Opinion
Nos. B187208, B187209.
August 9, 2006. [ CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION ]
Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 976(b) and 976.1, this opinion is certified for publication with the exception of the Facts and Part II of the Discussion.
Appeal from the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Nos. CK59726 and CK59387, Margaret S. Henry, Judge, and Lori Schroeder, Juvenile Court Referee.
Lisa A. DiGrazia, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and Appellant.
Raymond G. Former, Jr., County Counsel, Larry Cory, Assistant County Counsel, and Jerry M. Curtis, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
No appearance for Minors.
OPINION
After a juvenile court referee declared two children dependents of the court, a juvenile court judge denied their father's applications for rehearing by signing and dating a denial order on the face of each application on the 20th day after the applications were filed. As to one child, no minute order was prepared by the clerk to document the denial of the rehearing application; as to the second child, a minute order was prepared but was dated more than 20 days after the rehearing application was filed. In the published portion of this opinion, we hold that the juvenile court judge's handwritten orders denying the applications for rehearing within 20 days of filing satisfied the timeliness requirements of Welfare and Institutions Code section 252. We further hold the clerk's failure to prepare a minute order as to one child and the preparation of a minute order beyond the 20-day period as to the second child did not result in rehearing being granted as a matter of law.
All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions code, unless otherwise stated.
In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we address the father's contention that substantial evidence does not support the finding the children are at risk of physical abuse, in that the father physically abused his adult daughter "on numerous prior occasions" when she was a child. We strike the language "on numerous prior occasions," because the record contains substantial evidence of only one instance of such abuse and conclude that, as modified, the sustained allegation is supported by substantial evidence.
B.A. and Sandra A. (the children) were declared dependents of the court under section 300 by a referee of the juvenile court not sitting as a temporary judge. Mohamed A. (father) applied for rehearing pursuant to section 252. Under section 252, an application for rehearing is deemed granted by operation of law if a superior court judge does not grant or deny the application, or find good cause to extend the time period, within 20 days after the application is filed. Section 252 further provides that the judge's decision shall be made in a written minute order with copies provided to the child or the child's parents and the attorney of record. Juvenile Court Judge Margaret S. Henry denied the applications by signing and dating her denial order on the face of each application on the 20th day. However, in B.A.'s case, no minute order was entered reflecting Judge Henry's decision. In Sandra's case, a minute order was not entered until the 23rd day. In this timely appeal, father argues he was entitled to rehearing as a matter of law because Judge Henry failed to rule on the applications within 20 days of filing and the clerk failed to enter minute orders as required by law. We affirm the judgment with modifications.
The children's cases were filed under separate case numbers but tried together. Father's motion for judicial notice of the juvenile court files is denied.
RELEVANT PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On September 12, 2005, the children were declared dependents of the court by a juvenile court referee based on sustained allegations under section 300, subdivisions (b), (c), and (j) — risk of physical abuse due to failure to supervise adequately, serious emotional damage, and sibling abuse. The dependency court took custody of the children from father and ordered reunification services.
All dates in this opinion are in 2005, unless specifically indicated otherwise.
On September 13, copies of the minute orders in each case containing the referee's findings and orders of September 12, along with a written advisement of rights, were mailed to father's counsel. The minute order and advisement of rights in Sandra's case were mailed to father.
Father filed applications for rehearing pursuant to section 252 on September 21. The 20-day period to rule under section 252 expired on October 11. (§ 252.)
On October 11, Judge Henry denied the applications for rehearing, by checking the "denied" box in the "order" section of the face of the applications. Judge Henry dated and signed these orders.
Minute orders in both cases were issued on October 14, 23 days after the applications for rehearing were filed. Separate October 14 minute orders as to each child stated: "Matter walked-on calendar by [the deputy clerk] for the sole purpose of transferring to Department 420 to address application for rehearing and order filed on 9/21/05." Judge Henry was sitting in department 420. Also on October 14, a minute order was issued in Sandra's case with the notation, "pursuant to the order of Judge Margaret S. Henry, application for rehearing and order filed on 9/21/05 is denied." No minute order was prepared to reflect the denial of the rehearing as to B.A.
