Opinion
No. 18-99006
08-24-2020
Barry Lee JONES, Petitioner-Appellee, v. David SHINN, Director, Arizona Department of Corrections; Stephen Morris, Warden, Arizona State Prison-Eyman Complex, Respondents-Appellants.
ORDER
The panel has unanimously voted to deny Respondent-Appellant's petition for rehearing. Judge Rawlinson and Judge Watford have voted to deny the petition for rehearing en banc, and Judge Clifton so recommends.
The full court has been advised of the petition for rehearing en banc. A judge of the court requested a vote on en banc rehearing. The matter failed to receive a majority of votes of non-recused active judges in favor of en banc consideration. Fed. R. App. P. 35.
The petitions for rehearing and rehearing en banc (Docket Entry No. 71) are DENIED . No future petitions for rehearing or rehearing en banc will be entertained.
COLLINS, Circuit Judge, with whom CALLAHAN, IKUTA, R. NELSON, LEE, BRESS, BUMATAY, and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges, join, dissenting from the denial of rehearing en banc:
The panel decisions in Ramirez v. Ryan , 937 F.3d 1230 (9th Cir. 2019), and Jones v. Shinn , 943 F.3d 1211 (9th Cir. 2019), disregard controlling Supreme Court precedent by creating a new judge-made exception to the restrictions imposed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act ("AEDPA") on the use of new evidence in habeas corpus proceedings. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). I respectfully dissent from our failure to rehear these cases en banc.
In light of the common issue raised in the two cases, I am filing an identical combined dissent in both cases.
As the Supreme Court has explained, the negligence of "postconviction counsel" in developing the evidentiary record in state court is "chargeable to the client and precludes relief unless the conditions of § 2254(e)(2) are satisfied." Holland v. Jackson , 542 U.S. 649, 653, 124 S.Ct. 2736, 159 L.Ed.2d 683 (2004). Specifically, § 2254(e)(2) bars "relief based on new evidence," with or without a hearing, unless one of its exceptions is applicable. Id. In both Jones and Ramirez , state postconviction counsel failed to develop the record to support the current claims of ineffective assistance of trial counsel that both petitioners wish to present in federal habeas corpus proceedings. Although there is (and can be) no contention that any of § 2254(e)(2)'s exceptions apply in either case, the panels in both cases nonetheless held that the strictures of § 2254(e)(2) did not apply to the new evidence that the petitioners wished to present in support of the merits of those claims.
The panels' reasoning was that, because the Supreme Court has held that ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel may establish "cause to excuse" the separate "procedural default" of failing to raise an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim in state court, see Martinez v. Ryan , 566 U.S. 1, 13, 132 S.Ct. 1309, 182 L.Ed.2d 272 (2012), a similar exception should also be recognized to excuse the separate prohibition on new evidence set forth in § 2254(e)(2). But Martinez relied on "the Court's discretion" to alter judge-made rules of procedural default, id. , and that power to recognize "judge-made exceptions" to judge-made doctrines does not extend to statutory provisions, Ross v. Blake , ––– U.S. ––––, 136 S. Ct. 1850, 1857, 195 L.Ed.2d 117 (2016). "There, Congress sets the rules—and courts have a role in creating exceptions only if Congress wants them to." Id. And Congress has been clear in § 2254(e)(2) that it does not want any such new exceptions. Indeed, prior to the enactment of § 2254(e)(2), both distinct types of failure (i.e. , failure to raise a claim at all and failure to develop the factual record) were governed by the same "cause and prejudice" standard that Martinez later modified. See Coleman v. Thompson , 501 U.S. 722, 753–54, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991) ; Keeney v. Tamayo-Reyes , 504 U.S. 1, 11, 112 S.Ct. 1715, 118 L.Ed.2d 318 (1992). But in § 2254(e)(2), Congress explicitly abrogated Keeney 's "cause and prejudice" standard and replaced it with a much more demanding standard that is concededly not met in either Jones or Ramirez. Given that Congress has eliminated in the evidentiary-development context the very predicate on which Martinez is based, we have no authority to rewrite the statute and to engraft a judge-made Martinez exception onto it.
The Ramirez decision presents a particularly stark violation of § 2254(e)(2). Jones only went so far as to contend that the same evidence used to established cause and prejudice under Martinez could then be used, notwithstanding § 2254(e)(2), to establish the merits of the underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. While I believe that even this result contravenes Supreme Court authority, it at least has the virtue of making its new judge-made exception to § 2254(e)(2) coextensive with the Martinez exception. But in Ramirez , the panel held that, even after the Martinez exception had been established with new evidence, the petitioner was entitled to keep going and to develop even more evidence as if § 2254(e)(2) did not exist at all. Nothing supports Ramirez 's egregious disregard of the clear strictures of § 2254(e)(2).
