Summary
In Jones v. Reilly (174 N.Y. 97) the Court of Appeals reversed the unanimous decision of the Appellate Division (68 App. Div. 116), CULLEN, J., writing, who said: "The plaintiffs served upon the defendants a subpœna requiring the production of a number of receipts for rent. This subpœna with proof of its service was, against the objection and exception of the defendants, read in evidence.
Summary of this case from Bissell v. MytonOpinion
Argued February 18, 1903
Decided March 6, 1903
Clarence L. Barber and George Putnam Smith for Hannah R. Rockwell, appellant.
James E. Chandler for George H. Brooke, appellant.
Richard T. Greene and John M. Jones for respondents.
The plaintiffs, claiming to be the landlords, instituted summary proceedings in a District Court in the city of New York to dispossess one Andrew Henderson from certain premises in said city for non-payment of rent. In the proceeding Henderson made answer, alleging that Hannah R. Rockwell was the owner in fee of said premises and in possession of them, and that the trial of the proceeding would necessarily involve the title to said real property. With his answer he tendered the bond required by section 2952 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Both parties erroneously assumed that the answer of the tenant ousted the District Court of jurisdiction. Thereupon the plaintiffs brought this action in the Supreme Court. The alleged tenant, Andrew Henderson, having died, his heirs at law were made parties defendant. One of such defendants, Hannah R. Rockwell, claimed title by deed executed to her by said Andrew Henderson. George H. Brooke, to whom said Rockwell had mortgaged the premises, was subsequently made a defendant upon his own application. The complaint alleged ownership in fee by the plaintiff's predecessor in title, Annie E. Jones; a lease from her to Andrew Henderson, before mentioned, a copy whereof was annexed to the complaint and made a part thereof; default in payment of the rent reserved; the death of said Henderson and that the defendants were his heirs at law. Apparently, on the theory that the summary proceedings had been removed from the District Court by the answer and bond of the tenant, judgment was prayed that a final order be issued to remove the tenant from possession of the premises and that the plaintiffs have such other relief as might be just. The answers of the defendants were substantially a general denial. The defendant Rockwell also set up title in herself. The plaintiffs recovered a verdict at Trial Term, on which a judgment was rendered, awarding them the delivery of the premises described in the complaint and ordering that a warrant issue to remove the defendants from said premises and to put the plaintiffs in possession thereof. That judgment was unanimously affirmed by the Appellate Division.
The first point raised on this appeal is that the answer and bond of the tenant did not deprive the District Court of jurisdiction and that there was no authority for the removal of the proceeding to the Supreme Court. This contention is, doubtless, correct. But the plaintiffs did bring an action in the Supreme Court, and the fact that the action was instituted on the erroneous supposition that the District Court had lost jurisdiction of the summary proceedings does not affect the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to entertain the action. ( La Rue v. Smith, 153 N.Y. 431.) The learned Appellate Division were, therefore, right in treating it as an action of ejectment and disregarding the previous proceedings in the District Court. Any objection to the form of the verdict should have been made at the trial. ( Brigg v. Hilton, 99 N.Y. 517.) Any informality in the judgment should have been corrected by motion.
It is next objected that ejectment cannot be maintained for non-payment of rent, for the lease reserved to the landlord no right of re-entry in case of such default and no provision that in such contingency the lease should determine. This contention is probably correct ( Delancey v. Ganong, 9 N.Y. 25), but the appellants are in no position to raise it in this court. No motion was made at the trial to dismiss the complaint on the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. Had such a motion been made and overruled that ruling could, under proper exceptions, have been reviewed here. But we are foreclosed from examining the correctness of the disposition of the motion for a nonsuit made at the close of the evidence by the unanimous affirmance of the Appellate Division which imports that there was evidence sufficient to sustain the verdict. ( Reed v. McCord, 160 N.Y. 330.) Moreover, the plaintiffs were allowed on the trial to amend their complaint by alleging the service of twenty days' written notice to terminate the tenancy which the lease in express terms authorized. This amendment was made over the objection and exception of the appellants, and it is urged that the trial court erred in granting it. The change was certainly substantial, since in the case of ejectment for non-payment of rent the statute requires the amount of the rent to be specified in the judgment and the tenant may be restored to his estate by payment of the arrears at any time within six months, while a judgment in an action in ejectment for expiration of term would oust the defendants permanently. As the judgment must be reversed for errors hereafter mentioned, it is not necessary for us to determine whether there was error in allowing the amendment, as before a new trial the pleadings may be placed in proper shape to present the issues between the parties.
