Opinion
Civil No. AW 09-2661
03-21-2013
IN RE COVENTRY HEALTHCARE, INC.: ERISA LITIGATION v. THIS DOCUMENT RELATES TO: ALL ACTIONS
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Presently pending is Plaintiffs' motion to compel Defendants' compliance with discovery requests. ECF No. 50-2. In accordance with Local Rule 104.7, counsel for all parties held multiple telephonic conferences concerning the production of documents for the class period alleged in this action (February 9, 2007 to October 22, 2008), but could not agree on the scope of the discovery time period. Id.
I. Background
Plaintiffs, Loretta Boyd, Christopher Sawney, Karen A. Milner, Jack J. Nelson and Karen Billig filed this class action against Defendants, Coventry Health Care, Inc. (Coventry) and certain fiduciaries of the Coventry Retirement Savings Plan (the Plan), alleging violations of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA). Plaintiffs set forth four counts in their Amended Complaint. ECF No. 17. Count I asserts a claim for failing to prudently and loyally manage the Plan and assets of the Plan; Count II asserts a claim for failing to monitor fiduciaries; Count III asserts a claim for failing to avoid conflicts of interest; and Count IV asserts a claim for co-fiduciary liability. On August 12, 2010, Defendants' Motion to Dismiss the Amended Complaint was denied as to Counts I, III, and IV, and granted as to Count II. ECF No. 29.
ERISA governs employee benefit plans, including retirement plans. DiFelice v. U.S. Airways, Inc., 497 F.3d 410, 417 (4th Cir. 2007). "Under ERISA, plan fiduciaries are assigned a number of detailed duties and responsibilities, which include the proper management, administration and investment of plan assets, the maintenance of proper records, the disclosure of specific information, and the avoidance of conflicts of interest." Id. Fiduciaries must act "with the care, skill, prudence, and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent man acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use in the conduct of an enterprise of a like character and with like aims." 29 U.S.C. § 1104(a)(1)(B) (2000).
In the present motion, Plaintiffs seek information relating to Coventry's Medicare Advantage Private Fee for Service (PFFS) program during the relevant class period of February 9, 2007 to October 22, 2008. Defendants claim that the court should limit the discovery timeframe to January 1, 2008 through June 30, 2008, arguing that the requested timeframe is overbroad in light of rulings in the companion Securities Litigation and would impose an undue burden on Defendants. ECF No. 50-4 at 1.
II. Standard of Review
Typically, "[p]arties may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense." FED.R.CIV.P. 26(b)(1). "The relevance standard addresses 'concerns about the overbreadth and expense of discovery,' and, thus, 'restricts the scope of discovery to unprivileged facts relevant to the claim or defense of any party . . . .'" EEOC v. Freeman, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 114408, *2-3 (D. Md. Aug. 14, 2012) (quoting Thompson v. Dep't of Hous. & Urban Dev., 199 F.R.D. 168, 171 (D. Md. 2001)). However, where good cause is shown, "discovery of any matter relevant to the subject matter involved in the action" may be ordered. Id. "Relevant information need not be admissible at the trial if the discovery appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence." Id.; Maxtena, Inc. v. Marks, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 174994, *9 (D. Md. Dec. 11, 2012).
III. Discussion
A. The Scope of the Discoverable Time Period
Plaintiffs argue that the discovery time period should run from February 9, 2007 to October 22, 2008. ECF No. 50-6 at 6. Defendants seek to limit the discovery time period to January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2008.
Plaintiffs originally asked for documents from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008 "to capture the relevant pre and post-mortem documents relating to the claims raised during the Class Period," but have since narrowed the scope of their requests. ECF No. 50-6 at 5-6.
