Opinion
No. S-06-045.
June 22, 2007.
1. Judgments: Statutes: Appeal and Error. Concerning questions of law and statutory interpretation, an appellate court resolves the issues independently of the lower court's conclusion.
2. Natural Resources Districts: Political Subdivisions: Legislature. A natural resources district, as a political subdivision, has only that power delegated to it by the Legislature, and courts strictly construe a grant of power to a political subdivision.
3. Natural Resources Districts. A natural resources district possesses and can exercise the following powers and no others: (1) those granted in express words; (2) those implied in or incident to the powers expressly granted; and (3) those essential to the declared objects and purposes of the district, not simply convenient but indispensable.
4. Statutes: Appeal and Error. In construing a statute, a court will give it its plain and ordinary meaning. And a court will not resort to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous.
5. Natural Resources Districts. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 2-3235(1) (Cum. Supp. 2006), a natural resources district has express authority to cooperate, enter agreements, and furnish aid to private developers and landowners to carry out projects that benefit the district.
6. Rules of Evidence: Appeal and Error. In proceedings where the Nebraska Evidence Rules apply, the rules control the admissibility of evidence; judicial discretion is involved only when the rules make discretion a factor in determining admissibility.
7. ___: ____. When the Nebraska Evidence Rules commit the evidentiary question at issue to the discretion of the trial court, an appellate court reviews the admissibility of evidence for an abuse of discretion.
8. ___: ___ Because the exercise or judicial discretion is implicit in determinations of relevancy, an appellate court will not reverse the trial court's decision absent an abuse of discretion.
9. Judges: Words and Phrases. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial judge's reasons or rulings are clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a substantial right and denying just results in matters submitted for disposition.
10. Rules of Evidence: Words and Phrases. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-401 (Reissue 1995), relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.
11. Evidence. Evidence which is not relevant is inadmissible.
12. Constitutional Law: States: Debtors and Creditors: Guaranty. Neb. Const. art. XIII, § 3, prevents the state or any of its governmental subdivisions from extending the state's credit to private enterprise; it is designed to prohibit the state from acting as a surety or guarantor of the debt of another.
13. Constitutional Law: Proof. To establish a violation of Neb. Const, art. XIII, § 3, a plaintiff must prove three elements: (I) The credit of the state (2) was given or loaned (3) in aid of any individual, association, or corporation.
Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County: GEORGE A. THOMPSON, Judge. Affirmed.
LeRoy W. Sievers, Kevin R. McManaman, and Jocelyn Walsh Golden, of Knudsen, Berkheimer, Richardson Endacott, L.L.R., for appellants.
Paul F. Peters, P.C., L.L.O., of Taylor, Peters Drews, for appellee.
David L. Welch, of Pansing, Hogan, Ernst Bachman, L.L.P., for intervenor-appellee.
HEAVICAN, C.J., WRIGHT, CONNOLLY, GERRARD, McCORMACK, and MILLER-LERMAN, JJ., and CARLSON, Judge.
The appellants are resident landowners and taxpayers within the Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District (District). They object to a development agreement in which the District agreed to provide funds to construct two dams in a private commercial and residential development in Papillion, Sarpy County, Nebraska. The district court denied the appellants' complaint for a declaratory judgment and an injunction. The appellants argue the agreement calls for illegal expenditures that benefit private developers. This appeal presents two questions: whether the District (1) had statutory authority to enter the agreement and (2) violated article XIII, § 3, of the Nebraska Constitution, which prohibits the state from giving or lending its credit to private parties. We affirm because (1) Neb. Rev. Stat. § 2-3235(1) (Cum. Supp. 2006) gives the District authority to enter contracts with private developers to fulfill its statutory purposes and (2) the District would not give or loan the state's credit under the agreement.
BACKGROUND THE DEVELOPMENTS
Shadow Lake Development, LLC (SLD), a Nebraska limited liability company, develops real estate. SLD owns land located between 72d and 84th Streets north of Capehart Road in Sarpy County, which is the site of a residential development known as Shadow Lake. SLD formed sanitary and improvement district No. 264 of Sarpy County to construct, operate, and maintain public infrastructure in its development.
Another private developer, 370 LLC, owns the land north of Shadow Lake and south of Nebraska State Highway 370 and has plans for a commercial development for that site known as Shadow Lake Towne Center (Towne Center). Sanitary and improvement district No. 267 of Sarpy County was formed by 370 LLC to construct, operate, and maintain public infrastructure in its development. Midlands Creek, a tributary of the west branch of Papillion Creek, flows through Shadow Lake and Towne Center.
