Opinion
Case No. 12–31658–KKS
02-03-2015
In re : Ken D. Blackburn, Lauren A. Blackburn, Debtors.
ORDER SUSTAINING INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE'S OBJECTION (Doc. 144) AND DENYING, AS TO IRS, DEBTORS' MOTION TO DETERMINE SECURED STATUS AND TO STRIP OFF JUNIOR LIENS (Doc. 135)
THIS MATTER came before the Court on the Debtors' Motion to Determine Secured Status and to Strip off Junior Liens (the “Motion,” Doc. 135) and the Internal Revenue Service's (the “IRS”) Objection (Doc. 144). The Court heard argument of counsel at a hearing on November 18, 2014. In the Motion the Debtors seek to strip off multiple creditors' liens on property at 6534 Watermark Cove in Gulf Breeze, Florida 32562 (the “Subject Property”). The only creditor to object was the IRS, so the following analysis and conclusion applies only to the IRS's secured claim. Having reviewed the arguments of counsel, the undisputed facts, the pleadings and applicable case law, the Court finds that the IRS's Objection should be sustained and the Motion should be denied as to the IRS.
Doc. 135. The Motion requests the Court to (1) find that the First Mortgage has priority over all other liens described in the Motion and (2) determine that the holders of those other liens, including the IRS, do not have claims secured by the Subject Property pursuant to § 506(d).
Because the time for objections has expired, the Motion will be granted as to the other creditors named in the Motion.
The parties stipulated to the material facts. The Debtors filed their Chapter 7 Petition on December 26, 2012. On their Schedules they listed several parcels of real property having a total value of $643,288.00; they listed personal property with an aggregate value of $428,598.67. On Schedule C, they claimed exemptions totaling $419,658.00. The Debtors did not claim a homestead exemption.
Joint Stipulation Regarding (A) Real Property at 6534 Watermark Cove and (B) Personal Liability for Unpaid Federal Taxes (Doc. 156).
Doc. 1 at 6.
Id. at 7–11.
Id. at 12–14.
Id.
The Subject Property is encumbered by several liens, comprised of the first lien of Wells Fargo Mortgage in the amount of $120,184.28, the IRS Tax Liens and a judgment lien held by Hancock Bank. The fair market value of the Subject Property is less than the amount due to Wells Fargo. At the hearing, the IRS asserted and the Debtors did not contest that there was equity in the Debtors' other property.
Joint Stipulation Regarding (A) Real Property at 6534 Watermark Cove and (B) Personal Liability for Unpaid Federal Taxes (Doc. 156).
Doc. 135, at 2.
Id. at 3. The Debtors maintain that the value of the Subject Property is $92,000.00 based on an Appraisal Report attached to their Motion.
Recording of hearing on November 18, 2014.
The IRS filed a claim and asserts Tax Liens totaling $136,711.66, including interest and penalties, for the years 2008–2010; it recorded liens in Santa Rosa and Okaloosa Counties (the “Tax Liens”). The Debtors' unpaid tax liabilities, if any, for 2007 and 2008 are dischargeable; any unpaid tax liabilities for 2009, 2010, and 2011 are not. The issue before the Court is whether the IRS Tax Liens are divisible. If they are, then the IRS Tax Liens may be “stripped off” of the Subject Property. If they are not, then the IRS Tax Liens may not be “stripped down,” and thereby stripped off this particular piece of property, in this Chapter 7.
Claim 5–1.
Doc. 156 ¶¶ 7–8.
The Debtors assert that because the first mortgage balance is greater than the Subject Property's value, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 506(d) the IRS Tax Liens are wholly unsecured as to, and may be “stripped off” of, the Subject Property, even though the Tax Liens attached to other property, citing the Eleventh Circuit's decision in McNeal v. GMAC and other cases from the Eleventh Circuit. They argue that the IRS's Tax Liens are divisible. The IRS disagrees, asserting that pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 6321, as a matter of course federal tax liens attach automatically to all of a debtor's property and rights to property, both real and personal, upon assessment. The IRS claims that the Tax Liens are indivisible, and that because they are secured by all of the Debtors' property any stripping of the Tax Liens would equate to a “strip down,” which is not permitted in Chapter 7. The Debtors do not question the plain language of 26 U.S.C. § 6321, but maintain that in spite of the wording the IRS lien on all of their real and personal property may be subdivided on a property by property basis.
