Summary
concluding that New York slayer's rule did not prevent proceeds of pension plans and insurance contracts from passing to alternative beneficiaries where insured/participant murdered primary beneficiary, his wife
Summary of this case from Caterpillar Inc. v. Estate of Velton Lacefield-ColeOpinion
Decided November 20, 2001.
Appeal, by permission of the Court of Appeals, from an order of the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court in the Third Judicial Department, entered December 7, 2000, which modified, on the law, and, as modified, affirmed an order of the Surrogate's Court, Broome County (John M. Thomas, S.), denying a motion by respondents for summary judgment, granting summary judgment to appellants, and distributing decedents' property, after making certain specific bequests, by directing that one third of the assets of Edward M. Covert pass to his parents, one third of such assets pass to the parents of Kathleen L. Covert and the deceased couple's joint property, pass to the parents of Kathleen L. Covert and the other half of such property pass to her siblings. The modification consisted of directing that all of the property of Kathleen L. Covert and Edward M. Covert pass through the former's estate and be distributed, after making the specific bequests, one third to the parents of Kathleen L. Covert, one third to the parents of Edward M. Covert, and one third to the decedents' siblings, and that the proceeds from Edward M. Covert's insurance policies and retirement fund be distributed to the respective alternate beneficiaries.
Kenneth F. Joyce, for appellants.
Joseph B. Meagher, for respondents.
Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Smith, Levine, Wesley, Rosenblatt and Graffeo concur.
The issue on this appeal is whether the doctrine of Riggs v. Palmer ( 115 N.Y. 506), which disallows a wrongdoer from profiting by his or her crime at the expense of the victim's estate, mandates the disinheritance of the wrongdoer's heirs and distributees, thereby negating their entitlement to an express testamentary bequest made in the victim's will. We conclude, under the circumstances of this case, that where a victim's will makes bequests to the wrongdoer's family — innocent distributees — their status as legatees under the victim's will is not vitiated, and they are not disinherited by virtue of their familial relationship to the wrongdoer.
I
This case involves a dispute between two families over the estate of a deceased couple, Edward M. and Kathleen Covert. Tragically, on April 3, 1998, Edward shot and killed Kathleen, then turned the gun on himself and took his own life.
Edward was survived by his parents, Edward F. Covert and Joan Covert, and his siblings, Theresa Guinan, Gayle Diffendorf and Phyllis Thompson (the "Coverts"). Excluding Edward, Kathleen was survived by her parents, Robert L. Millard and Carol A. Millard, and her siblings, Robert L. Millard II and Kelly Hawley (the "Millards").
Prior to this incident, on December 14, 1995, Edward and Kathleen executed a joint will providing for the final disposition of their property. The will designated Kelly Hawley as executrix. The second paragraph of the will provided,
"[u]pon the death of one of us leaving the other of us surviving, all the property and estate of every kind and nature and wheresoever situate, of the one so dying first of which he or she has the power of disposal, is hereby given, devised and bequeathed to the survivor absolutely and without any limitation or restriction whatsoever."
Upon the death of the surviving spouse, the fifth paragraph of the will bequeathed the couple's jointly owned time share and jewelry to Kelly Hawley or to named alternative legatees. Also upon the death of the survivor, the residuary estate was to be distributed into three equal shares — one-third each to Edward's parents, Kathleen's parents and decedents' siblings.
At the time of her death, Kathleen's combined probate and nonprobate assets were valued at $225,000. Edward's assets — including two life insurance policies and a union retirement fund payable to Kathleen as primary beneficiary and to his parents as contingent beneficiaries — were worth approximately $71,000. The couple further held assets valued at $121,000 as joint tenants.
On May 21, 1998, the court admitted the will to probate and issued letters testamentary to Hawley as executrix. In March 1999, Hawley petitioned Surrogate's Court requesting direction in the distribution of the estates. The Coverts filed an answer to the petition in June 1999, demanding strict compliance with the express terms of the will, and requesting division of the estates in equal shares among Kathleen's parents, Edward's parents and the surviving siblings. In response, the Millards requested that the court preclude the Coverts from taking under the will due to Edward's role in Kathleen's death. Thereafter, the Coverts moved for summary judgment to dismiss the Millards' answer and to compel distribution according to the terms of the will.