I
A
David Ramirez was convicted by an Arizona jury of the first-degree murders of his girlfriend and her daughter, and he was sentenced to death by a judge. Ramirez , 937 F.3d at 1234. Ramirez's trial attorney, Mara Siegel, was a Maricopa County public defender, and Ramirez's case was her first capital assignment. Id. at 1235. After his conviction and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal, Ramirez filed a petition for postconviction relief in state court, but he did not raise a claim that his trial counsel had been ineffective in the particular respects that he now asserts. Id. at 1238. The state petition was denied. Id.
Ramirez then filed a federal habeas petition, the operative version of which raised the claim that trial counsel was ineffective in her presentation of mitigation evidence during the penalty phase. 937 F.3d at 1238. The federal district court initially denied the claim as procedurally defaulted, because Ramirez had failed to raise the claim during his initial state postconviction-relief proceeding. See Martinez Ramirez v. Ryan , 2010 WL 3854792 (D. Ariz. Sept. 28, 2010). While Ramirez's appeal from that decision was pending in this court, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Martinez , in which the Court held that a petitioner may establish "cause" to excuse a procedural default if the petitioner can show (1) that the petitioner's postconviction counsel was ineffective in failing to raise an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim, and (2) that the underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim is "substantial," that is, "has some merit." 566 U.S. at 14, 132 S.Ct. 1309. A panel of this court remanded for reconsideration of Ramirez's ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim "in light of intervening law."
On remand, Ramirez asked for an evidentiary hearing to develop evidence regarding whether his postconviction-relief counsel was ineffective, in order to establish "cause" for the default under Martinez. Ramirez acknowledged that 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2) bars factual development of claims not developed in state court, but relying on our precedent in Dickens v. Ryan , 740 F.3d 1302, 1321 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc), he argued that the cause-and-prejudice question under Martinez is not a "claim" for purposes of § 2254(e)(2) and that evidence could be received to see whether the default could be excused under Martinez.
Ramirez also submitted declarations from various family members describing the truly deplorable conditions of his upbringing. Ramirez , 937 F.3d at 1238–39. Compared to the testimony that Siegel elicited during the original sentencing hearing, the new declarations paint a darker picture of the abuse and neglect that Ramirez's mother inflicted on her children. Ramirez also submitted a declaration from Siegel herself, in which she admitted that the mitigation evidence that she presented was "very limited." Id. at 1240. Finally, Ramirez submitted a declaration from Dr. McMahon, a psychologist whom the state trial court had appointed to evaluate Ramirez's mental health during the penalty phase of his criminal trial. Id. Dr. McMahon stated that Siegel failed to give him Ramirez's IQ scores or school reports and that, had she done so, he likely would have expanded his evaluation, and he would not have found that Ramirez was not intellectually disabled. Id.
The district court noted that, "for different reasons," both sides agreed that the court should consider the merits of Ramirez's ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. As the court explained, the State argued that the lack of merit to that claim showed that postconviction counsel "did not perform ineffectively in failing to raise the claim in state court" and that the Martinez standard therefore could not be met. Ramirez, by contrast, argued that postconviction counsel was ineffective in failing to raise the claim and that the merits of that claim therefore had to be considered de novo. The court denied Ramirez's request for an evidentiary hearing, concluding that such a hearing was "not warranted" in light of the existing evidence, but the court accepted his newly submitted exhibits into the record. After comparing the evidence on mitigation presented at the penalty phase of Ramirez's trial to the information in the newly submitted exhibits, the court resolved the merits of the underlying claim, concluding that Siegel's performance was not deficient and that any deficiency did not prejudice Ramirez.
Ramirez again appealed to this court. The panel reversed, finding that the district court should not have "collapsed what should have been a two-step process": first evaluating whether the performance of Ramirez's postconviction counsel constituted ineffective assistance that excused the procedural default under Martinez , and only then addressing the merits of the underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim, "after allowing a chance for any necessary record or evidentiary development." Ramirez , 937 F.3d at 1242 n.7. The panel then proceeded to address the merits of the Martinez analysis, concluding that Ramirez's postconviction counsel did render ineffective assistance and that Ramirez's underlying claim was "substantial," thus excusing his procedural default under Martinez . Id. at 1243–48. Finally, the panel concluded that "the district court erred in denying Ramirez evidentiary development of his ineffective assistance of counsel claim" and remanded for further evidentiary development on that underlying claim. Id. at 1248.