WATER PROJECTS AND THE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
The District and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service, a federal agency involved in water resource projects, had previously planned a grade stabilization structure at the proposed developments. The District also wanted to incorporate flood control into the plan at that location. Marlin J. Petermann, the assistant general manager for the District, testified that increased development in the area had created a greater need for flood control. In addition, the city of Papillion has required the construction of dams and reservoirs as flood control and grade stabilization structures in the developments.
After negotiations, the District, the city of Papillion, the developers, and the sanitary and improvement districts drafted a "Cooperative Agreement" (Agreement) providing for the construction of the dams and reservoirs. The proposed Agreement requires that SLD and sanitary and improvement district No. 264 build two dams: the Midlands Lake dam at Shadow Lake, and the Shadow Lake dam, which would span both Shadow Lake and Towne Center. The reservoirs created by these dams would be primarily in Shadow Lake.
The Agreement would require the District to contribute to the costs of design, construction, project administration, permits, and project land rights. The District agreed to pay 75 percent of the cost of the Shadow Lake dam and 100 percent of the engineering and construction costs of the Midlands Lake dam, up to a maximum of $3,357,278. The Agreement also required the District to permanently operate and maintain the dams; SLD, 370 LLC, and the sanitary improvement districts would contribute the land rights required for the project and the remaining costs.
Petermann testified that the Shadow Lake project is a multi-purpose project and that its purposes include "[f]lood control, water quality, recreation, [and] sediment/erosion control. . . ." The appellants' expert, an engineer employed by an environmental management consulting firm, opined that the proposed dams could help control erosion and would provide some flood control for the area. The Agreement does not include requirements for recreational facilities, but Petermann stated that the plan includes about 60 acres around the reservoirs that would be accessible to the public. The city of Papillion would determine the specific details about access and facilities.
THE APPELLANTS OBJECT TO THE AGREEMENT
In May 2005, the appellants learned that the District planned to enter the Agreement to construct the Shadow Lake and Midlands Lake dams. They wrote letters to the District's board of directors (Board) objecting that it would be an illegal expenditure of taxpayer money. They also attended Board meetings to voice their complaints. Nevertheless, on June 9, the Board voted to authorize the District's general manager to execute the Agreement. On June 10, the appellants sued the District, seeking an injunction and a declaration that the Agreement violates Nebraska's statutes and constitution. They contended that Nebraska law does not permit the District to enter development agreements with private developers.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
The appellants assign, restated and consolidated, that the district court erred in (1) finding that the District had statutory authority to enter the development agreement, (2) failing to admit a proposed legislative bill (L.B. 552) into evidence, and (3) finding that the District had constitutional authority to enter the development agreement.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Concerning questions of law and statutory interpretation, we resolve the issues independently of the lower court's conclusion.
See Gilbert Martha Hitchcock Found, v. Kounlze, 272 Neb. 251, 720 N.W.2d 31 (2006).
ANALYSIS THE DISTRICT HAS STATUTORY AUTHORITY TO ENTER THE AGREEMENT
The appellants contend that the District lacks statutory authority to enter development agreements with private developers. They argue that § 2-3235 does not allow the District to contract with private developers, either expressly or impliedly.
Regarding the power of a natural resources district (NRD) to contract with outside parties, § 2-3235(1) provides:
Each district shall have the power and authority to cooperate with or to enter into agreements with and, within the limits of appropriations available, to furnish financial or other aid to any cooperator, any agency, governmental or otherwise, or any owner or occupier of lands within the district for the carrying out of projects for benefit of the district as authorized by law, subject to such conditions as the board may deem necessary.
An NRD, as a political subdivision, has only that power delegated to it by the Legislature, and we strictly construe a grant of power to a political subdivision. An NRD possesses and can exercise the following powers and no others: (1) those granted in express words; (2) those implied in or incident to the powers expressly granted; and (3) those essential to the declared objects and purposes of the district, not simply convenient, but indispensable.
Metropolitan Utilities Dist. v. Twin Platte NRD, 250 Neb. 442, 550 N.W.2d 907 (1996); Wagoner v. Central Platte Nat. Resources Dist., 247 Neb. 233, 526 N.W.2d 422 (1995); In re Applications A-15145, A-15146, A-15147, and A-15148, 230 Neb. 580, 433 N.W.2d 161 (1988).
Metropolitan Utilities Dist. v. Twin Platte NRD, supra note 2; Wagoner v. Central Platte Nat. Resources Dist., supra note 2; In re Applications A-15145, A-15146, A-15147. and A-15148. supra note 2.