On November 7, father timely appealed the judgments of September 12 declaring the children dependents of the court. We granted father's motion to perfect the appeal to include appeal from the orders denying rehearing.
FACTS
See footnote, ante, page 1411.
B.A. was born in 1990 to father and Nora E., and Sandra was born in 1997 to father and Abla E.B.A. and Sandra lived with father and Abla, who were married. Father's adult sons from his marriage to Nora and Abla's adult children from her previous marriage also lived in the home. Father had a history of inflicting emotional abuse and domestic violence on the family. He physically abused his adult daughter, Shaimaa, when she was a child, by striking her in the face. Father frequently yelled at members of the household and called them names. Father kicked Sandra when she was very young. On one occasion, father held Abla's head and pushed her to the floor. On another occasion, he punched Abla in the teeth and prevented her from seeking medical attention. Father's intimidation and abuse made the family fear him. On March 19, Abla and her adult children moved out of the home. B.A. and Sandra remained with father. During the ensuing battle for custody of Sandra, father forced Sandra to accuse Abla of engaging in sexual misconduct with Abla's adult sons and to accuse Abla's adult sons of sexually abusing Sandra. However, when the Department of Children and Family Services investigated, Sandra recanted this story. She revealed that father had forced her to memorize the allegations and repeat them, threatening to kill her if she did not comply because father wanted Abla to go to jail. Sandra feared father would kill her for disclosing his role. On April 28, following the recantation, Sandra was detained from father and released to Abla, and a petition was filed to declare Sandra a dependent of the court. Subsequently in a separate docket, a petition to declare B.A. a court dependent was filed. In mid-August, Sandra disclosed that father had frequently hit B.A. about her body with his hand and a stick, including on at least one occasion since 2001. This disclosure led to the detention of B.A. from father and the filing of a second amended petition. B.A. was released to Abla's care. The dependency court granted Abla status as B.A.'s de facto parent.
Abla did not appeal. Nora is deceased.
"Upon a sufficient showing the court may recognize the child's present or previous custodians as de facto parents and grant standing to participate as parties in disposition hearing. . . ." (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 1412(e).) Hereinafter, all references to rules will be to the California Rules of Court.
DISCUSSION I The Applications for Rehearing Were Timely and Effectively Denied
Father argues that his applications for rehearing of the referee's orders were granted by operation of law under section 252. Father makes two arguments in support of this position. First, he contends the rehearing applications were not denied within 20 days of their filing, because the minute orders filed October 14 demonstrate that the applications were not considered until 23 days after the applications were filed. Second, father argues that minute orders of the rulings were not filed in compliance with section 252, because no minute order was filed as to B.A. and the minute order as to Sandra was filed beyond the 20-day period. Finding no merit to the contentions, we hold that rehearings were timely and effectively denied.A. Governing Statutory Framework
A juvenile court referee has the power to hear dependency cases assigned to him or her by the presiding judge of the juvenile court, with the same powers as a judge of the juvenile court. (§ 248.) "A referee shall . . . serve upon . . . the minor's parent . . . and the attorney of record for the minor's parent . . . a written copy of his or her findings and order and shall also furnish . . . to the parent . . ., with the findings and order, a written explanation of the right of such persons to seek review of the order by the juvenile court." ( Ibid.)
Under section 248.5, "[a]ll written findings and orders of the court shall be served by the clerk of the court personally or by first-class mail within three judicial days of their issuance on . . . the parent or the parent's counsel. . . ." (See In re Clifford C. (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1085, 1090 [ 64 Cal.Rptr.2d 873, 938 P.2d 932] [referee's orders]; In re Jason J. (1991) 233 Cal.App.3d 710, 717 [ 284 Cal.Rptr. 673] [juvenile court judge's orders], disapproved on other grounds in People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 237 [ 19 Cal.Rptr.2d 520, 851 P.2d 802].) The operative date of a referee's orders is set forth in section 250, which states that "[e]xcept as provided in Section 251, all orders of a referee other than those specified in Section 249 shall become immediately effective, subject also to the right of review as hereinafter provided, and shall continue in full force and effect until vacated or modified upon rehearing by order of the judge of the juvenile court. In a case in which an order of a referee becomes effective without approval of a judge of the juvenile court, it becomes final on the expiration of the time allowed by Section 252 for application for rehearing, if application therefor is not made within such time and if the judge of the juvenile court has not within such time ordered a rehearing pursuant to Section 253 [rehearing on judge's own motion]. [¶] Where a referee sits as a temporary judge, his or her orders become final in the same manner as orders made by a judge."