On the trial the plaintiffs relied exclusively on the claim that the defendants' ancestor was in possession of the premises under a lease from them and as their tenant. This relation if established was sufficient to entitle them to a recovery. "No proof of title is required in this action when it is brought by a landlord, since if a tenant has once recognized the title of the plaintiff and treated him as his landlord by accepting a lease from him or the like, he is precluded from showing that the plaintiff had no title at the time the lease was granted, and that whether the action be debt, assumpsit, covenant or ejectment." (2 Taylor Landlord Tenant, § 705; see Sedgwick Wait Title to Land, § 351; Ingraham v. Baldwin, 9 N.Y. 45.) To show the relation between the parties the plaintiffs called as a witness the counsel for the defendants on whom they had previously served a subpœna duces tecum and asked him if he had in his possession a lease from Annie E. Jones to Andrew Henderson. Over the objection and exception of the appellants, who claimed that the inquiry was an invasion of the privilege of counsel, the witness, in compliance with the direction of the court, answered that he had. Under the further order of the court, made against like objection and exception, the witness was directed to produce the instrument, the signature to which by said Henderson was proved and the instrument put in evidence. It is claimed that this action of the court was erroneous and that the counsel could not be compelled to produce his client's papers. Such seems to have been the rule before the enactment of the statutory provisions by which parties to an action were made competent witnesses and compellable at the instance of an adverse party to testify the same as other witnesses. The privilege was that of the client, not of the counsel, and when by change in the law the client could be compelled by subpœna to produce documents in his possession, the rule that the attorney could not be forced to produce them when in his possession necessarily fell. The subject is elaborately discussed by the late Court of Common Pleas of the county of New York in Mitchell's Case (12 Abb. Pr. 249), and in the conclusion there reached, that an attorney or counsel is obliged in answer to a subpœna to produce any instruments of his client which the latter could have been compelled to produce, we entirely concur. (See, also, People ex rel. Mitchell v. Sheriff of New York, 29 Barb. 622.)
One of the plaintiffs was permitted to testify, against the objection of the appellants, that under section 829 of the Code of Civil Procedure he was not a competent witness to the fact that he had been paid rent for the premises up to a specified date and that no rent had been paid to him thereafter. That the plaintiff was not a competent witness to personal transactions with the deceased Andrew Henderson, under whom the defendants claimed title, is unquestionable. The ground on which the ruling of the learned trial court seems to have proceeded was that the testimony of the witness did not necessarily imply that he had received it from the deceased. "It might have been from somebody holding adverse possession," said the court. This ground is entirely untenable. The only issue in the case was whether Henderson was the tenant of the plaintiff's ancestor. If the rent was paid by any one else than Henderson it was wholly immaterial. But it is not necessary to pursue the matter further. The question is settled adversely to the respondents by our decision in Richardson v. Emmett ( 170 N.Y. 412). Nor can the error be disregarded. The only evidence in the case to prove that Henderson was the tenant of the plaintiffs was the execution by him of the lease and the payment of rent. As to the lease, three witnesses testified that the signature of Henderson to that instrument was genuine, three that it was not. If subsequently to the date of the alleged lease Henderson paid rent it would strongly tend to prove the authenticity of that instrument; while if there were no proof that Henderson had paid rent the jury might have found that he never had executed the lease.
The plaintiffs served upon the defendants a subpoena requiring the production of a number of receipts for rent. This subpœna with proof of its service was, against the objection and exception of the defendants, read in evidence. No testimony was given to show that there had been any such receipts and no attempt was made to prove their contents. If the plaintiffs' intention was to offer secondary evidence on the subject it doubtless would be proper to file the subpœna with the court and prove its service. It is contended by the respondents that such was their only purpose in offering the subpœna. If we were permitted to speculate on the subject we might think that probably such was the object of the counsel. But the record shows that it was read in evidence and the effect on the jury of the recital of such a number of receipts, the existence of none of which was actually proved, might well have been prejudicial to the defendants.
The appellants further complain of the exclusion by the trial court of deeds made by Henderson and his assertion of claim of ownership to the property made at the time of the alleged lease. The ruling of the trial court on these matters was correct. Henderson was in possession of the premises before the making of the lease. Nevertheless the doctrine that a tenant cannot dispute the title of his landlord applied to him as well as to a tenant who enters into possession under a lease. The doctrine, it is true, is qualified to a certain extent. Thus, if the tenant has been induced to take the lease by force, fraud, misrepresentation or possibly by mistake, the estoppel does not obtain. (2 Taylor, § 707.) In People ex rel. Ainslee v. Howlett ( 76 N.Y. 574) the defendant was allowed to show that the lease was a mere cover for a usurious agreement for the loan of money to him by the party claiming to be landlord. But the tenant cannot merely by his own act destroy the estoppel. So in Whiting v. Edmunds ( 94 N.Y. 309) it was held that a tenant cannot by disclaimer, or by mere words denying his landlord's title and asserting one of his own, work a forfeiture of his tenancy, or set running an adverse possession. In other words, the tenant or his grantees may avoid the estoppel by attack on the means by which the lease was originally procured, but not by his or their own subsequent acts or declarations.
For the error in the admission of testimony already pointed out the judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.
PARKER, Ch. J., GRAY, O'BRIEN, BARTLETT, HAIGHT and VANN, JJ., concur.
Judgment reversed, etc.