decline in robbery as an aggravating factor and research arguing that relying upon robbery as a sole aggravator is generally insufficient to identify the "worst of the worst"). And the Court recently considered a petition presenting "unrebutted" evidence that "about 98% of first-degree murder defendants in Arizona were eligible for the death penalty" under Arizona's death penalty statute, which allows for imposition of the death penalty for "felony murder based on 22 possible predicate felony offenses ... including, for example, transporting marijuana for sale." Hidalgo v. Arizona, 583 U.S. ––––, ––––, ––––, 138 S.Ct. 1054, 1055, 1057, 200 L.Ed.2d 496 (2018) (BREYER, J., statement respecting denial of certiorari).
I recognize that only a small fraction of the roughly 8,000 death sentences imposed since 1976 have resulted in executions. Executions continue to decline from the modern peak of 98 executions occurring across 72 counties and 20 States in 1999 to 28 executions in 22 counties across 6 States in 2015. Baumgartner, supra, at 328. In 2016, 20 people were executed. That number remains the fewest executions in more than a century, just below the 23 executions that took place in 2017. See Davis & Snell 8, 15. More than 700 people await execution on California's death row but the State, which has executed 13 people since 1976, has not carried out an execution since 2006. Id., at 3 ; DPIC, State by State Database: California, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state_by_state. The State of Mississippi, which has executed a total of 21 people since 1976, has not carried out an execution in more than six years. DPIC, State by State Database: Mississippi, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state_by_state. This data suggests that the death penalty may eventually disappear. But it also shows that capital punishment is "unusual" (as well as "cruel").
III
Finally, I note that in the past three years, further evidence has accumulated suggesting that the death penalty as it is applied today lacks "requisite reliability." Glossip, 576 U.S., at –––– – ––––, 135 S.Ct., at 2755 (BREYER, J., dissenting). Four hours before Willie Manning was slated to die by lethal injection, the Mississippi Supreme Court stayed his execution and on April 21, 2015, he became the fourth person on Mississippi's death row to be exonerated. Id., at ––––, 135 S.Ct., at 2755 ; National Registry of Exonerations (June 25, 2018), https://www.law.umich.edu/special/ exoneration/Pages/detaillist.aspx. Since January 2017, six death row inmates have been exonerated. See DPIC, Description of Innocence, https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/ innocence-cases# 157. Among them are Rodricus Crawford, Rickey Dale Newman, Gabriel Solache, and Vicente Benavides Figueroa, whose exonerations were based upon evidence of actual innocence. See National Registry of Exonerations (June 25, 2018), https://www.law.umich.edu/ special/exoneration/Pages/detaillist.aspx.
* * *
In my view, many of the capital cases that come before this Court, often in the form of petitions for certiorari, involve, like the cases of Richard Jordan and Timothy Evans, special problems of cruelty or arbitrariness. Hence, I remain of the view that the Court should grant the petitions now before us to consider whether the death penalty as currently administered violates the Constitution's Eighth Amendment.