Surrogate's Court denied the Coverts' motion and granted summary judgment to the Millards, opining that "the Riggs precedent must sweep away all other arguments and require a forfeiture of the Covert family's interest in Kathleen's property including her insurance and the couple's joint property." The court precluded the Coverts from taking any of Kathleen's property, yet allowed them to receive a share of Edward's individual property. The Appellate Division unanimously modified the order, treating Edward as having fictionally predeceased Kathleen and directing that all property pass through Kathleen's estate, ultimately to be distributed in equal thirds. Additionally, the court ordered that Edward's two life insurance policies and retirement fund proceeds pass to the respective contingent beneficiaries ( 279 A.D.2d 48). We granted the Millards leave to appeal ( 96 N.Y.2d 711) and now affirm, for different reasons.
II
Our analysis begins with a restatement of settled principles regarding will construction and testamentary distribution. A validly executed joint will is a proper and legally tenable means of effecting a testamentary disposition of property (see, Schwartz v. Horn, 31 N.Y.2d 275; Rastetter v. Hoenninger, 214 N.Y. 66; Matter of Diez, 50 N.Y. 88). This Court has long recognized that testamentary instruments are strictly construed so as to give full effect to the testator's clear intent (see, Matter of Bieley, 91 N.Y.2d 520, 525;Williams v. Jones, 166 N.Y. 522).
Notwithstanding the exceptional degree of deference afforded testator intent, this Court has consistently reaffirmed the equitable principle that "[no] one shall be permitted to profit by his [or her] own fraud, or to take advantage of [their] wrong, or to found any claim upon [their] own iniquity, or to acquire property by [their] own crime" (Riggs v. Palmer, 115 N.Y. 506, 511; see generally, Manning by Manning v. Brown, 91 N.Y.2d 116; New England Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Caruso, 73 N.Y.2d 74). In Riggs, this Court fashioned an equitable rule that prevented a grandson legatee who murdered his grandfather from profiting from his crime. This Court voided the gift to the grandson, Elmer Palmer, and allowed the estate to pass to the testator's daughters and to Elmer's mother, in accord with the provisions of the will. The Court did not force the estate into intestacy, nor did the Court prevent the wrongdoer's mother from taking under the will. The Riggs rule prevents wrongdoers from acquiring a property interest, or otherwise profiting from their own wrongdoing. However, we have never applied the doctrine to cause a wrongdoer's forfeiture of a vested property interest. Indeed, public policy, as embodied in Civil Rights Law § 79-b, militates against application of Riggs as a means of effecting a proprietary forfeiture. Section 79-b provides, in pertinent part, that "[a] conviction of a person for any crime, does not work a forfeiture of any property, real or personal, or any right or interest therein" (Civil Rights Law § 79-b).
Because Kathleen died at Edward's hand, the Riggs doctrine nullifies any and all bequests by Kathleen to him. There is no need to employ the Appellate Division's fiction that Edward "predeceased" Kathleen. SinceRiggs voids the gift to Edward, any testamentary bequests to which he would have been entitled pass directly into the residuary.
The Millards would apply Riggs to void the gift to the Coverts, as well. Absent a showing that the Coverts are anything other than innocent distributees, Riggs is inapplicable. The Millards would further have us disregard settled principles in favor of invalidation of the residuary clause and an intestate distribution, arguing that the will's residuary clause applied only if Kathleen survived Edward and received his property. Contrary to Millards' assertions, however, failure of the preceding gift does not destroy, but accelerates, the residuary (see, Matter of Bieley, supra, 91 N.Y.2d, at 529; see also, Williams, supra, 166 N.Y. at 537; Matter of Fordham, 235 N.Y. 384, 389). Furthermore, the mere existence of a testamentary instrument gives rise to a presumption against intestacy (see, Matter of Bieley, supra, 91 N.Y.2d, at 525). Application of the presumption against intestacy further supports validation of the residuary clause by preventing a portion of the estate from falling into intestacy. We conclude that neither the will, nor any clause thereof, is invalid, and accordingly, no portion of either estate falls into intestacy.