In re McNeal, 735 F.3d 1263 (11th Cir.2012) ; Doc. 135 ¶ 10 (and cases cited therein).
“If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any interest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty, together with any costs that may accrue in addition thereto) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person. ” 26 U.S.C. § 6321 (2014) (emphasis added).
At the hearing, the Debtors conceded that if the Court found that they were attempting to “strip down” the Tax Liens, then the IRS would be correct in asserting that a “strip down” is prohibited in a Chapter 7 case. Recording of November 18, 2014 hearing.
The IRS cites to In re Williams, a Chapter 7 case in which the bankruptcy court disagreed with an argument identical to the one being made by the Debtors here. In Williams, the IRS filed a federal tax lien against the debtors pre-petition; the debtors' only assets consisted of their home, worth less than the first mortgage, and some personal property. The personal property was worth $46,500 and the debtors claimed exemptions of $29,200. The Trustee filed a no asset report and the debtors received a discharge. The debtors filed an adversary proceeding against the IRS seeking a determination that the IRS lien on their home was void, alleging that the home was worth $210,000 and the first mortgage balance was $237,000; the parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. After analyzing the issue in relation to Dewsnup v. Timm and McNeal v. GMAC, and the “nearly identical” case of In re Hoekstra, the Williams court and granted summary judgment to the IRS, ruling that the IRS held “one claim” as to debtors' real and personal property and hat the debtors were prohibited from partially avoiding, or stripping down, the IRS's lien:
In re Williams, 488 B.R. 492 (Bankr.M.D.Ga.2013).
Id. at 493–94.
Id.
Id.
Id.
Hoekstra v. U.S. (In re Hoekstra), 255 B.R. 285 (E.D.Va.2000).
Under § 506(d) the question is whether the IRS's lien “secures a claim against the debtor that is not an allowed secured claim.” 11 U.S.C. § 506(d) (emphasis added). A “claim” is defined not by the existence and extent of collateral but by the existence and extent of debt. 11 U.S.C. § 101(5)(A).... [The IRS's] claim is either an allowed secured claim for purposes of § 506(d) or it is not. There is no basis to divide the claim into separate claims for each type of collateral—i.e., one claim secured by the real property and a second claim secured by the personal property– which would then be independently analyzed to determine whether they are allowed secured claims.
In re Williams, 488 B.R. at 498–99.
Williams and Hoekstra involved nearly identical facts to the case at bar. In Hoekstra the debtors sued the IRS to avoid its third priority lien on their townhouse in Virginia on the ground that there was no equity in the real property to which the IRS lien attached. The bankruptcy court ruled that the IRS lien was void because there was no value in the townhouse to which the lien could attach; the district court reversed. Rejecting the debtors' argument that tax liens should be treated “as distinct and individual liens as to each component of property underlying the lien,” the district court reversed, finding that the language of 26 U.S.C. § 6321 “makes clear that the value of a federal lien for taxes is the sum of all the property that is subject to the lien.” The district court concluded that because the debtors' personal property had value in excess of prior liens, the federal tax lien was still partially secured: “Because there remains ‘recourse to collateral’ underlying the United States' federal tax lien, the lien is not void.” The Hoekstra court concluded:
In re Hoekstra, 255 B.R. at 286–87.
Id. at 287.
In re Hoekstra, 255 B.R. at 290.
Id. at 290–91. (“Section 6321 does not state that there shall be ‘liens' upon a debtor's real and personal property; it states that there shall be ‘a lien,’ or a single lien.”)
Id. at 291.
Creditor's [IRS's] federal tax lien against Debtors is undersecured because the Townhouse has no value.
...
Debtors here seek to avoid a portion of a lien where a component of the collateral has no value but other components of collateral have value. The Dewsnup Court's clear prohibition against “stripping down” liens leads this Court to reverse the bankruptcy court's judgment voiding Creditor's lien against the Townhouse.”