Defendants rely on this court's decision in the companion "Securities Litigation," In re Coventry Healthcare Sec. Litig., No. 8:09-cv-2337, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97246 (D. Md. Aug. 30, 2011). In that case, Plaintiffs allege securities fraud, claiming that Coventry misled investors about the success of the PFFS program. In the Securities Litigation, the court found that Plaintiffs had adequately alleged that only two of Coventry's statements—issued on April 25, 2008 and May 21, 2008—were materially misleading, and accordingly narrowed the Securities Litigation class period to April 25, 2008 to June 18, 2008. The court held that Plaintiffs failed to show how any of the Defendants' statements made after June 18, 2008 could be materially misleading and thus actionable under securities laws.
In the case of a securities fraud action, "a proposed class should close when the facts which underlie the gravamen of the plaintiff's complaint [no longer] represent a reasonable basis on which an individual purchaser or the market would rely." In re Alstom SA Sec. Litig., 253 F.R.D. 266, 291 (S.D.N.Y. 2008) (citation and quotation marks omitted).
Defendants point out that the court has noted in this case that the ERISA claims and the Securities Litigation claims are based on the same set of operative facts. In the words of the court: "From the Amended Complaint filed in the instant case, it appears that the Plaintiffs rely on the same public statements made by Coventry that the Court assessed in 09-2337-AW [the Securities Litigation] as the basis for the ERISA claim." ECF No. 29 at 3. Thus, according to Defendants, "[g]iven the factual overlap between the Securities Litigation and this case—which the Court has acknowledged—the rulings in the Securities Litigation regarding the scope of the class period are highly persuasive, if not controlling here." ECF No. 50-4 at 4.
In Lively v. Dynegy, Inc., 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14794, *19-21 (S.D. Ill. Mar. 2, 2007), the defendants made a similar argument, asserting that the proposed class period in an ERISA action "must run only to the date Defendants made curative disclosures with respect to the value of [the] stock." Id. The Court disagreed, stating that:
While it is the case that in class actions under the federal securities laws alleging misrepresentation as to the value of shares the class period generally is determined by the time when curative information is publicly announced or otherwise effectively disseminated, see, e.g., In re Sunrise Sec. Litig., MDL No. 655, 1987 WL 19343, at **1-2 (E.D. Pa. July 7, 1987), this case is brought under ERISA . . . not the securities laws. See In re CMS Energy ERISA Litig., 312 F. Supp. 2d 898, 914-15 (E.D. Mich. 2004) (rejecting defendants' attempts to import rules derived from securities law into ERISA fiduciary litigation); In re Xcel Energy, Inc., Sec., Derivative & "ERISA" Litig., 312 F. Supp. 2d 1165, 1181-82 (D. Minn. 2004) (same); In re Enron Corp. Sec., Derivative & ERISA Litig., 284 F. Supp. 2d 511, 565-66 (S.D. Tex. 2003) (the duties imposed by federal securities laws do not, absent express congressional intent, prevent the imposition of additional duties under ERISA); In re WorldCom, Inc., 263 F. Supp. 2d 745, 767 (S.D.N.Y. 2003) (same).
ERISA imposes on plan fiduciaries a duty to use prudence "in investigating, evaluating and making [a plan] investment," as well as a "duty to monitor performance [of the investment] with reasonable diligence and to withdraw the investment if it bec[omes] clear or should have become clear that the investment was no longer proper for the Plan." Boeckman, 461 F. Supp. 2d at 814. Accordingly, the proper termination date of the proposed class period is the date when [the] stock ceased to be, as Plaintiffs allege, an imprudent investment for the Plan.
Thus, unlike the Securities Litigation, in which the focus is primarily on misleading statements, the focus in this ERISA action is also on Defendants' conduct, as fiduciaries, in offering Coventry Stock as an investment option when they allegedly knew it was overvalued. The class period for an ERISA prudence claim covers the period of time during which the investment is imprudent. See In re Schering Plough Corp. ERISA Litig., 589 F.3d 585, 603 (3d Cir. 2009); see also Lively v. Dynegy, Inc., 2007 WL 685861 at *6 (S.D. Ill. Mar. 2, 2007) ("Accordingly, the proper termination date of the proposed class period is the date when Dynegy stock ceased to be, as Plaintiffs allege, an imprudent investment for the Plan."). As a result, the ERISA class period, and the scope of discovery that relates to that class period, may be different from that of the securities class period. See e.g., Harris v. Koenig, 722 F. Supp. 2d 44, 52-53 (D.D.C. 2010) ("[A]lthough the two sets of claims are obviously similar, they differ in significant ways. The ERISA action alleges a longer Class Period than that alleged by the Illinois plaintiffs in their securities case: the ERISA action's Class Period dates back to January 1, 1990, while the Illinois Litigation's Class Period dated back only to November 3, 1994.").