The right to apply for rehearing of a referee's order in a dependency action is found in section 252. Within 10 days after service of a written copy of the order and findings of a referee in a dependency action, a minor or his parent may apply to the juvenile court for a rehearing. (§ 252.) A superior court judge must act on the application for rehearing within 20 days, by either granting or denying the application, or upon a finding of good cause, extending the period not beyond 45 days. "If an application for rehearing is not granted, denied, or extended within 20 days following the date of its receipt, it shall be deemed granted. However, the court, for good cause, may extend the period beyond 20 days, but not in any event beyond 45 days, following the date of receipt of the application, at which time the application for rehearing shall be deemed granted unless it is denied within that period. All decisions to grant or deny the application, or to extend the period, shall be expressly made in a written minute order with copies provided to the minor or his or her parent or guardian, and to the attorneys of record." ( Ibid.)
California Rules of Court, rule 1418(f) provides as follows: "If the judge of the juvenile court denies an application for rehearing directed in whole or in part to issues arising during a contested jurisdiction hearing, the judge shall advise, either orally or in writing, the child and the parent or guardian of all of the following: [¶] (1) The right of the child, parent, or guardian to appeal from the court's judgment; [¶] (2) The necessary steps and time for taking an appeal; [¶] (3) The right of an indigent appellant to have counsel appointed by the reviewing court; [¶] (4) The right of an indigent appellant to be provided a free copy of the transcript."
B. Rehearing Was Timely Denied on October 11
Father argues that Judge Henry could not have made her rulings denying rehearing on October 11 because the minute orders dated October 14 demonstrate that the applications were not transferred to her for consideration until three days later. Father contends the minute orders show that the rehearing applications were first presented to Judge Henry on October 14, after the expiration of the 20-day period to rule, regardless of what is shown on the face of the application. We hold that Judge Henry's written orders denying rehearings prevail over the clerk's minute orders. The face of each application contains Judge Henry's signature on an order denying rehearing, dated October 11, the 20th day after the applications were filed. This was a timely denial within the meaning of section 252. The fact that the clerk prepared minute orders dated October 14 does not negate the fact that Judge Henry ruled on the rehearing applications on October 11. We have no difficulty holding that Judge Henry's written order denying rehearing in a timely fashion on October 11 is the controlling document in assessing the timeliness of the superior court's ruling.
C. The Orders Denying Rehearing Were Valid and Effective Notwithstanding the Clerk's Failure to Prepare Minute Orders Within 20 Days
Father also argues that a rehearing was granted by operation of law because a minute order reflecting denial of rehearing was not prepared within 20 days of the filing of the application under section 252. We reject father's construction of section 252.
"In interpreting a statute, we apply the usual rules of statutory construction. `We begin with the fundamental rule that our primary task is to determine the lawmakers' intent. [Citation.] . . . To determine intent, "`the court turns first to the words themselves for the answer.'" [Citations.] "If the language is clear and unambiguous there is no need for construction, nor is it necessary to resort to indicia of the intent of the Legislature (in the case of a statute). . . ."' [Citation.] We give the language of the statute its `usual, ordinary import and accord significance, if possible, to every word, phrase and sentence in pursuance of the legislative purpose. A construction making some words surplusage is to be avoided. The words of the statute must be construed in context, keeping in mind the statutory purpose. . . . Both the legislative history of the statute and the wider historical circumstances of its enactment may be considered in ascertaining the legislative intent.'" ( Kane v. Hurley (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 859, 862 [ 35 Cal.Rptr.2d 809].)