Id. at 292.
As much as the facts in Hoekstra and Williams are analogous to those before this Court, the cases the Debtors cite in support of their Motion are distinguishable. Most of the cases the Debtors cite involved liens that had attached to one parcel of specific property, not liens on all real and personal property of the debtors. The case on which the Debtors rely most heavily, In re Johnson, while it dealt with a federal tax lien on all of the debtor's real and personal property, involved lien stripping in a Chapter 11 case, not a Chapter 7.
McNeal v. GMAC Mort., LLC (In re McNeal), 735 F.3d 1263 (11th Cir.2012) ; Matter of Folendore, 862 F.2d 1537 (11th Cir.1989) ; In re Campbell, 498 B.R. 370 (Bankr.N.D.Ga.2013) ; In re Caulkett, 566 Fed.Appx. 879 (11th Cir.2014) ).
Johnson v. I.R.S. Dep't of Treasury of U.S. (In re Johnson), 386 B.R. 171 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.2008), aff'd, 415 B.R. 159 (W.D.Pa.2009).
In Johnson, the IRS held a pre-petition tax lien on the debtor's real and personal property. As of the petition date, there was no equity in the debtor's real property, but there was net equity of $41,374.88 in the debtor's personal property. In Johnson, unlike here, the IRS's claim was divided into three claims by stipulation: its allowed secured claim was valued at $41,374.88 based on the value of the debtor's personal property, it's allowed unsecured priority claim was stipulated to be $30,595.00, and its general unsecured claim was set at $109,079.88. The confirmed Chapter 11 Plan and disclosure statement in Johnson were quite specific about how the IRS claims would be treated: the plan specified the amounts of the secured ($41,374.88) and priority claims and provided that the debtor would pay the IRS one-hundred (100%) percent of those claims with eight percent interest. The plan provided for the IRS's $41,374.88 lien on the personal property to survive post-confirmation. The bankruptcy court in Johnson made it clear that “by voluntary action of the IRS, the IRS lien, and therefore the amount of its secured claim, has been “stripped down” to $41,374.83....” The bankruptcy court approved the modification of the IRS's secured claim under the confirmed Chapter 11 plan, and held in the adversary proceeding that the debtor could strip the IRS lien off the debtor's real property even though it remained partially secured by the debtors' personal property. In affirming that decision the district court focused strongly on how detailed the debtor's disclosure statement and plan were as to treatment of the IRS claims, and the fact that he IRS did not challenge confirmation of the plan.
In re Johnson, 415 B.R. at 163.
Id.
Id. at 169. The debtor in Johnson had also filed an adversary proceeding against the IRS asking the bankruptcy court to determine whether the IRS lien could be stripped from the debtor's real property. Id. at 163.
Id.
Id. The debtor's total equity in all of the personal property was $41,374.88.
In re Johnson, 415 B.R. 159, 181–82 (W.D.Pa.2009).
415 B.R. at 161–62. In Johnson the debtor had filed an adversary proceeding against the IRS seeking a determination of the validity, priority, and extent of its lien; the adversary proceeding remained pending after the plan was confirmed. 386 B.R. at 172.
Disagreeing with the ruling in Hoekstra, the bankruptcy court in Johnson was “unpersuaded” that an IRS federal tax lien is indivisible. Focusing on an IRS regulation that authorizes the IRS to voluntarily discharge a tax lien as to any property of no value to the United States, the bankruptcy court in Johnson felt that it made “no sense” to deny relief to a debtor that the IRS could give on its own. That court discussed the public policy of giving debtors a “fresh start” in bankruptcy, and found that removing the federal tax lien from certain of the debtor's real property was necessary to achieve such a “fresh start” after reorganization.
In re Johnson, 386 B.R. at 179.
Id. at 180. Section 6325(b)(2)(B) of Title 26 provides the mechanism for removal of an IRS lien from an affected property simply upon a showing by the taxpayer that no equity exists in the affected property.41 See, 26 C.F.R. § 301.6325–1(b)(2)(ii) :
(ii) Interest of the United States valueless. The appropriate official may, in his discretion, issue a certificate of discharge of any part of the property subject to the Federal tax lien if he determines that the interest of the United States in the property to be so discharged has no value.
