Opinion
MDL No. 2327
09-01-2016
IN RE: ETHICON INC. PELVIC REPAIR SYSTEMS PRODUCT LIABILITY LITIGATION
THIS DOCUMENT RELATES TO: Cases Identified in the Exhibit Attached Hereto MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
(Daubert Motion re: Vladimir Iakovlev, M.D.)
Pending before the court is the Motion to Exclude the Opinions and Testimony of Dr. Vladirmir Iakovlev [ECF No. 2066] filed by Johnson & Johnson and Ethicon, Inc. (collectively "Ethicon"). The Motion is now ripe for consideration because briefing is complete.
The proper spelling of Dr. Iakovlev's first name is Vladimir.
I. Background
This case resides in one of seven MDLs assigned to me by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation concerning the use of transvaginal surgical mesh to treat pelvic organ prolapse ("POP") and stress urinary incontinence ("SUI"). In the seven MDLs, there are more than 75,000 cases currently pending, approximately 30,000 of which are in this MDL.
In this MDL, the court's tasks include "resolv[ing] pretrial issues in a timely and expeditious manner" and "resolv[ing] important evidentiary disputes." Barbara J. Rothstein & Catherine R. Borden, Fed. Judicial Ctr., Managing Multidistrict Litigation in Products Liability Cases 3 (2011). To handle motions to exclude or to limit expert testimony pursuant to Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), the court developed a specific procedure. In Pretrial Order ("PTO") No. 217, the court instructed the parties to file only one Daubert motion per challenged expert, to file each motion in the main MDL—as opposed to the individual member cases—and to identify which cases would be affected by the motion. PTO No. 217, at 4.
Ethicon identified the Wave 1 cases affected by this Motion in its attached Exhibit A [ECF No. 2066-1], which the court has attached to this Memorandum Opinion and Order. At the time of transfer or remand, the parties will be required to designate relevant pleadings from MDL 2327, including the motion, supporting memorandum, response, reply, and exhibits referenced herein. --------
II. Preliminary Matters
Before plunging into the heart of the Motion, a few preliminary matters need to be addressed.
I am compelled to comment on the parties' misuse of my previous Daubert rulings on several of the experts offered in this case. See generally Sanchez v. Bos. Sci. Corp., No. 2:12-cv-05762, 2014 WL 4851989 (S.D. W. Va. Sept. 29, 2014); Tyree v. Bos. Sci. Corp., 54 F. Supp. 3d 501 (S.D. W. Va. 2014); Eghnayem v. Bos. Sci. Corp., 57 F. Supp. 3d 658 (S.D. W. Va. 2014). The parties have, for the most part, structured their Daubert arguments as a response to these prior rulings, rather than an autonomous challenge to or defense of expert testimony based on its reliability and relevance. In other words, the parties have comparatively examined expert testimony and have largely overlooked Daubert's core considerations for assessing expert testimony. Although I recognize the tendency of my prior evidentiary determinations to influence subsequent motions practice, counsels' expectations that I align with these previous rulings when faced with a different record are misplaced, especially when an expert has issued new reports and given additional deposition testimony.
Mindful of my role as gatekeeper for the admission of expert testimony, as well as my duty to "respect[ ] the individuality" of each MDL case, see In re Phenylpropanolamine Prods. Liab. Litig., 460 F.3d 1217, 1231 (9th Cir. 2006), I refuse to credit Daubert arguments that simply react to the court's rulings in Sanchez and its progeny. Indeed, I feel bound by these earlier cases only to the extent that the expert testimony and Daubert objections presented to the court then are identical to those presented now. Otherwise, I assess the parties' Daubert arguments anew. That is, in light of the particular expert testimony and objections currently before me, I assess "whether the reasoning or methodology underlying the testimony is scientifically valid" and "whether that reasoning or methodology properly can be applied to the facts in issue." Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-93. Any departure from Sanchez, Eghnayem, or Tyree does not constitute a "reversal" of these decisions and is instead the expected result of the parties' submission of updated expert reports and new objections to the expert testimony contained therein.