See. Metropolitan Utilities Dist. v. Twin Platte NRD, supra note 2; Wagoner v. Central Platte Nat. Resources Dist., supra note 2.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 2-3229 (Reissue 1997) lists the purposes of NRD's. Under this section, NRD's may develop and execute plans, facilities, works, and programs relating to
(1) erosion prevention and control, (2) prevention of damages from flood water and sediment, (3) flood prevention and control, (4) soil conservation, (5) water supply for any beneficial uses, (6) development, management, utilization, and conservation of ground water and surface water, (7) pollution control, (8) solid waste disposal and sanitary drainage, (9) drainage improvement and channel rectification, (10) development and management of fish and wildlife habitat, (11) development and management of recreational and park facilities, and (12) forestry and range management.
The record shows that the Shadow Lake and Midlands Lake projects will achieve several of these purposes. Petermann testified that these projects would provide flood control, sediment and erosion control, recreation, and water quality benefits. The appellants acknowledge that regarding these purposes, the projects are within the District's judgment. Thus, we do not pass on the wisdom of the projects.
See Winter v. Lower Elkhorn Nat. Resources Dist., 206 Neb. 70. 291 N.W.2d 245 (1980).
But the appellants contend that although the projects fulfill the District's statutory purposes, it could not contract with private developers to accomplish these purposes. They argue that § 2-3235(1) does not include "developers" among the parties with which the District may contract and provide financial aid. And they urge us to consider the historical context in construing this statute, citing Allen v. Tobin. Historically, NRD's assisted farmers and rural landowners under § 2-3235(1).
Allen v. Tobin, 155 Neb. 212, 51 N.W.2d 338 (1952).
In construing a statute, we will give it its plain and ordinary meaning. And we will not resort to interpretation to ascertain the meaning of statutory words which are plain, direct, and unambiguous. Here, we need not look to history for the meaning of § 2-3235(1) because its language is clear. It applies to any "owner or occupier of lands within the district." An "owner" is "[o]ne who has the right to possess, use, and convey something. . . ." However transient their ownership may be, SLD and 370 LLC are the owners of the project lands. Thus, under § 2-3235(1), the District has express authority to cooperate, enter agreements, and furnish aid to them to carry out projects that benefit the District.
Turco v. Schuning, 271 Neb. 770, 716 N.W.2d 415 (2006).
Black's Law Dictionary 1137 (8th ed. 2004).
Principled adherence to statutory interpretation need not prevent a court from questioning the policy and breadth of a statute. Reasonable minds may disagree whether it is good policy for NRD's to contract with private developers. That decision, however, is for the Legislature.
THE DISTRICT COURT PROPERLY EXCLUDED EVIDENCE OF L.B. 552
The appellants offered into evidence L.B. 552, which the District introduced to the Nebraska Legislature in 2005. L.B. 552 would have allowed an NRD encompassing a metropolitan class city to "enter into cost-sharing agreements with landowners, developers, and other cooperators in connection with . . . dam and reservoir projects." (Emphasis supplied.) The Legislature did not pass the bill. The district court excluded the evidence as irrelevant. The appellants argue that L.B. 552 was relevant as an admission by the District that it lacks authority to enter into the Agreement with the private developers. Appellee SLD argues, however, "The only fact LB 552 may have made more probable was that [the District] was concerned that a court may not interpret the Nebraska statutes as expressly granting [the District] authority to enter into agreements" with developers.
Brief for appellee SLD at 18.
In proceedings where the Nebraska Evidence Rules apply, the rules control the admissibility of evidence; judicial discretion is involved only when the rules make discretion a factor in determining admissibility. When the Nebraska Evidence Rules commit the evidentiary question at issue to the discretion of the trial court, we review the admissibility of evidence for an abuse of discretion. Because the exercise of judicial discretion is implicit in determinations of relevancy, we will not reverse the trial court's decision absent an abuse of discretion. An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial judge's reasons or rulings are clearly untenable, unfairly depriving a litigant of a substantial right and denying just results in matters submitted for disposition.
See Curran v. Buser. 271 Neb. 332. 71 I N.W.2d 562 (2006).
See id.
Id.
Id.
Under Nebraska law, relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evidence which is not relevant is inadmissible. Whether the District believed, or even questioned, that it lacked authority to enter agreements with private developers is not relevant to whether it had such authority under current Nebraska law. The district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding L.B. 552.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-401 (Reissue 1995); Curran v. Buser, supra note 10.
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-402 (Reissue 1995).