Id. at 180 (“... that lien will remain an anchor dragging him down from achieving the fresh start envisioned by the Code.”).
Notwithstanding that the “stripping” of the IRS lien in Johnson was upheld, the district court's ruling in Johnson supports the denial of the Debtors' request to “strip down” the IRS lien in the case at bar. Both the bankruptcy and district courts in Johnson emphasized that the IRS had stipulated to the amount of its secured claim, and to the fact that its lien remained attached only to the debtors' personal property. The district court reiterated the bankruptcy court's summary of “lien stripping” versus “strip down” of liens:
Id. ; 415 B.R. at 161–162.
[T]he phrase “lien stripping” refers to the process of reducing a secured claim to reflect the value of the underlying collateral. Variants of this phrase are a “strip-down” wherein an undersecured creditor's lien is reduced to the equity value held by the Debtor in the collateral
(after the amount of any superior lien is deducted from the fair market value of the collateral), and, a “strip-off” wherein a wholly-unsecured creditor's lien is removed from collateral in which there is no equity value.
Id. at 164.
That court discussed, at length, Dewsnup v. Timm and Code sections 506(a) and (d) and concluded that “[t]he ultimate effect of the holding in Dewsnup is that a Chapter 7 debtor is prevented from stripping down an allowed secured claim under § 506(d).” In affirming the bankruptcy court, the district court ruled that the stripping of the tax lien under the confirmed plan, and §§ 506(a) and 1129(b)(5) of the Bankruptcy Code was proper under the facts in that case. That court did not affirm the bankruptcy court's ruling that the IRS lien was divisible. It emphasized that a Chapter 11 debtor is allowed to modify secured claims, including those of the IRS, via a confirmed plan, and analogized the Chapter 11 case before it to a case in which a Chapter 13 debtor had been allowed to strip an IRS lien under a confirmed plan:
Id. at 159.
Id. at 170. This Court disagrees with the Johnson bankruptcy court's conclusion that the IRS lien was divisible.
Id. at 169, 170.
Chapter 11 contains an analogous provision to § 1322(b)(2) of Chapter 13– § 1123(b)(5). Section 1123(b)(5) permits a debtor to “modify the rights of holders of secured claims” in conjunction with a Chapter 11 plan of reorganization. 11 U.S.C. § 1123(b)(5). Therefore, to strip a lien in a Chapter 11 proceeding, a court must bifurcate the lien into secured and unsecured claims under § 506(a), and then, if a debtor's plan of reorganization meets the requirements of § 1123(a), a secured claim may be modified pursuant to § 1123(b)(5).
Id. at 169.
In upholding the modification of the IRS's secured claim in the confirmed Chapter 11 plan, the district court in Johnson pointed out that Section 506(d), as applied in Chapter 7 cases, does not contain the safeguards contained in Code Sections 1129(b), 1225, or 1325 that govern treatment of secured claims and lien rights in Chapter 11, 12 and 13 cases. The Johnson court distinguished Hoekstra on the basis that Hoekstra involved a Chapter 7, acknowledging that under Dewsnup Chapter 7 debtors cannot strip down liens.
In re Johnson, 415 B.R. at 167.
In re Johnson, 415 B.R. at 170 (“In this case, [the debtor's] confirmed Amended Plan of Reorganization obviates the concerns articulated by the Supreme Court in Dewsnup and the District Court in Hoekstra. [The debtor] is not in a position to receive any ‘windfall’ from the sale of his over encumbered real estate as he remains obligated to make payments to the IRS under his confirmed plan.”) See also, In re Johnson, 386 B.R. at 179. (“Hoekstra was decided in the context of a Chapter 7 liquidation proceeding ... [and] was faced with clearly applicable precedent of Dewsnup ... the present case is a reorganization under Chapter 11 ... the majority view which is now also adopted by this Court, is that Dewsnup does not apply to lien stripping occurring in a reorganization.”)