Finally, I have attempted to resolve all possible disputes before transfer or remand, including those related to the admissibility of expert testimony pursuant to Daubert. Nevertheless, in some instances I face Daubert challenges where my interest in accuracy counsels reserving ruling until the reliability of the expert testimony may be evaluated at trial. At trial, the expert testimony will be tested by precise questions asked and answered. The alternative of live Daubert hearings is impossible before transfer or remand because of the numerosity of such motions in these seven related MDLs. As these MDLs have grown and the expert testimony has multiplied, I have become convinced that the critical gatekeeping function permitting or denying expert testimony on decisive issues in these cases is best made with a live expert on the witness stand subject to vigorous examination.
In the course of examining a multitude of these very similar cases involving the same fields of expertise, I have faced irreconcilably divergent expert testimony offered by witnesses with impeccable credentials, suggesting, to me, an unreasonable risk of unreliability. The danger—and to my jaded eye, the near certainty—of the admission of "junk science" looms large in this mass litigation.
The parties regularly present out-of-context statements, after-the-fact rationalizations of expert testimony, and incomplete deposition transcripts. This, combined with the above-described practice of recycling expert testimony, objections, and the court's prior rulings, creates the perfect storm of obfuscation. Where further clarity is necessary, I believe it can only be achieved through live witness testimony—not briefing—I will therefore reserve ruling until expert testimony can be evaluated firsthand.
III. Legal Standard
By now, the parties should be intimately familiar with Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence and Daubert, so the court will not linger for long on these standards.
Expert testimony is admissible if the expert is qualified and if his or her expert testimony is reliable and relevant. Fed. R. Evid. 702; see also Daubert, 509 U.S. at 597. An expert may be qualified to offer expert testimony based on his or her "knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education." Fed. R. Evid. 702. Reliability may turn on the consideration of several factors:
(1) whether a theory or technique can be or has been tested; (2) whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication; (3) whether a technique has a high known or potential rate of error and whether there are standards controlling its operation; and (4) whether the theory or technique enjoys general acceptance within a relevant scientific community.Cooper v. Smith & Nephew, Inc., 259 F.3d 194, 199 (4th Cir. 2001) (citing Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592-94). But these factors are neither necessary to nor determinative of reliability in all cases; the inquiry is flexible and puts "principles and methodology" above conclusions and outcomes. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595; see also Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 525 U.S. 137, 141, 150 (1999). Finally, and simply, relevance turns on whether the expert testimony relates to any issues in the case. See, e.g., Daubert, 509 U.S. at 591-92 (discussing relevance and helpfulness).
At bottom, the court has broad discretion to determine whether expert testimony should be admitted or excluded. Cooper, 259 F.3d at 200.
IV. Discussion
Dr. Vladimir Iakovlev is a clinical pathologist at St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, Canada. Each year, he conducts approximately 5,000 pathological examinations in his practice.
a. Properties
i. Degradation
Ethicon seeks exclusion of Dr. Iakovlev's degradation opinions, which it claims are unreliable. As an initial matter, Ethicon seeks to exclude all of Dr. Iakovlev's degradation-related testimony when in fact, Ethicon disputes the reliability of a specific opinion about degradation bark. Ethicon argues that the "central theory underlying all of Dr. Iakovlev's degradation opinions is that the Prolene in Ethicon mesh products degrades in vivo creating cracks in the degraded Prolene that trap histological stains, which Dr. Iakovlev can detect via light microscopy." Mem. 4 [ECF No. 2070]. A review of Dr. Iakovlev's report shows this is a mischaracterization of his proposed testimony. Dr. Iakovlev's testimony on degradation generally is extensively supported with specific references to the scientific literature and several internal Ethicon documents. His manner of corroborating the scientific literature by performing his own tests to detect degradation is only one facet of his testimony. I will not order a blanket exclusion of Dr. Iakovlev's degradation testimony based on Ethicon's misleading representations.
I will, however, address Ethicon's specific challenge. Ethicon disputes the reliability of Dr. Iakovlev's opinion that he can detect degradation bark because it traps histological dyes. Ethicon claims this opinion rests on an implicit untested hypothesis, which is inconsistent with the scientific method. Ethicon is basically demanding that Dr. Iakovlev artificially try to replicate degradation with oxidation outside of the body in his lab before he can testify about degradation that allegedly occurred inside the body. The plaintiffs dispute the existence of any untested hypothesis and argue that additional laboratory testing is not necessary to support what Dr. Iakovlev sees from "actual explanted mesh from human beings." Resp. 8-9 [ECF No. 2185].
