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holding that secured creditor lacked standing to pursue an equitable subordination claim because it likened its injury to that suffered by all creditors
Summary of this case from Tilton v. MBIA Inc. (In re Zohar III, Corp.)Opinion
Bankruptcy No. 06-11164 (BLS), Adversary No. 07-51719.
August 7, 2008
Amy D. Brown, Brian A. Sullivan, Werb Sullivan, Wilmington, DE, Paul T. Deignan, Jerry I. Ancel, Richard A. Kempf, Taft Stettinius Hollister LLP, Indianapolis, IN, for Plaintiff.
Jack K. Elrod Company, Inc., pro se.
William J. Burnett, Flaster/Greenberg, P.C., Jeffrey C. Wisler, Connolly Bove Lodge Hutz LLP, Wilmington, DE, William J. Burnett, Flaster Greenberg, Philadelphia, PA, Robert J. Sidman, Vorys, Sater, Seymour, Pease, Columbus, OH, Francis A. Monaco Jr., Steven K. Kortanek, Womble Carlyle Sandridge Rice PLLC, Wilmington, DE, Walter E. Paulekas, Levin, Ford Paulekas, LLP, Hartford, CT, for Defendants.
OPINION
This Opinion constitutes the findings of fact and conclusions of law of the Court pursuant to Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7052.
Before the Court is the motion (the "Motion") [Docket No. 42] of Webster Growth Capital Corp. ("Webster") to add counterclaims and cross-claims to its responsive pleading (the "Webster Response") [Docket No. 4]. Elway Company, LLP ("Elway"), Jeffrey L. Elrod, Dale K. Elrod, and Maryann Waymire (collectively, the "Elrods") object to the Motion on the ground that Webster lacks standing to assert the proposed counterclaims and crossclaims. For the following reasons, the Court will deny the Motion without prejudice.
I. BACKGROUND
On October 26, 2006 (the "Petition Date"), Jack K. Elrod Company, Inc., and Elrod Holdings Corp. (collectively, the "Debtors") filed voluntary petitions for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code (the "Code"). George L. Miller (the "Trustee") was appointed as the Chapter 7 Trustee to both Debtors' estates. On September 27, 2007, Elway commenced this adversary proceeding by filing a complaint (the "Complaint") [Docket No. 1], which requests (i) a determination of the scope, validity and priority of its liens on the Debtors' property and (ii) the allowance of its claims against the Debtors. The Complaint names the Trustee and the Debtors' secured creditors, including Webster, as defendants.
On October 25, 2007, Webster filed the Webster Response, which did not assert any counterclaims or cross-claims. On December 5, 2007, the Trustee also filed a responsive pleading (the "Trustee's Response") [Docket No. 10]. The Trustee's Response included a number of counterclaims seeking, inter alia, (i) damages for the Elrods' breaches of their fiduciary duties to the Debtors, (ii) equitable subordination of Elway's secured claim, (iii) recharacterization of debts owed to Elway and the Elrods, and (iv) any appropriate declaratory relief.
On April 14, 2008, Webster filed the Motion. Through the Motion, Webster seeks to amend the Webster Response to add crossclaims and counterclaims which largely mimic the above-described claims that the Trustee has already asserted on behalf of the Debtors' estates. On April 18, 2008, the Trustee filed a response [Docket No. 46] indicating his support for Webster's Motion.
On April 24, 2008, Elway and the Elrods filed an objection (the "Objection") [Docket No. 48] to the Motion. Elway and the Elrods object to the Motion on the ground that Webster lacks standing to pursue the proposed cross-claims and counterclaims. Specifically, they argue that all of these claims constitute property of the estate by operation of 11 U.S.C. § 541 and the Code provides the Trustee alone with the exclusive standing to pursue them.
On May 1, 2008, Webster filed a reply (the "Reply") [Docket No. 49] to the Objection. In the Reply, Webster concedes that it will not contest the Objection as it relates to all counts except for its claim for equitable subordination. Webster contends that a secured creditor's claim for equitable subordination is not a general claim belonging to a debtor's estate. Rather, it is a unique claim reflecting particularized harm to the secured creditor's separate interest.
The Court did not conduct oral argument on this matter. The sole issue before the Court is whether Webster may assert a counterclaim for equitable subordination. The matter has been fully briefed and is ripe for adjudication.
III. DISCUSSION
A. The Legal Standard
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), which Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7015 makes applicable to adversary proceedings, states that a court should "freely give leave" to a party to amend a pleading "when justice so requires." FED. R. BANKR.P. 7015; FED. R.CIV.P. 15(a). "The policy of the [F]ederal [R]ules is to permit liberal amendment to facilitate determination of claims on the merits and to prevent litigation from becoming a technical exercise in the fine points of pleading." Dussouy v. Gulf Coast Inv. Corp., 660 F.2d 594, 598 (5th Cir. 1981); see also Lundy v. Adamar of New Jersey, Inc., 34 F.3d 1173, 1186 n. 19 (3d Cir. 1994).
