Opinion
No. 84CA0320
Decided January 23, 1986. Rehearing Denied February 27, 1986. Certiorari Granted Leisa Grubb July 7, 1986 (86SC93).
Appeal from the District Court of the City and County of Denver Honorable Roger Cisneros, Judge
Epstein, Epstein and Lozow, P.C., Frederick Epstein, Peter L. Franklin, for Appellee.
Roath Brega, P.C., Robert E. Kendig, for Appellant.
In this dissolution of marriage action, husband appeals the judgment of the trial court regarding division of property and award of maintenance. We reverse.
Husband first contends that the trial court erred in considering his private pension plan as marital property. We agree.
Since 1974, husband's private pension plan has been supported entirely by employer contributions. Prior to 1974, the plan required employee contributions. Voluntary employee contributions have always been possible, but they are held separately and treated separately at retirement. Husband began work for his employer in 1950, and, as of the date of dissolution, had made required and voluntary contributions totaling some $32,500.
By its terms, the pension plan vests 100% after ten years service, but does not mature until the employee becomes eligible for immediate retirement benefits. Here, husband was 60 years old at the time of dissolution, had worked for the employer for 35 years, and was eligible for 100% benefits under the plan at the time of the dissolution. If he retired immediately, he could receive his benefits as a lump sum, or he could elect from periodic payment plans.
However, husband was still employed, and testified that he had no plans to retire in the near future. Under the terms of the plan, if he died unmarried without actually retiring, the only benefits that would be payable to his estate would be the amount of his required and voluntary contributions. The amount contributed by the employer would be lost. Thus, the employer's contribution to husband's pension plan, although vested and mature, was subject to divestment if he died before retiring.
Moreover, there was uncontradicted testimony in the record that the plan, at the time of dissolution, lacked cash surrender value, loan value, redemption value, lump sum value, or value realizable after death. Also, it was non-assignable and non-alienable under the Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA).
Employer-supported pension plans which are subject to divestment are not marital property under § 14-10-113, C.R.S. See Ellis v. Ellis, 191 Colo. 317, 552 P.2d 506 (1976); In re Marriage of Laychak, 704 P.2d 874 (Colo.App. 1985); In re Marriage of Ward, 657 P.2d 979 (Colo.App. 1982).
In order to be considered marital property, a pension plan must have some indicia of "property," such as cash surrender value, loan value, redemption value, lump sum value, or value realizable after death. Ellis v. Ellis, supra. None of these factors are present as to the employer's contribution to the plan before us, and therefore, the trial court erred in finding that this portion of the plan was marital property. Hence, only the husband's required and voluntary contributions to the plan are marital property; such contributions are subject to division because they are not contingent funds, they were contributed out of marital income, and the husband or his estate must receive them at some time in the future. See In re Marriage of Mitchell, 195 Colo. 399, 579 P.2d 613 (1978); In re Marriage of Serdinsky, 709 P.2d 69 (Colo.App. 1985).
Wife, however, argues that the pension plan is a chose in action and, thus, is marital property. We must reject this contention.
We are aware that some jurisdictions characterize a pension plan as a chose in action. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Brown, 126 Cal.Rptr. 633, 544 P.2d 561 (1976). We, however, view a pension plan as a resource of the husband in the nature of income to be received in the future, In re Marriage of Ellis, 36 Colo. App. 234, 538 P.2d 1347 (1975), aff'd sub nom., Ellis v. Ellis, supra, and as such, it is a factor to be considered in fixing the amount of maintenance and child support rather than as an item of marital property.
Moreover, unlike other jurisdictions, whose laws allow their trial courts to order a contingent, future disbursement of money, see, e.g., in re Marriage of Brown, supra; In re Marriage of Jansen, 331 N.W.2d 752 (Minn. 1983), the law in Colorado disallows an award of property which might be acquired by the other spouse after the order for a division of property has been made. Menor v. Menor, 154 Colo. 475, 391 P.2d 473 (1964); In re Marriage of Ellis, supra. Therefore, we must reject wife's argument that the pension plan should be considered as a chose in action.
Husband next argues that the trial court erred in not considering tax consequences in the division of property. We disagree.
While it is appropriate in certain circumstances for the trial court to consider tax consequences in valuing assets, that decision must be based on the totality of the circumstances and also rests in the trial court's sound discretion. See In re Marriage of Bayer, 687 P.2d 537 (Colo.App. 1984). Here, the husband's testimony about the tax consequences of selling his stock was speculative and was based on hypothetical situations. Wife's expert testified that several factors could affect the ultimate determination of husband's tax liabilities. Thus, although a tax liability was certain, the amount of such liability was speculative. Under these circumstances, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in not considering the tax consequences when it ordered the stock transferred to the wife. See In re Marriage of Bayer, supra.
We do not address husband's contention regarding the award of maintenance to wife because our holding on the issue of husband's pension plan necessitates rehearing on both the issue of property distribution and the interrelated issue of maintenance. See Carlson v. Carlson, 178 Colo. 283, 497 P.2d 1006 (1972).
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for rehearing on the issues of division of property and award of maintenance.
JUDGE SMITH concurs.
JUDGE STERNBERG specially concurs.