While the parties have discussed at length the merits of conducting in vivo testing to artificially replicate degradation in a laboratory setting, the court has insufficient evidence to evaluate the methodology Dr. Iakovlev actually employed to examine mesh samples that allegedly degraded in vivo. Accordingly, I RESERVE ruling until Dr. Iakovlev's methodology of examining mesh explant samples can be evaluated firsthand at trial.
ii. Linking Degradation to Complications
Ethicon objects to Dr. Iakovlev's opinions that "degradation needs to be considered as a factor of additional stiffening and late deformations of the mesh" and that "if chemical and physical properties of a material change while it is in the body it should not be used for permanent applications and for anatomical sites from which the devices cannot be safety removed." Mem. 9-10 [ECF No. 2070] (citing Iakovlev Report 8-9 [ECF No. 2066-4]). Ethicon argues that this is unreliable because Dr. Iakovlev's writings "tell a far different story." Mem. 10. I disagree. A review of the citations provided—most of which simply acknowledge the incomplete state of scientific knowledge on this subject and the need for additional study—does not demonstrate any irreconcilable differences. Even if it did, such contradictions would be better suited for cross-examination than as a basis for exclusion. Accordingly, Ethicon's Motion is DENIED on this issue.
iii. Mesh Folding and Deformation
Ethicon also seeks to exclude Dr. Iakovlev's testimony that mesh can fold or curl in vivo and that such deformations can cause compartments, which in turn cause pain. Ethicon disputes that Dr. Iakovlev can merely look at a pathology slide and infer that mesh curled or deformed in the body. In response, the plaintiffs do not address the reliability of Dr. Iakovlev's method for determining whether mesh was folded in vivo. Accordingly, Dr. Iakovlev's opinions on folding and curling are EXCLUDED to the extent they rely solely on his personal analysis of pathology slides, and Ethicon's Motion is GRANTED on this point.
b. Complications
Ethicon argues that Dr. Iakovlev failed to use a control in his examination of explanted mesh, thus he is unable to properly correlate specific complications with the samples examined. Ethicon relies on other expert opinions criticizing Dr. Iakovlev's approach to demonstrate that Dr. Iakovlev's opinions are unreliable. The essence of the argument is that Dr. Iakovlev did not compare examined tissue slides of patients complaining of pain to slides of tissue from patients who did not complain of pain yet nonetheless had their mesh devices removed. The plaintiffs argue that Dr. Iakovlev compared his samples to "normal tissue" present within the same slides. Ethicon argues that "Dr. Iakovlev's comparison of his pathological findings to normal tissue within the same slide does not constitute a control, since he cannot rule out the fact that patients not suffering from pain may have the same pathological presentation based on this comparison." Reply 11 [ECF No. 2251]. I agree. Without a proper control, Dr. Iakovlev's opinions correlating specific complications with samples of explanted mesh products do not provide a sufficiently reliable methodology. See Sanchez v. Bos. Sci. Corp., No. 2:12-cv-05762, 2014 WL 4851989, at *28 (S.D. W. Va. Sept. 29, 2014) ("Vigorous adherence to protocols and controls are the hallmarks of 'good science.'" (citing to Black v. Rhone-Poulenc, Inc., 19 F. Supp. 2d 592, 603 (S.D. W. Va. 1998))). To the extent that Dr. Iakovlev offers complications opinions based on his examination of explanted mesh samples without the use of a control sample, his complications opinions are EXCLUDED.
Ethicon next argues that Dr. Iakovlev ignored relevant scientific literature, specifically, Dr. Hill's study entitled Histopathology of Excised Midurethral Sling Mesh. Dr. Iakovlev's alleged failure to review a particular study in forming his opinion is better suited for cross-examination, particularly when Dr. Iakovlev has supported his opinions with numerous other studies. Ethicon's Motion is DENIED on this point.
Ethicon next argues that a certain paper that Dr. Iakovlev co-authored reveals that his methodology is not scientifically legitimate. Ethicon points to the following quote from the paper as evidence that Dr. Iakovlev is unable to form opinions regarding complications: "At present, general human tissue interactions with the mesh are known, but we have an incomplete understanding of interactions specific to a mesh material and design as well as the pathophysiology of any complications." Mot. re: Dr. Iakovlev, Ex. O at 15 [ECF No. 2066-17]. The standards elucidated in Daubert certainly do not require an expert to have a "complete understanding" of an issue in a particular field, and the reality is that a complete understanding of anything in science is virtually unattainable. Dr. Iakovlev has supported his opinions with his own experience and citation to scientific literature. To the extent that Ethicon believes that Dr. Iakovlev has made inconsistent statements regarding his opinions, Ethicon is free to cross-examine him on those points. Ethicon's Motion on this point is DENIED.