B
Barry Lee Jones was convicted by an Arizona jury of sexual assault, child abuse, and felony murder of his girlfriend's four-year-old daughter, Rachel Gray. Jones , 943 F.3d at 1215. A judge sentenced him to death. Id. at 1217. Jones filed a petition for postconviction relief in state court, in which he claimed ineffective assistance of trial counsel regarding certain aspects of his attorney's representation. Id. at 1218. The petition was denied. Id.
Jones then filed a federal habeas petition, the operative version of which raised several new claims that his trial attorney was ineffective at both the guilt and penalty phases of Jones' case. 943 F.3d at 1218. The district court denied most of the claims as procedurally defaulted. Jones v. Schriro , 2008 WL 4446619, at *5 (D. Ariz. Sept. 29, 2008). While the case was on appeal in this court, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Martinez. This court remanded the case to the district court for reconsideration of Jones's claim. This court's remand order determined that Jones's claims were "substantial" and that one prong of the Martinez analysis was therefore already satisfied. (Recall that Martinez requires a petitioner to show that postconviction counsel was ineffective and that the underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim is "substantial." See 566 U.S. at 14, 132 S.Ct. 1309.)
On remand, the district court ordered the parties to brief the other prong of Martinez —whether Jones's postconviction counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim—as well as the merits of that underlying claim itself. Jones contended that trial counsel was ineffective during both the guilt and penalty phases of the trial. Based on new exhibits submitted by Jones, the district court found enough initial merit to Jones's arguments that postconviction counsel had been ineffective that the court granted Jones's request for a full evidentiary hearing on whether Jones's default of his underlying claims could be excused under Martinez. In granting that request, the court concluded that 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2) did not apply to new evidence used to establish cause under Martinez. The district court went a step further, however, and also granted Jones's request for an evidentiary hearing to develop his underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. After a seven-day evidentiary hearing, the district court issued a decision granting Jones's habeas petition. Jones v. Ryan , 327 F. Supp. 3d 1157 (D. Ariz. 2018). The court concluded that Jones's trial counsel had performed a deficient investigation into medical evidence of the timeline of Rachel's injuries and that, had a proper investigation been performed, counsel could have cast doubt on the state's theory that Rachel's injuries occurred while she was in Jones's care. Id. at 1198–1202, 1206–09. The court then concluded that Jones's postconviction-relief counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to raise that claim, thereby excusing Jones's procedural default under Martinez . Id. at 1214–17.
The state appealed, arguing that, although 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2) did not bar the district court from holding an evidentiary hearing on Jones's efforts to establish cause for default under Martinez , the statute did bar the district court from considering any of the evidence from the Martinez hearing when analyzing the merits of the underlying claim. The panel rejected the state's argument, concluding that a district court is not barred from considering evidence developed to overcome a procedural default under Martinez when analyzing the underlying claim. Jones , 943 F.3d at 1220–22.
II
We should have granted rehearing en banc because, in contravention of controlling Supreme Court authority, the panels' decisions in Jones and Ramirez create a new judge-made exception to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)'s strict limitations on expansion of the evidentiary record in habeas corpus cases.
A
The petitioners in Jones and Ramirez confronted two distinct obstacles to presenting their ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims in federal habeas corpus proceedings. First, the claims they sought to assert had not been presented in their state postconviction proceedings, and the resulting procedural default required them to show cause and prejudice to excuse that default. Second, the petitioners had failed to develop in the state court record the facts that they needed to establish their claims, and this presented a separate obstacle that would require them to make an appropriate showing before a federal habeas court could consider any additional evidence. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2). In order to set the panels' decisions in context, it is helpful to summarize the applicable state of the law concerning these two distinct procedural hurdles.
1
The general rule against consideration of procedurally defaulted claims in federal habeas corpus is a judge-made doctrine that has long been recognized by the Supreme Court. The Court's rule is "grounded in principles of comity," because "a habeas petitioner who has failed to meet the State's procedural requirements for presenting his federal claims has deprived the state courts of an opportunity to address those claims in the first instance." Coleman , 501 U.S. at 731–32, 111 S.Ct. 2546. Because Arizona requires that ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims be presented in the first state postconviction petition, see Martinez , 566 U.S. at 6–7, 132 S.Ct. 1309, the petitioners' failure to present their claims in Arizona state court constitutes a procedural default, see Coleman , 501 U.S. at 735 n.1, 111 S.Ct. 2546 (where claim was not exhausted in state court and state court "would now find the claims procedurally barred," there "is a procedural default for purposes of federal habeas"); see also Trevino v. Thaler , 569 U.S. 413, 421, 133 S.Ct. 1911, 185 L.Ed.2d 1044 (2013) (failure to raise a claim in state court "at the time or in the place that state law requires" qualifies as procedural default). But the Supreme Court has recognized exceptions to this judge-made rule: procedurally defaulted claims may be considered if the petitioner can (1) show "cause" for the default and "actual prejudice" from the state's alleged violation of federal law or (2) demonstrate that application of the rule would "result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice." Coleman , 501 U.S. at 750, 111 S.Ct. 2546.