III
This appeal centers on three main types of property to be distributed — individual property owned outright and independently by Edward and Kathleen respectively, joint property with a right of survivorship and individual assets with named beneficiaries. Each type of property is subject to its own analysis.
The individual assets owned outright, other than the specific bequest to Hawley (which is uncontested), must pass through decedents' respective wills, and into the residuary. Similarly, Edward's individual property owned outright passes through his will. In that Kathleen predeceased him, his property passes into the residuary, also to be distributed into equal thirds to the Covert parents, the Millard parents and the siblings.
In contrast to individual property, a joint tenant is entitled to an immediate one-half interest in the joint property (see, Kleinberg v. Heller, 38 N.Y.2d 836; Brown v. Bowery Sav. Bank, 51 N.Y.2d 411). This interest is immediately vested, entitling either tenant to a half portion, even though only one tenant may have established and contributed to the account (see, Matter of Suter, 258 N.Y. 104; Bricker v. Krimer, 13 N.Y.2d 22, 27). Thus, before their deaths, Edward and Kathleen each owned an undivided one-half interest, with a right of survivorship, in their joint property. Allowing Edward the one-half interest in that property would not afford him any benefit from his wrongdoing. Consistent with the public policy articulated in Civil Rights Law § 79-b, his one-half interest is not forfeited.
Riggs, however, prevents Edward from profiting from his own wrongdoing. Because Edward killed Kathleen, he cannot succeed to the survivorship interest that would ordinarily arise on the death of his joint tenant. Therefore, the joint property should be divided evenly, half passing through Edward's estate and half through Kathleen's.
Finally, the insurance and pension plan proceeds must pass to their alternative beneficiaries. Insurance policies are, in essence, creatures of contract, and accordingly, subject to principles of contract interpretation (see, Hartol Products Corp. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 290 N.Y. 44; Zasuly v. Mut. Benefit Health Acc. Assn., 19 N.Y.2d 385). "It is unquestionably the rule that '[c]ontracts of insurance, like other contracts, are to be construed to the sense and meaning of the terms which the parties have used, and if they are clear and unambiguous the terms are to be taken and understood in their plain, ordinary and proper sense'" (see, Hartol Prods. Corp. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of America, 290 N.Y. 44, 47 [citing Johnson v. Travelers Ins. Co., 269 N.Y. 401, 408]). Pension plans are also contracts subject to construction under similar principles (see generally, Day v. Mruk, 307 N.Y. 349, 354).
Neither party claims that the terms of the relevant instruments are deficient or ambiguous. Edward's insurance policies name Kathleen as primary beneficiary, and his father as contingent beneficiary. His retirement plan is payable primarily to Kathleen and in the alternative to his parents. The Millards claim that our decision in Petrie v. Chase Manhattan Bank ( 33 N.Y.2d 846) precludes payment to the contingent beneficiaries. Their reliance on Petrie is misplaced.
In Petrie, the murderer was a beneficiary of his victim's trust and first in line to benefit. He would have directly profited by his wrongful act and acquired property to which he was not otherwise entitled. Applying Riggs prevented him from benefitting from his criminal act. Likewise, we further concluded that Riggs equally applied to prevent the contingent beneficiaries, chosen by the murderer, not by the settlor of the trust, from recovering trust proceeds.
Unlike Petrie, here we are concerned with the disposition of the slayer's property. The insurance and pension funds were Edward's own property both before and after Kathleen's death. Because the alternative beneficiaries are innocent distributees of his property, they are entitled to take pursuant to the provisions of the respective instruments.
Accordingly, the order of the Appellate Division should be affirmed, with costs to all parties appearing separately and filing separate briefs payable out of the estates.
Order affirmed, with costs to all parties appearing separately and filing separate briefs payable out of the estates.
Order reversed and a new trial ordered.