Ethicon next challenges Dr. Iakovlev's qualifications to offer opinions regarding certain alleged complications, such as thromboses, occlusions of capillaries, and arterioles. Additionally, Ethicon challenges Dr. Iakovlev's opinion that "the presence of smooth muscle in mesh pores reveals that the mesh has migrated because smooth muscle has a restricted ability to regenerate." Mem. Supp. Mot. re: Dr. Iakovlev 16 [ECF No. 2070]. The basis of Ethicon's arguments is centered on Ethicon's own experts' criticisms of Dr. Iakovlev's conclusions. The simple fact that Ethicon's experts disagree with Dr. Iakovlev does not mean Dr. Iakovlev is rendered unqualified under Daubert. Dr. Iakovlev is a highly experienced clinical pathologist, and he is qualified to render his complications opinions based on his knowledge, skill, education, and experience. Ethicon's Motion on this point is DENIED.
Next, Ethicon argues that Dr. Iakovlev's opinions regarding the presence and clinical significance of "nerve twigs" or "nerve branches" are inconsistent with the scientific method and medical facts. Again, the basis for Ethicon's challenge is that Ethicon's own experts disagree with the ultimate opinions Dr. Iakovlev offers. Differing opinions reached by opposing experts is not an appropriate challenge under Daubert. Dr. Iakovlev has sufficiently explained his opinions regarding nerve branch entrapment and distortion, and such opinions are within his specialty as a clinical pathologist. Ethicon's Motion on this point is DENIED.
Ethicon next challenges as unreliable Dr. Iakovlev's opinion that the presence of an erosion necessarily implies that a patient has a wound infection. Ethicon points to deposition testimony where Dr. Iakovlev testified that "erosion is always associated with localized infection." Iakovlev Dep. 14:2-6, March 13, 2016 [ECF No. 2066-29]. Dr. Iakovlev does not provide any support for his opinion that erosion is always associated with localized infection other than stating his own experience. Even his report, which states that "[m]ucosal erosion of the transvaginal Ethicon mesh becomes a chronic open wound and an entry for infectious organisms," provides no citation to scientific literature. Report 18 [ECF No. 2066-4]. Dr. Iakovlev's opinion, which would universally apply to all Ethicon mesh, is simply not supported with cited scientific literature. Dr. Iakovlev's opinions on this point are unreliable, and they are EXCLUDED.
c. Mesh Explants
Ethicon argues that Dr. Iakovlev should not be permitted to testify on the basis of mesh explants that are not the subject of this litigation because he "previously testified that he could not determine the origins of many of the slides used in his reports." Mem. 22. Such indeterminacy raises concerns about the integrity of Dr. Iakovlev's data pool, as the selection and origin of samples may necessarily affect the conclusions that may reliably be drawn from them. To the extent that Dr. Iakovlev cannot determine the origin of the slides on which his opinions are based, such opinions are EXCLUDED as unreliable.
V. Recurring Issues
Many of the Daubert motions filed in this MDL raise the same or similar objections.
One particular issue has been a staple in this litigation, so I find it best to discuss it in connection with every expert. A number of the Daubert motions seek to exclude FDA testimony and other regulatory or industry standards testimony. To the extent this Motion raises these issues it is GRANTED in part and RESERVED in part as described below.