In Coleman , the Court held that attorney error generally does not constitute "cause" to excuse a procedural default because "cause" must be something "external to the petitioner," and error by a petitioner's attorney is not "external" because "the attorney is the petitioner's agent when acting, or failing to act." 501 U.S. at 753, 111 S.Ct. 2546. But Coleman observed that attorney error can constitute "cause" when the error qualifies as ineffective assistance of counsel, in violation of the Sixth Amendment. Id. at 753–54, 111 S.Ct. 2546. The reason for this exception is "not because ... the error is so bad that the lawyer ceases to be an agent of the petitioner"; such an argument, the Court explained, "would be contrary to well-settled principles of agency law," under which even an agent's negligence is imputed to the principal. Id. at 754, 111 S.Ct. 2546. Rather, the reason for the exception is that, when effective assistance of counsel is constitutionally guaranteed, " ‘the Sixth Amendment itself requires that responsibility for the default be imputed to the State.’ " Id. (quoting Murray v. Carrier , 477 U.S. 478, 488, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986) ). And because "[t]here is no constitutional right to an attorney in state post-conviction proceedings," Coleman reasoned, an error by postconviction counsel is not imputed to the state and cannot constitute "cause." Id. at 752, 111 S.Ct. 2546.
In Martinez v. Ryan , however, the Court created a "narrow exception" to Coleman 's holding that negligence by postconviction counsel can never constitute cause to excuse default. 566 U.S. at 9, 132 S.Ct. 1309. The Court expressed special concern about applying Coleman 's strict rule in the context of claims that trial counsel was ineffective, because such claims often can be brought only in postconviction proceedings—where effective representation is not constitutionally guaranteed—and, further, because such claims "often require investigative work and an understanding of trial strategy." Id. at 11, 132 S.Ct. 1309. The Martinez Court pointedly declined to rest its exception to Coleman on the premise that there is a constitutional right to effective assistance of postconviction counsel in the presentation of an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. Id. at 9, 132 S.Ct. 1309. Instead, recognizing that "[t]he rules for when a prisoner may establish cause to excuse a procedural default are elaborated in the exercise of the Court's discretion," id. at 13, 132 S.Ct. 1309, the Court held that, "as an equitable matter," ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel (or lack of postconviction counsel) can constitute "cause" to excuse procedural default of an ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim, but only if the claim is "substantial," id. at 14, 132 S.Ct. 1309.
2
The second distinct obstacle that the petitioners face here was their failure to adequately develop in state court the factual evidence needed to establish the ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claims that they now wish to present. Again relying upon judge-made rules governing the writ of habeas corpus, the Supreme Court previously had treated such a failure as comparable to a procedural default, and the Court therefore generally required a showing of cause and prejudice to excuse the failure. See, e.g., Keeney , 504 U.S. at 8–10, 112 S.Ct. 1715. The rationale for this additional federal habeas rule was likewise grounded in federalism: "encouraging the full factual development in state court of a claim that state courts committed constitutional error advances comity by allowing a coordinate jurisdiction to correct its own errors in the first instance." Id. at 9, 112 S.Ct. 1715. Under Keeney , a failure to develop the record occurs even when the petitioner's counsel is responsible, id. at 4, 112 S.Ct. 1715 (requiring cause and prejudice even though the failure was "apparently due to the negligence of postconviction counsel"), and the requisite cause cannot be shown "where the cause asserted is attorney error," id. at 10, 112 S.Ct. 1715 n.5 (citing Coleman , 501 U.S. 722, 111 S.Ct. 2546 ).
However, in enacting AEDPA, Congress partially abrogated Keeney and replaced it with a different and more demanding set of standards. The relevant provision is contained in 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2), which provides as follows:
If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary hearing on the claim unless the applicant shows that—
(A) the claim relies on—
(i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or
(ii) a factual predicate that could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence; and
(B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying offense.