Partly because of this difference, only three Defendants remain in the misrepresentation claim—Shawn M. Guertin (an officer at Coventry), Dale B. Wolf (a director at Coventry), and Coventry (the corporate entity)—whereas all original Defendants remain in all other aspects of Count I. ECF No. 47.
Here, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants breached their ERISA fiduciary duties as early as February 9, 2007, by imprudently investing Plan funds in Coventry stock. Plaintiffs contend that Defendants knew or should have known that Coventry's PFFS program (which was launched on January 1, 2007) would fail because, inter alia, it lacked proper internal controls to measure, monitor and process the provider claims. ECF No. 17 at 79-80. Plaintiffs allege that the Plan continued to suffer losses at least until October 22, 2008, and that Defendants could have prevented or minimized these losses if they had acted prudently. Accordingly, the court will not limit discovery to the Securities Litigation class period.
B. The Burden of Discovery on Defendants
Defendants also assert that the burden of producing the electronically stored information (ESI) within the class period outweighs any potential benefit to the Plaintiffs. ECF No. 50-4 at 7-8. Rule 26(b)(2)(C)(iii) requires a court to limit discovery if "the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit, considering the needs of the case, the amount in controversy, the parties' resources, the importance of the issues at stake in the action, and the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues." While the court may restrict the scope of a production request, it "must be careful not to deprive a party of discovery that is reasonably necessary to afford a fair opportunity to develop and prepare the case." FED. R. CIV. P. 26 advisory committee's note. Here, Plaintiffs are entitled to discover information potentially relevant to their prudence claim during the identified class period. Rules 26(b)(2) and (c) provide abundant resources to tailor discovery requests to avoid unfair burden or expense and yet assure fair disclosure of important information. "[I]t is clear that, ordinarily, the presumption is that the producing party should bear the cost of responding to properly initiated discovery requests." Thompson v. U.S. Dept. of Hous. & Urban Dev., 219 F.R.D. 93, 97 (D. Md. 2003). The party seeking to lessen the burden of responding to electronic records discovery "bears the burden of particularly demonstrating that burden and of providing suggested alternatives that reasonably accommodate the requesting party's legitimate discovery needs." Hopson v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 232 F.R.D. 228, 245 (D. Md. 2005).
As stated in Thompson v. U.S. Dept. of Hous. & Urban Dev., 219 F.R.D. 93, 98-99 (D. Md. 2003):
The options available are limited only by the court's own imagination and the quality and quantity of the factual information provided by the parties to be used by the court in evaluating the Rule 26(b)(2) factors. The court can, for example, shift the cost, in whole or part, of burdensome and expensive Rule 34 discovery to the requesting party; it can limit the number of hours required by the producing party to search for electronic records; or it can restrict the sources that must be checked. It can delay production of electronic records in response to a Rule 34 request until after the deposition of information and technology personnel of the producing party, who can testify in detail as to the systems in place, as well as to the storage and retention of electronic records, enabling more focused and less costly discovery. A court also can require the parties to identify experts to assist in structuring a search for existing and deleted electronic data and retain such an expert on behalf of the court. But it can do none of these things in a factual vacuum, and ipse dixit assertions by counsel that requested discovery of electronic records is overbroad, burdensome or prohibitively expensive provide no help at all to the court.