I have repeatedly excluded evidence regarding the FDA's section 510(k) clearance process in these MDLs, and will continue to do so in these cases, a position that has been affirmed by the Fourth Circuit. In re C. R. Bard, Inc., 81 F.3d 913, 921-23 (4th Cir. 2016) (upholding the determination that the probative value of evidence related to section 510(k) was substantially outweighed by its possible prejudicial impact under Rule 403). Because the section 510(k) clearance process does not speak directly to safety and efficacy, it is of negligible probative value. See In re C. R. Bard, 81 F.3d at 920 ("[T]he clear weight of persuasive and controlling authority favors a finding that the 510(k) procedure is of little or no evidentiary value."). Delving into complex and lengthy testimony about regulatory compliance could inflate the perceived importance of compliance and lead jurors "to erroneously conclude that regulatory compliance proved safety." Id. at 922. Accordingly, expert testimony related to the section 510(k) process, including subsequent enforcement actions and discussion of the information Ethicon did or did not submit in its section 510(k) application, is EXCLUDED. For the same reasons, opinions about Ethicon's compliance with or violation of the FDA's labeling and adverse event reporting regulations are EXCLUDED. In addition to representing inappropriate legal conclusions, such testimony is not helpful to the jury in determining the facts at issue in these cases and runs the risk of misleading the jury and confusing the issues. Insofar as this Motion challenges the FDA-related testimony discussed here, the Motion is GRANTED.
A number of experts also seek to opine on Ethicon's compliance with design control and risk management standards. Some of this testimony involves the FDA's quality systems regulations, and some—likely in an attempt to sidestep my anticipated prohibition on FDA testimony—involve foreign regulations and international standards. I find all of this proposed testimony of dubious relevance. Although these standards relate to how a manufacturer should structure and document risk assessment, the standards do not appear to mandate any particular design feature or prescribe the actual balance that must be struck in weighing a product's risk and utility. Nor is it clear that the European and other international standards discussed had any bearing on the U.S. medical device industry when the device in question was being designed.
Nevertheless, because the nuances of products liability law vary by state, I will refrain from issuing a blanket exclusion on design process and control standards testimony, whether rooted in the FDA or otherwise. Each standard must be assessed for its applicability to the safety questions at issue in this litigation, consistent with state law. I am without sufficient information to make these findings at this time. Accordingly, I RESERVE ruling on such matters until a hearing, where the trial judge will have additional context to carefully evaluate the relevance and potential prejudicial impact of specific testimony.
Similarly, I doubt the relevance of testimony on the adequacy of Ethicon's clinical testing and research, physician outreach, or particular product development procedures and assessments otherwise not encompassed by the above discussion. Again, such matters seem to say very little about the state of the product itself (i.e., whether or not it was defective) when it went on the market. But because the scope of relevant testimony may vary according to differences in state products liability law, I RESERVE ruling on such matters until they may be evaluated in proper context at a hearing before the trial court before or at trial.
Additional—and more broad—matters also warrant mention. While some of these concerns may not apply to this particular expert, these concerns are raised so frequently that they are worth discussing here.
First, many of the motions seek to exclude state-of-mind and legal-conclusion expert testimony. Throughout these MDLs, the court has prohibited the parties from using experts to usurp the jury's fact-finding function by allowing testimony of this type, and I do the same here. E.g., In re C. R. Bard, Inc., 948 F. Supp. 2d 589, 611 (S.D. W. Va. 2013); see also, e.g., United States v. McIver, 470 F.3d 550, 562 (4th Cir. 2006) ("[O]pinion testimony that states a legal standard or draws a legal conclusion by applying law to the facts is generally inadmissible."); In re Rezulin Prods. Liab. Litig., 309 F. Supp. 2d 531, 546 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) ("Inferences about the intent and motive of parties or others lie outside the bounds of expert testimony."). Additionally, an expert may not offer expert testimony using "legal terms of art," such as "defective," "unreasonably dangerous," or "proximate cause." See Perez v. Townsend Eng'g Co., 562 F. Supp. 2d 647, 652 (M.D. Pa. 2008).
Second, and on a related note, many of the motions seek to prohibit an expert from parroting facts found in corporate documents and the like. I caution the parties against introducing corporate evidence through expert witnesses. Although an expert may testify about his review of internal corporate documents solely for the purpose of explaining the basis for his or her expert opinions—assuming the expert opinions are otherwise admissible—he or she may not offer testimony that is solely a conduit for corporate information.
Third, many of the motions also ask the court to require an expert to offer testimony consistent with that expert's deposition or report or the like. The court will not force an expert to testify one way or another. To the extent an expert offers inconsistent testimony, the matter is more appropriately handled via cross-examination or impeachment as appropriate and as provided by the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Fourth, in these Daubert motions, the parties have addressed tertiary evidentiary matters like whether certain statements should be excluded as hearsay. The court will not exclude an expert simply because a statement he or she discussed may constitute hearsay. Cf. Daubert, 509 U.S. at 595. Hearsay objections are more appropriately raised at trial.