The bankruptcy court that decided Johnson has more recently dismissed an adversary proceeding filed by a Chapter 7 debtor against the IRS seeking to strip down the IRS's secured claim. Again acknowledging that lien stripping is permitted in Chapter 11, but not in Chapter 7, that court held: “Debtor failed to provide a basis to permit lien stripping in this Chapter 7 case in light of Dewsnup. ”
In re Geisler, No. ADV 14–2098–CMB, 2014 WL 6608765 (Bankr.W.D.Pa. Nov. 19, 2014).
Id. at *2. Even though the Geisler court was discussing “strip off” and not “strip down,” the crucial point is that neither is permitted in Chapter 7.
The courts in Williams, Hoekstra, and Johnson all recognized that Dewsnup v. Timm controls in Chapter 7 cases. The District court in Johnson stated: “[t]he ultimate effect of the holding in Dewsnup is that a Chapter 7 debtor is prevented from stripping down an allowed secured claim under § 506(d).” In the Eleventh Circuit, under Folendore v. Small Business Administration and McNeal v. G.M.A.C. the current law is that Section 506(d) allows a chapter 7 debtor to strip off a wholly underwater junior mortgage lien, in spite of the Supreme Court's ruling in Dewsnup . But, in this Chapter 7 case the debtors seek not to “strip off,” but to “strip down” the IRS lien, so neither McNeal nor Folendore support the Debtors' cause. As the Williams court put it: “[T]he status of the IRS's lien determines whether Dewsnup applies or McNeal applies. If the IRS's lien is partially secured, Dewsnup prohibits strip down. If the IRS's lien is fully unsecured, Debtors may rely on McNeal to void the lien.”
Id. at 166.
Matter of Folendore, 862 F.2d 1537 (11th Cir.1989) ; McNeal v. GMAC Mortgage, LLC, 735 F.3d 1263, 1265 (11th Cir.2012). In November of 2014 the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari in two of the three Chapter 7 lien-strip-off cases challenging the Eleventh Circuit decision in McNeal. In re Toledo–Cardona, 556 Fed.Appx. 911, 912 (11th Cir.)cert. granted sub nom. Bank of Am., N.A. v. Toledo–Cardona, ––– U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 677, 190 L.Ed.2d 388 (2014) and In re Caulkett, 566 Fed.Appx. 879, 880 (11th Cir.)cert. granted sub nom. Bank of Am., N.A. v. Caulkett, ––– U.S. ––––, 135 S.Ct. 674, 190 L.Ed.2d 388 (2014) (petition granted Nov. 17, 2014) (consolidated for argument). As of the date of this Order, oral argument has not yet been scheduled. See, also, In re Bello , 563 Fed.Appx. 691 (11th Cir.2014) (still pending).
In re Williams, 488 B.R. 492, 497 (Bankr.M.D.Ga.2013).
In this Chapter 7 case, the fact that there is no equity in the Subject Property over and above the first mortgage does not render the IRS Tax Lien unsecured. Rather, the Tax Lien remains secured, at least in part, by the Debtors' other property. As the court in Williams put it, “as long as the claim can attach to some value, it is ‘secured’ for purposes of § 506(d).” Because the IRS claim here is allowed and secured, the Debtors may not strip the Tax Lien down in this Chapter 7 under the guise of stripping it off this one selected parcel of property. For the reasons stated, it is
Id. at 499.
ORDERED:
1. The Internal Revenue Services' Objection to Debtors' Motion to Determine Secured Status and to Strip of Junior Liens (Doc. 144) is SUSTAINED.
2. The Debtors' Motion to Determine Secured Status and to Strip of Junior Liens (Doc. 135) is DENIED as to the IRS.
3. The Debtors' Motion to Determine Secured Status and to Strip of Junior Liens (Doc. 135) is GRANTED as to other parties named in the Motion.
4. The Stipulation between the Debtors and the IRS that unpaid tax liabilities for the periods ending on 12/31/2007 and 12/31/2008 shall be discharged and unpaid tax liabilities
for the periods ending 12/31/2009, 12/31/2010, and 12/31/2011 shall not be discharged is CONFIRMED and APPROVED.
Doc. 156 ¶¶ 7–8.
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DONE and ORDERED.