THE DISTRICT WOULD NOT VIOLATE THE NEBRASKA CONSTITUTION BY ENTERING THE AGREEMENT
The appellants contend that the proposed Agreement between the District and the private developers violates article XIII, § 3, of the Nebraska Constitution. With certain exceptions not applicable here, article XIII, § 3, provides that "|t]he credit of the state shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual, association, or corporation. . . ." The appellants argue that the Agreement requires the District to extend its credit for the sole benefit of a private entity.
Article XIII, § 3, of the Nebraska Constitution prevents the state or any of its governmental subdivisions from extending the state's credit to private enterprise. It is designed to prohibit the state from acting as a surety or guarantor of the debt of another.
Haman v. Marsh, 237 Neb. 699, 467 N.W.2d 836 (1991); Lenstrom v. Thone, 209 Neb. 783. 311 N.W.2d 884 (1981); United Community Services v. The Omaha Nat. Bank, 162 Neb. 786, 77 N.W.2d 576 (1956). See, also, State ex rel. Beck v. City of York. 164 Neb. 223, 82 N.W.2d 269 (1957).
Callan v. Balka. 248 Neb. 469, 536 N.W.2d 47 (1995); Haman v. Marsh, supra note 16.
In Human v. Marsh, we addressed the constitutionality of legislation that would have provided state tax money to depositors who suffered losses from failed industrial loan and investment companies. The Legislature passed 1990 Neb. Laws, L.B. 272A, to fulfill the guaranties made to depositors by a private corporation. We stated that a plaintiff must prove three elements: (1) The credit of the state (2) was given or loaned (3) in aid of any individual, association, or corporation. Regarding the first element, "credit of the state," we stated,
Haman v. Marsh, supra note 16.
Id. See, also, Callan v. Balka, supra note 17.
The state's credit is inherently the power to levy taxes and involves the obligation of its general fund. . . . There is a distinction between the loaning of state funds and the loaning of the state's credit. When a state loans funds it is in the position of creditor, whereas the state is in the position of debtor upon a loan of credit.
Haman v. Marsh, supra note 16, 237 Neb. at 719-20, 467 N.W.2d at 850.
Haman v. Marsh, supra note 16, 237 Neb. at 719-20, 467 N.W.2d at 850.
We decided that there was "no question" the legislation in Haman unconstitutionally involved the state's credit. L.B. 272A would have obligated the state's general fund to pay off the guaranties of a private corporation.
Id., 237 Neb. at 720, 467 N.W.2d at 850.
We have also found an extension of state credit when the state has agreed to obtain property for a private project financed by issuing revenue bonds in its name. In State ex rel. Beck v. City of York, we explained that issuance of bonds by the state or a political subdivision gives the bonds greater marketability and value and acts as an inducement to gain financing. Thus, if the bonds are used for a private project, the city has loaned its credit for the benefit of the private party.
State ex rel. Beck v. City of York, supra note 16. Compare State ex rel. Douglas v. Nebraska Mortgage Finance Fund, 204 Neb. 445, 283 N.W.2d 12 (1979).
In summary, article XIII, § 3, seeks to prevent the state from loaning its credit to an individual, association, or corporation with the concomitant possibility that the state might ultimately pay that entity's obligations. In addressing a similar constitutional provision, the New York Court of Appeals in Wein v. Levitt concisely summarized that "[s]ubsidy by loan of credit was the evil sought to be eradicated" by such a prohibition.
See Wein v Levitt, 42 N.Y.2d 300, 306, 366 N.E.2d 847, 850, 397 N.Y.S.2d 758, 762 (1977).
Here, the District did not lend or give state credit by agreeing to pay for the Shadow Lake and Midlands Lake dams. The District did not use its credit to secure capital for a private project or agree to act as a guarantor for a private company. Instead, the District agreed to provide funds for a project that would carry out its statutory purposes. The appellants contend that the Agreement would cause the District to become a debtor of sanitary and improvement district No. 264 because under the Agreement, the District is obligated to reimburse it for project costs. But this arrangement did not involve the use of the state's credit. The state merely agreed to expend funds; it did not pledge its credit as an inducement to gain benefit or provide financial backing for the private developers.
See State ex rel. Beck v. City of York, supra note 16.
Because the appellants have failed to meet the first prong of the Haman test, further analysis is unnecessary. The expenditure did not violate article XIII, § 3, of the Nebraska Constitution.
See Callan v. Balka, supra note 17.
CONCLUSION
Section 2-3235(1) expressly permitted the District to enter into the Agreement with private developers to construct the Shadow Lake and Midlands Lake dams. And the proposed L.B. 552 was not relevant evidence to show that the District lacked authority to enter the Agreement. Further, the District did not extend its credit to the private developers by agreeing to pay for the construction of the dams. We affirm.
AFFIRMED.
STEPHAN, J., not participating.