Finally, in some of the Daubert motions, without identifying the specific expert testimony to be exclude, the parties ask the court to prevent experts from offering other expert testimony that the moving party claims the expert is not qualified to offer. I will not make speculative or advisory rulings. I decline to exclude testimony where the party seeking exclusion does not provide specific content or context.
VI. Conclusion
The court DENIES in part, GRANTS in part, and RESERVES in part the Motion to Exclude the Opinions and Testimony of Dr. Vladimir Iakovlev [ECF No. 2066].
The court DIRECTS the Clerk to file a copy of this Memorandum Opinion and Order in 2:12-md-2327 and in the Ethicon Wave 1 cases identified in the Exhibit attached hereto.
ENTER: September 1, 2016
/s/_________
JOSEPH R. GOODWIN
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
EXHIBIT A
EXHIBIT A - IAKOVLEV
Case Name Case Number Adams, Joan 2:12cv01203 Amsden, Donna 2:12cv00960 Babcock, Marty 2:12cv01052 Baugher, Dorothy 2:12cv01053 Beach, Harriet 2:12cv00476 Bennett, Dina Sanders 2:12cv00497 Blake, Bonnie & Larry Miketey 2:12cv00995 Boggs, Sharon & Michael 2:12cv00368 Bollinger, Karen 2:12cv01215 Bridges, Robin 2:12cv00651 Clayton, Melissa & Charles 2:12cv00489 Cole, Carey Beth & David 2:12cv00483 Conti, Patricia 2:12cv00516 Daino, Constance & Anthony 2:12cv01145 Destefano-Raston, Dina & Terry 2:12cv01299 Dimock, Carol Jean 2:12cv00401 Drake, Karyn E. & Douglas E. 2:12cv00747 Durham, Lois & Gerald 2:12cv00760 Fox, Sherry & Roy, Jr. 2:12cv00878 Free, Pamela 2:12cv00423 Freeman, Shirley & William 2:12cv00490 Freitas, Monica & Kenneth 2:12cv01146 Frye, Jackie 2:12cv01004 Funderburke, Betty 2:12cv00957 Georgilakis, Teresa & Angelo 2:12cv00829 Hagans, Wendy 2:12cv00783 Hankins, Donna & Roger 2:12cv01011 Hendrix, Mary & Thomas 2:12cv00595 Holmes, Jeanie 2:12cv01206 Hooper, Nancy & Daniel 2:12cv00493 Hoy, Lois & Robert 2:12cv00876 Jones, Holly & Jason 2:12cv00443 Joplin, Deborah Lynn Debra Lynn 2:12cv00787 Justus, Joyce 2:12cv00956 Kaiser, Barbara 2:12cv00887 Kriz, Paula & James 2:12cv00938 Lankston, Cheryl 2:12cv00755 Loustaunau, Donna 2:12cv00666 Lozano, Deborah & Felipe 2:12cv00347 Massey, Donna & Charles 2:12cv00347 2:12-cv-880 McBrayer, Dee & Timothy 2:12cv00779 Morrison, Angela & Bradley 2:12cv00800 Nix, Cynthia 2:12cv01278 Phelps, Patti Ann & James 2:12cv01171 Reyes, Jennifer & Jerry 2:12cv00939 Ruebel, Ana 2:12cv00663 19 Ruiz, Patricia 2:12cv01021 Schnering, Debra A. & Donald, Sr. 2:12cv01071 Sikes, Jennifer 2:12cv00501 Smith, Cindy 2:12cv01149 Stone, Maria C. & Mark A. 2:12cv00652 Stubblefield, Margaret 2:12cv00842 Swint, Isabel 2:12cv00786 Taylor, Charlene Logan 2:12cv00376 Teasley, Krystal 2:12cv00500 Thaman, Susan 2:12cv00279 Thomas, Kimberly 2:12cv00499 Vignos-Ware, Barbara J. & Gary L. 2:12cv00761 Warmack, Roberta & Thomas 2:12cv01150 Waynick, Laura & David 2:12cv01151 Wheeler, Rebecca & David 2:12cv01088 White, Virginia & Edward 2:12cv00958 Wilson, Blynn 2:12cv01286 Wolfe, Kathleen 2:12cv00337 Wright, Thelma 2:12cv01090 Wroble, Julie & Jerry 2:12cv01090 2:12-cv-00883