Some of our cases have used the three-element test set forth in Miller but rejected in Schoff. See, e.g., McKee v. Isle of Capri Casinos, Inc., 864 N.W.2d 518, 532 (Iowa 2015); Bundy v. Memberselect Ins. Co., No. 16-1189, 2017 WL 104964, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 11, 2017); In re Marriage of Renes, No. 12-1136, 2013 WL 1453061, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 10, 2013); In re Marriage of Smith, No. 08-0819, 2009 WL 928790, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 8, 2009); In re Marriage of Streif, No. 07-0540, 2007 WL 2965153, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 12, 2007); In re Marriage of Ruby, No. 06-0670, 2007 WL 108892, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 18, 2007); Wasker v. McDonald, No. 04-1521, 2006 WL 126773, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 19, 2006); In re Marriage of Arns, No. 03-0724, 2004 WL 573801, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 24, 2004); Campbell v. Waverly Tire Co., No. 02-1948, 2003 WL 23008846, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 24, 2003); In re Marriage of Barry, No. 02-0240, 2003 WL 1968635, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 30, 2003). Some of our cases have used the four-element test set forth in Schoff and Kolkman.