Despite this policy of liberally granting leave to amend, a court should deny a motion to amend where granting it would be futile. Alvin v. Suzuki, 227 F.3d 107, 121 (3d Cir. 2000); see also In re Burlington Coat Factory Sec. Litig., 114 F.3d 1410, 1434 (3d Cir. 1997) (providing that "[a]mong the grounds that could justify a denial of leave to amend are undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, prejudice, and futility"); Hollander v. Flash Dancers Topless Club, 173 Fed.Appx. 15, 19 (2d Cir. 2006) ("[I]t is well established that leave to amend a complaint need not be granted when amendment would be futile."). An amendment is futile when the proposed pleading would not survive a motion to dismiss. New York State Ass'n of Career Schools, Inc. v. State Educ. Dep't of State of New York, 142 F.R.D. 403, 405 (S.D.N.Y. 1992). Thus, a court "may properly deny leave to amend where the amendment would not withstand a motion to dismiss." Massarsky v. General Motors Corp., 706 F.2d 111, 125 (3d Cir. 1983). Because a plaintiff must have standing to pursue a cause of action, it follows that amending a pleading would be futile where the plaintiff lacks standing to assert the proposed cause of action.
B. A Secured Creditor's Standing to Assert a Claim for Equitable Subordination
Upon the commencement of a bankruptcy case, an estate is created. 11 U.S.C. § 541(a). The estate is made up of, inter alia, "all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case." 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). This includes "causes of action existing at the time the bankruptcy action commences." Anderson v. Acme Markets, Inc., 287 B.R. 624, 628 (E.D.Pa. 2002); see also In re Ozark Restaurant Equip. Co., 816 F.2d 1222, 1225 (8th Cir. 1987) (stating that "it is clear causes of action belonging to the debtor at the commencement of the case are included within definition of property of the estate"). In addition, 11 U.S.C. § 323(a) provides that the trustee is the sole representative of this estate and 11 U.S.C. § 323(b) of the Code provides that the trustee "has the capacity to sue and be sued." 11 U.S.C. § 323. Taken together, § 323(a) and (b) grant the trustee the exclusive standing to assert causes of action that have become property of the estate by operation of § 541. Cain v. Hyatt, 101 B.R. 440, 442 (E.D.Pa. 1989).
Accordingly, the Third Circuit has stated that, "once a company or individual files for bankruptcy, creditors lack standing to assert claims that are `property of the estate.'" Bd. of Trs. of Teamsters Local 863 Pension Fund v. Foodtown, Inc., 296 F.3d 164, 169 (3d Cir. 2002); see also In re PHP Healthcare Corp., 128 Fed.Appx. 839, 844-45 (3d Cir. 2005) (stating that "an individual creditor of a debtor may not assert a general claim belonging to all creditors"); In re Seven Seas Petroleum, 522 F.3d 575, 584 (5th Cir. 2008) ("If a claim belongs to the estate, then the bankruptcy trustee has exclusive standing to assert it."); St. Paul Fire Marine Ins. Co. v. PepsiCo, Inc., 884 F.2d 688, 701 (2d Cir. 1989) ("If a claim is a general one, with no particularized injury arising from it, and if that claim could be brought by any creditor of the debtor, the trustee is the proper person to assert the claim, and the creditors are bound by the outcome of the trustee's action."). "In order for [a] claim to be the `legal or equitable interest of the debtor in property,' the claim must be a `general one, with no particularized injury arising from it.'" Bd. of Trs. of Teamsters, 296 F.3d at 170. This Court must consider, therefore, whether a secured creditor's claim for equitable subordination pursuant to § 510(c) is a general one.
Section 510(c) provides that, "after notice and a hearing, the court may (1) under principles of equitable subordination, subordinate for purposes of distribution all or part of an allowed claim to all or part of another allowed claim . . .; or (2) order that any lien securing such a subordinated claim be transferred to the estate." 11 U.S.C. § 510(c). These provisions operate "to prevent a claimant who has committed fraudulent or other inequitable acts from gaining advantage over or equality with other claimants." In re Medical Equities, Inc., 83 B.R. 954, 962 (Bankr. S.D.Ohio 1987). At bottom, courts apply principles of equitable subordination under § 510(c) to achieve equity through the reordering of priority among creditors. In re AppliedTheory Corp., 345 B.R. 56, 59 (S.D.N.Y. 2006).