Section 252 requires issuance of a minute order reflecting the juvenile court judge's ruling on the rehearing application. "All decisions to grant or deny the application, or to extend the period, shall be expressly made in a written minute order with copies provided to the minor or his or her parent or guardian, and to the attorneys of record." ( Ibid.) This clear statutory language requiring issuance of a minute order does not require interpretation.
On the other hand, there is nothing in the language of section 252 requiring that the minute order be prepared within the same 20-day period during which the juvenile court must rule on the application for rehearing. To the contrary, section 252 is silent as to when the minute order must be prepared. Accordingly, we must address the issue of whether failure to prepare a minute order within 20 days of the filing of the application for rehearing as to Sandra — and the failure to prepare any minute order at all, as in the case of B.A. — requires a holding that rehearing was granted as a matter of law.
The answer to this issue is found in Government Code section 69844, which provides as follows: "The clerk of the superior court shall keep the minutes and other records of the court, entering at length within the time specified by law, or forthwith if no time is specified, any order, judgment, and decree of the court which is required to be entered and showing the date when each entry is made. Failure so to enter the date or failure to enter the order, judgment, or decree within the time specified in this section shall not affect the validity or effectiveness of the entry." "Clearly, under the language of section 69844 the clerk's failure to enter an order within the time specified by the court does not invalidate the effectiveness of its entry; such a failure is a purely clerical error which courts have continuing power to correct. [Citations.]" ( Desherow v. Rhodes (1969) 1 Cal.App.3d 733, 739 [ 82 Cal.Rptr. 138], disapproved on other grounds in Hollister Convalescent Hospital, Inc. v. Rico (1975) 15 Cal.3d 660, 670-671 [ 125 Cal.Rptr. 757, 542 P.2d 1349].)
Applying Government Code section 69844 to section 252 leads to the conclusion that the clerk is required to prepare the minute order "forthwith," as no time period for entry of the minute order is set forth in section 252. However, the failure to enter a minute order "forthwith" reflecting a denial of rehearing, or even a complete failure to enter the order, does not "affect the validity or effectiveness" of Judge Henry's timely order denying rehearing.
Rehearing by operation of law under section 252 is triggered by only one circumstance: failure to rule on the application or grant an extension within 20 days. The provision for preparation of a minute order contains no time limit, does not state that failure to prepare a minute order acts as a grant of rehearing by operation of law, and does not provide that failure to prepare a minute order of a ruling invalidates the ruling. In the context of a denial of a rehearing application, the failure to prepare a minute order "forthwith," or the complete failure to prepare any minute order at all, does not compel a finding that rehearing was granted by operation of law, provided the juvenile court judge's ruling was documented as it was here on the face of the application.
Even though the failure to prepare a minute order does not affect the validity of the order denying the rehearing application, the applicant has a right to notice of the ruling and of the right to appeal the dependency judgment following denial of rehearing. (§§ 248.5 [written orders shall be served within three days to parent or counsel], 252 [a copy of the minute order must be provided to the parent and parent's attorney]; Cal. Rule of Court, rule 1418(f) [upon a denial of rehearing, the applicant must be advised of his right to appeal from the judgment of dependency and of the time within which a notice of appeal must be filed].) Notice to the applicant of the order denying rehearing and his appellate right protects the applicant's right to appeal.
In this case, father does not contend that he was not provided with notice of the rulings denying rehearing or of his right to appeal the judgments. Although the record does not contain proofs of service, nothing in the record indicates father was not provided with a copy of the face page of the rehearing applications with Judge Henry's denial orders stated thereon. "In the absence of an affirmative showing to the contrary, we presume that the juvenile court clerk performed the official duty to give notice." ( In re Jason J., supra, 233 Cal.App.3d at p. 717.) The Los Angeles Department of Children and Family Services does not contend the appeals are untimely. Thus, any violation of the procedural requirement that the ruling on a rehearing application be expressed in a minute order, a copy of which is provided to the applicant, could not have been prejudicial. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13.)