Id. The Supreme Court has made two important rulings concerning the meaning of § 2254(e)(2), and those decisions establish the governing law concerning this separate procedural obstacle to the presentation of a claim in federal habeas corpus.
First, in Williams v. Taylor (Michael Williams ), 529 U.S. 420, 120 S.Ct. 1479, 146 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), the Court held that Congress's use of the word "failed" in the opening clause of § 2254(e)(2) was "intended to preserve" Keeney 's definition of what counts as the sort of state-court failure that triggers the rule. Id. at 433, 120 S.Ct. 1479. As the Court explained, Keeney 's cause-and-prejudice requirement applied—and therefore § 2254(e)(2)'s replacement for that cause-and-prejudice standard now applies—when "there is lack of diligence, or some greater fault, attributable to the prisoner or the prisoner's counsel. " Id. at 432, 120 S.Ct. 1479 (emphasis added). Thus, § 2254(e)(2) preserves the rule that attorney failure to develop the record triggers the need to make a further showing to excuse that failure. But Congress dramatically changed the circumstances under which such attorney failure can be excused , by replacing the cause-and-prejudice and fundamental-miscarriage-of-justice tests with the stricter exceptions in § 2254(e)(2). Id. at 433, 120 S.Ct. 1479. Notably, ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel is not included in the statute as a ground for excusing the failure to develop the factual basis of a claim in state court. Thus, it is not sufficient to show that counsel's lack of diligence failed to uncover the new evidence; rather, it must be shown that the "factual predicate ... could not have been previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(2)(A)(ii) (emphasis added).
The Supreme Court coincidentally decided another AEDPA case named Williams v. Taylor (involving Terry Williams) on the very same day. See 529 U.S. 362, 120 S.Ct. 1495, 146 L.Ed.2d 389 (2000).
Second, the Supreme Court held in Holland v. Jackson that § 2254(e)(2)'s strictures are applicable whenever the petitioner attempts to rely on evidence that was not presented in state court, and not merely when the petitioner seeks a formal evidentiary hearing. 542 U.S. at 653, 124 S.Ct. 2736. In Holland , habeas petitioner Jackson had been convicted of murder in state court, primarily on the testimony of a single eyewitness. Id. at 650, 124 S.Ct. 2736. Seven years later, Jackson attempted to reopen his state postconviction case because he claimed that a new witness would contradict the primary witness's testimony. Id. at 650–51, 124 S.Ct. 2736. The state court denied the motion, finding "no satisfactory reason given for the defendant's failure to locate this witness." Id. at 651, 124 S.Ct. 2736. The Supreme Court reversed the Sixth Circuit's subsequent grant of habeas relief, holding in relevant part that consideration of the new witness's testimony was barred under § 2254(e)(2). Reaffirming that "[a]ttorney negligence" in developing the state court record "is chargeable to the client and precludes relief unless the conditions of § 2254(e)(2) are satisfied," id. at 653, 124 S.Ct. 2736 (citing Michael Williams , 529 U.S. at 439–40, 120 S.Ct. 1479 ; Coleman , 501 U.S. at 753–54, 111 S.Ct. 2546 ), the Court held that Jackson's failure to present the testimony of the new witness to the state court was subject to the strictures of § 2254(e)(2). Moreover, the Court made clear that, despite the fact that § 2254(e)(2)'s limitations applied to the holding of an "evidentiary hearing," "[t]hose same restrictions apply a fortiori when a prisoner seeks relief based on new evidence without an evidentiary hearing." Id.
Thus, under Michael Williams and Holland , where the petitioner's attorney in state postconviction proceedings negligently fails to develop the record on a claim, a federal habeas court may not consider new evidence in support of that claim unless the strictures of § 2254(e)(2) have been met.
B
Against this backdrop, the panel decisions in Jones and Ramirez are directly contrary to controlling Supreme Court authority.
1
Jones held that, notwithstanding § 2254(e)(2), " Martinez 's procedural-default exception applies to merits review , allowing federal habeas courts to consider evidence not previously presented to the state court." Jones , 943 F.3d at 1221 (emphasis added). Jones erred by engrafting Martinez 's judge-made exception to a judge-made rule onto the separate statutory rule set forth in § 2254(e)(2). Jones made no effort to reconcile its holding with Holland or Michael Williams ; indeed, Jones did not mention either decision. Its holding is directly contrary to those decisions, which (as explained earlier) bar consideration of new evidence to evaluate the merits of a claim in federal habeas proceedings—even when that evidence was not previously discovered due to the negligence of postconviction counsel—unless one of the narrow exceptions set forth in § 2254(e)(2) is satisfied. Jones did not suggest that any of those exceptions are applicable here. Instead, Jones relied on two arguments to justify its holding, but neither has merit.