Defendants claim that they applied Plaintiffs' proposed search terms to the ESI of selected Coventry custodians for the period January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2008, and "hit" approximately 200,000 documents. ECF No. 50-5 at 3 (Declaration of Simon J. Torres in Support of Defendants' Opposition to Plaintiffs' Motion to Compel). Defendants argue that it will cost approximately $388,000 to process, host, and review the data for responsiveness and privilege. Id. at 3-4. Defendants, however, have not suggested any alternative measures that could reasonably accommodate Plaintiffs' discovery needs other than negotiating more refined search terms.
Plaintiffs reply that they have been collaborating with Defendants to develop appropriate searches for ESI by limiting the searches to certain designated custodians. Plaintiffs also note that they agreed to shorten the discovery period to February 9, 2007 through October 22, 2008 to help alleviate Defendants' burden.
Time period issues aside, the parties have already agreed on a protocol that will govern discovery of ESI in this case. See ECF No. 49.
In Adair v. EQT Prod. Co., 2012 WL 1965880 (W.D. Va. May 31, 2012), the issue before the court was whether production of accessible documents should not be ordered because of the high cost of reviewing those documents for privileged or responsive information. Id. at *4. The court stated: "As [then] Magistrate Judge Grimm noted in Hopson [v. Mayor & City Council of Baltimore, 232 F.R.D. 228 (D. Md. 2005)], the more practical approach is to avoid the necessity of an expensive and time-consuming privilege review by entry of a court order with a clawback provision that protects against a claim of waiver by production of a privileged document." Id. The Adair court entered an order that specifically stated that any production made without a privilege review "shall not be deemed to have waived any privilege . . . ." Id. at 5. The court emphasized that the defendant had the capability to "filter the emails by custodian, by date and by combination of one or more search terms or keyword searches." Id. The court noted that "if the court orders [defendant] to turn over the emails retrieved by one or more of the filtered or keyword searches suggested by the parties, plaintiff's counsel would then bear the burden of review to inform the court whether the ESI produced was over-inclusive or under-inclusive." Id. The court recognized that "[i]f necessary, the court, with input from the parties, could order additional production based on further refined or broadened searches." Id.
In Hopson, the court contemplated an order "that include[d] language that compliance with the approved [discovery] procedures will not result in the waiver of any privilege or work product claim for any inadvertently produced privileged material." Id. at 246. The court reasoned that "the issuance of such an order is essential to protecting against subject matter waiver of attorney-client privileged or work product protected information." Id.
In this case, Defendants' claimed cost to review the requested ESI for responsiveness and privilege will be somewhat reduced now that Plaintiffs have narrowed the discovery time period by approximately three months. More importantly, however, a clawback order can protect Defendants against a claim of waiver, such that Defendants need no longer bear the cost of reviewing the ESI for responsiveness and privilege. To further reduce any undue burden, Plaintiffs may need to refine their proposed search terms to narrow the pool of potentially relevant documents. In light of these options, Defendants have not shown that producing the requested ESI will be unduly burdensome.
A similar clawback order regarding confidentiality is already in place in this case. See ECF No. 44. On November 17, 2011, the court granted a stipulation regarding confidentiality of discovery material. Subsection (k) of section 1 of the stipulation states that:
The inadvertent or unintentional disclosure by any party of Confidential Material, regardless of whether the information was so designated at the time of the disclosure, shall not be deemed a waiver in whole or in part of a party's claim of confidentiality, either as to the specific information disclosed or as to any other information disclosed or as to any other information relating thereto on the same or related subject matter. This clawback provision shall be governed by Fed. R. Evid. 502(d).
Defendants "have numerous concerns about Plaintiffs' proposed terms and will attempt to confer with Plaintiffs to try to reach an agreement on appropriate search terms to be applied to ESI." ECF 50-4 at 9 n.5.
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IV. Conclusion
Plaintiffs' motion to compel will be granted as to the time period between February 9, 2007 and October 22, 2008. If Defendants choose to seek a clawback order, they may confer with Plaintiffs and submit one for court approval.
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JILLYN K. SCHULZE
United States Magistrate Judge