The power to correct the records of the trial court "may be exercised regardless of lapse of time. . . ." ( Wilson v. Nichols (1942) 55 Cal.App.2d 678, 681 [ 131 P.2d 596].) Upon issuance of the remittitur in this appeal, the juvenile court shall issue an order directing entry of a minute order reflecting Judge Henry's denial of father's application of rehearing as to B.A., in conformity with section 252.
II Substantial Evidence Supports the Finding the Children were at Risk of Being Physically Abused Because Father Physically Abused Sandra, But Not the Finding that Sandra's Abuse Occurred on Numerous Prior Occasions In count B-2 of each child's petition, the dependency court sustained an allegation under section 300, subdivision (b) that "[o]n numerous prior occasions, [father] physically abused [Shaimaa] when she was a child, by striking [Shaimaa] in [the] face[,]" which placed Sandra and B.A. at risk of physical abuse. Father contends that count B-2, as sustained, is not supported by substantial evidence, in that there is evidence of only a single instance of physical abuse and that instance was too remote in time to support a finding that there was a present risk of physical abuse. We conclude that, while the record contains substantial evidence that father physically abused Shaimaa on one occasion, and, in the circumstances of this case, such abuse creates a substantial present risk of danger, the record does not contain solid, credible evidence that father physically abused Shaimaa "[o]n numerous prior occasions[.]" "In reviewing the jurisdictional findings[,] we look to see if substantial evidence, contradicted or uncontradicted, supports them." ( In re Heather A. (1996) 52 Cal.App.4th 183, 193.) We "`review the whole record in the light most favorable to the judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence — that is, evidence which is reasonable, credible, and of solid value — such that a reasonable trier of fact could find [the allegations are true by a preponderance of the evidence].' [Citation.]" ( In re Angelia P. (1981) 28 Cal.3d 908, 924.) The dependency court may take jurisdiction under section 300, subdivision (b), where "the child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm of illness, as a result of the failure or inability of his or her parent . . . to adequately supervise or protect the child[.]" (§ 300, subd. (b).) "[W]hile evidence of past conduct may be probative of current conditions, the question under section 300 is whether circumstances at the time of the hearing subject the [child] to the defined risk of harm." ( In re Rocco M. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 814, 824 [italics omitted].) A single instance of abuse years earlier might not support a finding of substantial physical danger under section 300, subdivision (b), but such instance coupled with a "proven record of abusiveness" would support the finding of a current risk of harm. (See id. at pp. 8248-25.) The evidence in the record regarding the sustained allegation of count B-2 is as follows. Sandra stated that father "beat up" Shaimaa by slapping her back and forth across the face. In various statements, Sandra said this abuse occurred two, three, or four years earlier. Sandra testified she saw the abuse occur on only one occasion. Abla told the social worker she remembered "the incident" described in count B-2. Without information that the incident Abla remembered is not the same incident that Sandra reported, it is not reasonable to infer Abla was remembering a separate incident. We conclude that Sandra's testimony supports a finding that father physically abused Shaimaa on one occasion, but not on numerous occasions. As the record contains no solid evidence of any other instances when father physically abused Shaimaa, the language, "on numerous prior occasions," must be stricken from the sustained allegation of count B-2. At the same time, the record does contain substantial evidence to believe that the physical abuse that was previously directed at Shaimaa will reoccur and be directed at the children, as alleged in count B-2. Father's abuse of Shaimaa is not an isolated incident of physical violence. Father also kicked Sandra, punched Abla in the teeth, beat B.A. all over her body with his hands and a stick, and threatened to kill Sandra. From this proven record of abusiveness, the juvenile court could reasonably infer father posed a substantial, present risk of serious physical harm to the children. Accordingly, we affirm the sustained allegation of count B-2 as modified by striking the phrase "on numerous prior occasions."DISPOSITION
The juvenile court is directed to order entry of a minute order reflecting denial of father's application of rehearing as to B.A. in case No. CK59726. The words "[o]n numerous prior occasions" in the first sentence of count B-2 of the sustained petition in case No. CK59726 and the sustained petition in case No. CK59387 are stricken. As modified, the judgments are affirmed.
Armstrong, Acting P. J., and Mosk, J., concurred.
Appellant's petition for review by the Supreme Court was denied October 25, 2006, S146604.