a
Jones relied primarily on policy-based arguments for extending Martinez 's exception to § 2254(e)(2). This court has previously held that, because a claim of ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel "is not a constitutional claim" but only a predicate for showing "cause" to excuse a failure to present a claim (namely, ineffective assistance of trial counsel), a petitioner seeking to show such cause "is not asserting a ‘claim’ for relief as that term is used in § 2254(e)(2)." Dickens , 740 F.3d at 1321. Section 2254(e)(2) thus does not bar a hearing to develop the facts necessary to establish cause under Martinez . See id. Because in Jones the district court had already conducted a lengthy hearing for that purpose, the panel held that it would be " ‘simply illogical, and extraordinarily burdensome to the courts and the litigants,’ " to hear evidence concerning cause under Martinez but then to disregard that very same evidence when addressing the merits of the underlying claim. Jones , 943 F.3d at 1221 (quoting the district court decision). Additionally, the panel endorsed the plurality view in Detrich v. Ryan , 740 F.3d 1237 (9th Cir. 2013) (en banc), that if § 2254(e)(2) could stymie factual development for claims rescued from procedural default by Martinez , then " ‘ Martinez would be a dead letter.’ " 943 F.3d at 1222 (quoting Detrich , 740 F.3d at 1247 (four-judge plurality)); see also Ramirez , 937 F.3d at 1248 (likewise relying upon the Detrich plurality).
As an initial matter, the Jones panel and the Detrich plurality overstate the extent of the inconsistency between Martinez and § 2254(e)(2), as noted by the amicus brief filed by the State of Texas in support of rehearing en banc in the Jones case. Martinez excuses the procedural default of failing to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel in a state postconviction petition when the default is attributable to the ineffective assistance of state postconviction counsel. Section 2254(e)(2) separately bars the development of new evidence in support of a habeas claim in federal court. Thus, § 2254(e)(2) poses no obstacle to review where the state court record (either at trial or in subsequent proceedings) is already sufficient to establish trial counsel's mistakes—e.g., "claims based on a failure to object to inadmissible evidence, requesting an incorrect jury instruction, or per se ineffective assistance of counsel." Brief for the State of Texas as Amicus Curiae at 12–13, Jones v. Shinn , No. 18-99006 (9th Cir. Dec. 23, 2019) (ECF No. 75). To the extent that such mistakes nonetheless were not raised on state postconviction review due to the ineffectiveness of postconviction counsel, Martinez paves the way to federal habeas relief.
But even if most Martinez claims would be barred by § 2254(e)(2), that would not give us a license to contravene the settled law governing that statute. Nothing in the text of § 2254(e)(2) says that its prohibition on consideration of new evidence does not apply when postconviction counsel was ineffective or where "cause" has been shown to excuse some separate procedural default. On the contrary, AEDPA amended § 2254(e)(2) to abolish precisely the same "cause and prejudice" standard that Martinez invoked (and modified) and replaced it with a much more demanding standard (which both panels agree is not met in these cases). See Michael Williams , 529 U.S. at 433, 120 S.Ct. 1479 ("Congress raised the bar Keeney imposed on prisoners."). Section 2254(e)(2) therefore eliminated any basis for extending Martinez to excuse a failure to develop the record. That is, because the predicate for Martinez 's holding is the cause-and-prejudice standard, and because § 2254(e)(2) expressly eliminated that standard in the context of a failure to develop the record, the entire predicate for applying Martinez is simply absent in that context.
Where, as here, Congress has specifically modified and limited pre-existing equitable doctrines that otherwise would have applied, we have no authority to ignore those limitations. See McQuiggin v. Perkins , 569 U.S. 383, 395–96, 133 S.Ct. 1924, 185 L.Ed.2d 1019 (2013) (noting that § 2254(e)(2) specifically modified the previously recognized "miscarriage of justice exception"). Accordingly, this is not a situation in which Congress left undisturbed a long-settled background presumption concerning the scope of equitable authority in federal habeas corpus proceedings. See id. at 397, 133 S.Ct. 1924 (concluding that, outside of contexts such as § 2254(e)(2), Congress presumably intended to leave "intact and unrestricted" the long-recognized equitably based "miscarriage of justice exception"). The Jones panel and the Ramirez panel thus lacked the authority to engraft a judge-made exception onto § 2254(e)(2) —particularly when it is contrary to the construction of that statute under Michael Williams and Holland. As the Supreme Court explained in a separate context in Ross v. Blake , although "judge-made exhaustion doctrines ... remain amenable to judge-made exceptions, ... a statutory exhaustion provision stands on a different footing. There, Congress sets the rules—and courts have a role in creating exceptions only if Congress wants them to. " 136 S. Ct. at 1857 (emphasis added). Under Ross , we have no role in creating exceptions to § 2254(e)(2).