In some instances, equity may require a court to subordinate a senior secured claim to a junior secured claim. See In re Beverages Int'l Ltd., 50 B.R. 273, 283 (Bankr.D.Mass. 1985) (stating that "[Section] 510(c) permits the court to establish degrees of subordination"); In re Osborne, 42 B.R. 988, 1000 (W.D.Wis. 1984) (where court subordinated secured claim to only one other creditor). In other instances of more egregious misbehavior, equity may require a court to strip a secured claimant of its secured status altogether. See In re Fabricators, Inc., 926 F.2d 1458, 1470 (5th Cir. 1991) (secured creditor's inequitable inducement of other creditors to lend was so egregious that the court subordinated the secured claim to the claims of general unsecured creditors); In re Lemco Gypsum, Inc., 911 F.2d 1553, 1557 (11th Cir. 1990) (court subordinated a bond claim and a judgment lien to the claims of all unsecured creditors). In the former instance, only the junior secured creditor benefits from a court's employment of § 510(c) as it alone surpasses the senior secured creditor in priority. In the latter circumstance, every creditor benefits from the subordination of the senior secured claim. The difference in these results indicates that a secured creditor is capable of having suffered a particularized injury and that a court may fashion a remedy in response to that injury that benefits only the affected secured creditor and not all general creditors ultimately seeking to recover from a debtor's estate. An injured secured creditor should be permitted to pursue its separate interest apart from the trustee. Accordingly, the Court holds that a secured creditor has standing to seek the equitable subordination of another secured creditor's claim to the extent that it seeks relief for a particularized injury, which differs from the injury incurred by all creditors.
This holding is similar to the positions taken by a number of other courts. See In re Vitreous Steel Prods. Co., 911 F.2d 1223, 1231 (7th Cir. 1990) ("While the Trustee may find that it is in the best interests of the estate to seek equitable subordination, individual creditors have an interest in subordination separate and apart from the interests of the estate as a whole."); Official Comm. of Unsecured Creditors of Grand Eagle Cos., Inc. v. Asea Brown Boveri, Inc., 313 B.R. 219, 228-29 (N.D.Ohio 2004) (stating that creditors or creditors' committees had direct standing to bring equitable subordination claims); Energy Income Fund, L.P. v. Compression Solutions Co. (In re Magnolia Gas Co.), 255 B.R. 900, 924 (Bankr.W.D.Okla. 2000) ("A secured creditor has standing to seek equitable subordination of another creditor's claim."); ABF Capital Mgt. v. Kidder Peabody Co., Inc. (In re Granite Partners, L.P.), 210 B.R. 508, 514 n. 5 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y. 1997) (stating that "the remedy of equitable subordination is not limited to a trustee and one creditor may seek to equitably subordinate another creditor's claim to his own"); In re M. Paolella Sons, Inc., 85 B.R. 965, 973-74 (Bankr.E.D.Pa. 1988) (permitting the creditor to assert an equitable subordination claim where the relief it sought differed from the relief sought by the trustee).
In addition, the Court can envision circumstances in which a trustee has little interest in an equitable subordination dispute between two secured creditors. It would make little sense to preclude an injured party from pursuing unique relief in the hope that a disinterested party would zealously pursue it for them.
C. Webster Fails to Allege Particularized Harm
As a final matter, Elway and the Elrods argue that Webster's proposed equitable subordination claim mirrors the Trustee's claim and thus does not allege any harm particular to Webster. After realleging facts already stated in the proposed pleading, the proposed equitable subordination claim states:
53. The Conduct of Elway Corporation, with respect to the matters as described above are inequitable, resulted in injury to the Debtors' creditors, including Webster, and gave an unfair advantage to Elway in relation to the Debtors' creditors, including Webster.
54. The subordination of Elway's claim is consistent with the Bankruptcy Code.
The Court has held that a secured creditor has standing to assert its own claim for equitable subordination, but it is apparent that Webster has not thus far alleged particularized injury and has instead likened the injury it has suffered to that of all creditors. The Court will therefore deny Webster's Motion without prejudice to its right to renew its request for leave to amend its complaint to the extent it can allege additional facts or circumstances identifying particularized harm it has suffered.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Webster may have standing to pursue a claim for equitable subordination to the extent that it seeks relief for a particularized injury. Webster, however, has thus far failed to allege facts supporting a particularized harm it has suffered, distinct from that alleged by the Trustee on behalf of all creditors. Accordingly, the Court will deny the Motion.
An appropriate order follows.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 7th day of AUGUST, 2008, upon consideration of the motion (the "Motion") [Docket No. 42] of Webster Growth Capital Corp. to add counterclaims and cross-claims to its responsive pleading [Docket No. 4] and the objection [Docket No. 48] of Elway Company, LLP, Jeffrey L. Elrod, Dale K. Elrod, and Maryann Waymire; for the reasons set forth in the accompanying Opinion, it is hereby
ORDERED that the Motion is DENIED without prejudice.