Even if the Jones panel were correct in perceiving some tension between Martinez and the construction of § 2254(e)(2) adopted in Michael Williams and Holland , that would not justify the panel's disregard of the latter decisions. As the Supreme Court has made clear, "[i]f a precedent of this Court has direct application in a case, yet appears to rest on reasons rejected in some other line of decisions, the Court of Appeals should follow the case which directly controls, leaving to this Court the prerogative of overruling its own decisions." Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/American Express, Inc. , 490 U.S. 477, 484, 109 S.Ct. 1917, 104 L.Ed.2d 526 (1989). Because Martinez says literally nothing whatsoever about § 2254(e)(2), it cannot provide any basis for disregarding the directly applicable caselaw construing that provision.
Moreover, the Jones panel's reasoning (like the plurality's reasoning in Detrich ) rests largely on a bootstrap argument. Dickens held that establishing "cause" under Martinez is not a "claim," and so a federal court does not violate § 2254(e)(2) by receiving new evidence to consider whether such cause has been established. 740 F.3d at 1321. But by saying that such evidence should then be considered on the merits of the "claim," the panel erases the distinction that Dickens drew and thereby endorses the very violation of § 2254(e)(2) that Dickens purported to avoid. To the extent that the resulting scenario seems illogical or wasteful, that is only because the district court in Jones failed to consider up front both of the separate obstacles that Jones faced. There is no point in conducting a Martinez hearing to discover "cause" to excuse a procedural default if the defaulted claim will inevitably fail on the merits because (due to the other procedural obstacle) evidence outside the state record cannot be considered in any event. Given the insuperable obstacle presented by § 2254(e)(2), whether the distinct obstacle presented by Coleman / Martinez could or could not be excused made no difference.
To the extent that it seems unfair that a potentially meritorious claim might escape federal habeas review, that feature is inherent in the restrictions that AEDPA imposes on the grant of federal habeas relief. For purposes of § 2254(e)(2), the evidence developed at the Martinez cause-and-prejudice hearing stands on no different footing than the new evidence presented to the court in Holland , and Holland squarely holds that such new evidence may not be considered unless the restrictions of § 2254(e)(2) have been met. 542 U.S. at 653, 124 S.Ct. 2736. The resulting disparate treatment of procedural default under Martinez and failure to develop the factual basis for a claim under § 2254(e)(2) is the unmistakable consequence of Congress's asymmetrical intervention in this area of the law, in which Congress eliminated the cause-and-prejudice standard only in the Keeney context, and not in the Coleman context. Absent a constitutional objection—and the Jones panel did not suggest that its conclusion was required by the Constitution—we lack the authority to improve upon Congress's policy judgment by judicially rewriting § 2254(e)(2).
b
The Jones panel hinted at a second ground for its holding, but it is equally untenable. Specifically, the panel stated that its conclusion was consistent with the decisions of the Eighth and Fifth Circuits in Sasser v. Hobbs , 735 F.3d 833 (8th Cir. 2013), and Barrientes v. Johnson , 221 F.3d 741 (5th Cir. 2000). See Jones , 943 F.3d at 1222. Those decisions, in turn, rested on the premise that, if counsel was ineffective in failing to develop the record or there is otherwise cause and prejudice to excuse that failure, then there was no "fail[ure] to develop the factual basis of a claim in State court proceedings" within the meaning of § 2254(e)(2). See Sasser , 735 F.3d at 853–54 ; Barrientes , 221 F.3d at 771 & n.21. This rationale is based on a clear misreading of Michael Williams.
Michael Williams unambiguously states that § 2254(e)(2) preserved Keeney 's understanding of what counted as a "failure" to develop the record, thereby triggering the need to excuse that failure. See 529 U.S. at 433–34, 120 S.Ct. 1479. Michael Williams further states that such a failure is shown when "there is lack of diligence, or some greater fault, attributable to the prisoner or the prisoner's counsel ," id. at 432, 120 S.Ct. 1479 (emphasis added); see also Holland , 542 U.S. at 653, 124 S.Ct. 2736 ("Attorney negligence, however, is chargeable to the client and precludes relief unless the conditions of § 2254(e)(2) are satisfied."). Moreover, in holding that ineffective assistance of state postconviction counsel may provide cause and prejudice for failure to raise a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, the Supreme Court in Martinez did not retreat from Coleman 's and Michael Williams 's holding that, in determining whether a procedural failure or default has occurred , habeas petitioners are bound by the action (or inaction) of their lawyers under "well-settled principles of agency law." Coleman , 501 U.S. at 754, 111 S.Ct. 2546 ; see also Michael Williams , 529 U.S. at 432, 120 S.Ct. 1479 ; cf. Maples v. Thomas , 565 U.S. 266, 282–83, 132 S.Ct. 912, 181 L.Ed.2d 807 (2012) (noting, even post- Martinez , "the essential difference between a claim of attorney error, however egregious, and a claim that an attorney had essentially abandoned his client" and holding that, "under agency principles," attorney error is not chargeable to the client only in the latter situation). Under Martinez , the question of ineffective assistance thus goes, not to the underlying question of whether there was a procedural default or other failure, but rather to the question of whether that default or failure is excused. 566 U.S. at 13–14, 132 S.Ct. 1309.
Accordingly, the suggestion that the existence of cause and prejudice means that there was no failure to develop the record for purposes of § 2254(e)(2), see Sasser , 735 F.3d at 853–54 ; Barrientes , 221 F.3d at 771, is plainly incorrect. Not only does this mix up the issue of procedural failure with the distinct issue of whether that failure is excused, but this reasoning would effectively restore the Keeney cause-and-prejudice standard that § 2254(e)(2) expressly abrogated. See Michael Williams , 529 U.S. at 433, 120 S.Ct. 1479. If the existence of cause and prejudice means that there was no failure to develop the record sufficient to trigger § 2254(e)(2), then the remainder of § 2254(e)(2) would be a dead letter, and the operative standard would be the cause-and-prejudice test.
Because there was a failure to develop the state court record in both Jones and Ramirez , § 2254(e)(2) is triggered and that failure can be excused only if a petitioner meets one of the strict statutory exceptions in § 2254(e)(2). Because § 2254(e)(2) abolishes Keeney 's cause-and-prejudice test, the fact that Martinez allows postconviction ineffective assistance to establish cause and prejudice to excuse a failure to raise a claim does not mean that such ineffective assistance meets the more demanding excusal standards established in § 2254(e)(2) to excuse a failure to develop the record in state court. Neither the Jones panel nor the Ramirez panel claimed that the exceptions in § 2254(e)(2) were met, and the prohibition of that section therefore applies. Under Holland , that means the new evidence in each case may not be received in considering the merits of the underlying claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
2
As explained above, the Jones panel held only that the evidence developed at the Martinez cause-and-prejudice hearing in that case could be considered on the merits of the underlying ineffective-assistance-of-trial-counsel claim. The Ramirez panel went one step further and held that, after cause and prejudice have been established under Martinez (as the Ramirez panel found in that case), the strictures of § 2254(e)(2) do not apply at all and the petitioner is "entitled to evidentiary development to litigate the merits of his ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim." Ramirez , 937 F.3d at 1248. The only authority cited for this proposition is the Detrich plurality, but that opinion (like Jones ) only supports the view that, "[i]f the district court holds an evidentiary hearing before ruling on the Martinez motion, evidence received at that hearing is not subject to the usual habeas restrictions on newly developed evidence." 740 F.3d at 1247 (emphasis added); see also id. ("even with respect to the underlying trial-counsel IAC [ineffective-assistance-of-counsel] ‘claim,’ given that the reason for the hearing is the alleged ineffectiveness of both trial and PCR [postconviction-relief] counsel, it makes little sense to apply § 2254(e)(2)"). That view is wrong for all of the reasons explained earlier, but nothing in that rationale justifies taking the additional step of completely dispensing with the strictures of § 2254(e)(2) and allowing further evidentiary development after the Martinez standard has already been satisfied.
Ramirez's argument that Arizona waived any objection based on § 2254(e)(2) by failing to raise the issue may have some force to the extent that Ramirez also presents the Jones issue (i.e. , the use of the same evidence for the dual purposes of satisfying Martinez and addressing the merits), but not as to the Ramirez panel's additional step of ordering further evidentiary development after the Martinez standard had been met. Ramirez's appeal did not specifically ask for the further relief that the panel ultimately provided on that score. Arizona therefore had no occasion to object under § 2254(e)(2) to additional evidentiary development beyond what was needed to satisfy Martinez. The panel's decision presented that § 2254(e)(2) issue for the first time, and Arizona properly raised the issue in its Petition for Rehearing.
* * *
I respectfully dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc.