Summary
In Hughes, supra, this Court noted that the defendant could have seen the car he eventually hit when it was stopped at an intersection three hundred feet away from him.
Summary of this case from Young v. FloodOpinion
Docket No. 10568.
Decided May 24, 1972. Leave to appeal denied, 388 Mich. 770.
Appeal from Washtenaw, William F. Ager, Jr., J. Submitted Division 2 February 29, 1972, at Lansing. (Docket No. 10568.) Decided May 24, 1972. Leave to appeal denied, 388 Mich. 770.
Complaint by Mary Hughes and Mary B. Rowe against Gerald Polk for damage caused by defendant's negligent operation of an automobile. Judgment for defendant. Plaintiffs appeal. Reversed and remanded.
Hooper, Hathaway, Fichere, Price Davis, for plaintiffs.
Douvan, Harrington Carpenter, for defendant.
This is an automobile negligence case. The salient facts are as follows: Plaintiff Mary Beth Rowe is the daughter of plaintiff Mary Hughes. Plaintiff Rowe was seven months pregnant at the time of the accident, and she and her parents were concerned about her condition because she had previously had three miscarriages. On December 20, 1966, plaintiff Rowe was visiting at her mother's home on Eberwhite Boulevard. The boulevard was very slippery due to a heavy snowfall the previous night, and the street had not been cleared nor salted. At approximately 4:30 p.m. plaintiff Rowe backed her car out of the Hughes' driveway and proceeded north to the intersection at Liberty Street, where she stopped and waited to make a left turn onto Liberty Street.
Eberwhite Boulevard is four blocks long, with median strips dividing two northbound lanes from two southbound lanes. The defendant, a resident of Gagetown, Michigan, but a former student in Ann Arbor, was visiting friends on Eberwhite Boulevard. He was no stranger to Eberwhite Boulevard, having traversed it numerous times prior to December 20, 1966. On that day, at about 4:30 p.m., defendant left his friends' home, proceeded south on Eberwhite Boulevard, circled around the median, and then proceeded north on Eberwhite Boulevard. As he reached the intersection of Woodbridge Boulevard and Eberwhite Boulevard, defendant was in a position 300 feet from the Liberty Street intersection and would have had a clear view of that intersection. This last fact was stipulated to by defense counsel.
The defendant stated that he was driving at 15 miles per hour and had traveled 100 to 200 feet past the Woodbridge Boulevard intersection before he noticed plaintiff Rowe's stopped vehicle. He then traveled another 25 to 30 feet before he applied his brakes, which did not hold, due to the ice on the roadway, and defendant slid into plaintiff Rowe's car. The resulting crash caused her car to be pushed out into the southward lanes of Liberty Street. At no time did the defendant sound his horn or make visible attempts to swerve out of the way. There is a dispute as to the force of the crash. There is also a dispute as to whether the defendant put his car in "park", set his emergency brake, or put on his emergency flashers.
In any event, the defendant dashed from his car to assist plaintiff Rowe, who had panicked and was attempting to scramble out of her car. Plaintiff Hughes, having seen the accident, rushed to aid her daughter. She took the most direct route and passed between her daughter's car and the car of the defendant. At the exact instant that she passed between the two cars, a third car driven by Ralph Lewis, collided with the defendant's car and the resultant crash knocked plaintiff Hughes to the ground.
Plaintiff Hughes thereafter developed a large hematoma on her right leg; this was followed by thrombophlebitis and eventually a massive pulmonary embolism. Plaintiff Rowe's child was delivered in a normal birth.
Prior to commencing suit against the defendant, plaintiff Hughes settled her claim with Ralph Lewis for $35,000.
After hearing the evidence, arguments of counsel, and instructions of the court, the six-man jury returned unanimous verdicts of "not guilty".
Plaintiffs appeal from judgments of no cause of action for each of the plaintiffs, entered by the trial court pursuant to the jury's verdict. We reverse for the reasons stated herein.
I.
In response to the question, "Would you consider yourself a safe driver on December 20, 1966?", the defendant replied, "Yes, I did". The trial judge refused to allow plaintiffs to further cross-examine defendant with respect to his traffic convictions. In Sting v. Davis, 384 Mich. 608, 613-614 (1971), the Supreme Court stated:
"GCR 1963, 607 was adopted by this Court in accordance with its rulemaking powers as to evidentiary matters. The central issue in practically every contested motor vehicle accident case is whether defendant-driver was guilty of negligence and, if the plaintiff was the driver of the other motor vehicle, whether he was free from contributory negligence. As to the defendant, the question which confronts the jury is whether to believe the claim of the plaintiff that the defendant was negligent or the claim of the defendant that he was not negligent and, as to a plaintiff-driver, the issue is just the reverse. Almost invariably, as in this case, the defendant asserts, `I did not drive in a negligent fashion.' If the plaintiff was also a motor vehicle driver, as in this case, he makes the same assertion as to his driving upon finding himself accused of being the responsible party because of negligent driving. On the issue of whom to believe, the driving record of a plaintiff or of a defendant can become a crucial evidentiary factor. That driving history, both before and after the accident, whether it be for serious or minor infractions of the vehicle code, can have a vital bearing in enabling a jury to determine the truth of a plaintiff's or defendant's testimony as to the exercise of due care.
"We conclude that under GCR 1963, 607, as presently adopted by this Court, a trial judge has no discretion to exclude cross-examination with regard to the driving history of a plaintiff-driver or of a defendant-driver, such cross-examination being proper to test the credibility of the witness' testimony with regard to the central fact issue in the case." (Emphasis added.)
It was error for the trial court to refuse to allow plaintiffs to cross-examine defendant regarding his traffic convictions for purposes of impeachment, where the credibility of defendant's testimony as to his exercise of due care is at issue. See also Taylor v. Walter, 385 Mich. 599, 600 (On Rehearing, 1971), adopting Justice BLACK'S opinion in Taylor v. Walter, 384 Mich. 114, 117-120 (1970); cf. Kuhnee v. Miller, 37 Mich. App. 649 (1972).
II.
The trial judge charged the jury as follows:
"[I]f you find that the defendant was confronted with a sudden emergency not of his own making and if you find that he used ordinary care and was still unable to avoid the violation because of such emergency, then his violation [of the assured-clear-distance statute, MCLA 257.627; MSA 9.2327(a)] is excused."
Plaintiffs objected to this instruction.
In VanderLaan v. Miedema, 385 Mich. 226, 231-232 (1971), the Supreme Court discussed the sudden emergency doctrine as follows:
"Was there evidence to support the sudden emergency instruction of the trial court?
"Under the rear-end collision statute a rebuttable presumption arises that the offending driver is prima facie guilty of negligence. Petrosky v. Dziurman (1962), 367 Mich. 539, 543; Garrigan v. LaSalle Coca-Cola Bottling Co (1961), 362 Mich. 262, 263. However, a violation of the assured-clear-distance statute constitutes negligence per se. McKinney v. Anderson [ 373 Mich. 414, 419 (1964)].
"However, as we have previously indicated the assured-clear-distance statute must be `reasonably construed.' Sun Oil Co v. Seamon (1957), 349 Mich. 387, 411. As such, it is not applicable under all circumstances where it might otherwise be literally employed. Instead, it is subject to `qualification by the test of due or ordinary care, exercised in the light of the "attending conditions."' Patzer v. Bowerman-Halifax Funeral Home, [ 370 Mich. 350, 353 (1963)].
"One such instance, where this statute is inapplicable, arises when a collision is shown to have occurred as the result of a sudden emergency not of the defendants' own making. McKinney v. Anderson, supra. Defendants urge us to apply that rule here. But, as far as our disposition of the present case is concerned, it must be recognized from a logical as well as from a legal point of view, that for the emergency doctrine to apply an `emergency' within the meaning of that rule must have existed. See Annot., 80 ALR2d 5, 15.
"To come within the purview of this rule the circumstances attending the accident must present a situation that is `unusual or unsuspected.' Barringer v. Arnold (1960), 358 Mich. 594, 599.
"The term `unusual' is employed here in the sense that the factual background of the case varies from the everyday traffic routine confronting the motorist. Such an event is typically associated with a phenomenon of nature. A classical example of the `unusual' predicament envisioned by the emergency doctrine is provided by Patzer v. Bowerman-Halifax Funeral Home, supra, wherein the accident occurred amid an Upper Peninsula blizzard.
"`Unsuspected' on the other hand connotes a potential peril within the everyday movement of traffic. To come within the narrow confines of the emergency doctrine as `unsuspected' it is essential that the potential peril had not been in clear view for any significant length of time, and was totally unexpected. A good example of this can be seen in McKinney v. Anderson, supra, where defendant rear-ended a plaintiff's car which had stopped while pushing a disabled vehicle on the highway. Coming over the crest of a hill, defendant first saw plaintiff's taillights when he was 400 feet away. However, defendant did not clearly see the peril of plaintiff's stopping until he was about 100-200 feet away, at which point it was too late to avoid a collision under the circumstances. Furthermore, the failure of the plaintiff to signal that he was stopping, coupled with the surrounding darkness, made the subsequent peril totally unexpected to the defendant."
In Morrison v. Demogala, 336 Mich. 298, 303 (1953), Supreme Court held:
"Defendant is not to be excused from the consequences of negligence by his testimony as to the icy condition of the highway at the scene of the collision. He had driven over the same road within 2 hours before the accident; the statement of his answer, hereinbefore quoted, makes clear that he was required and warned by the general condition of the road, to be on the lookout for icy spots.
"Defendant was clearly negligent as a matter of law in driving his automobile at such speed and under the then existing circumstances known to him, that he could not stop within the assured clear distance ahead.
"The court was without error in charging the jury in effect that defendant was as a matter of law, guilty of negligence."
Examining the criteria set up in VanderLaan v. Miedema, supra, and Morrison v. Demogala, supra, it is readily apparent that the court erred in charging the jury that a sudden emergency would excuse defendant's violation of the assured-clear-distance statute. The icy condition of the road was not "unusual" for a December day, particularly where there had been a heavy snowfall the previous night. Nor was it "unexpected", as in VanderLaan the court noted that "it is essential that the potential peril had not been in clear view for any significant length of time, and was totally unexpected". The evidence as presented at trial does not fall within this last quoted statement. Evidence was presented and stipulated to that the defendant could have had a clear view of the plaintiff's car for 300 feet. Furthermore, the evidence established that the defendant was aware of the snow on the ground and thus could expect certain icy conditions. Under these facts, the trial court should not have given an instruction that a sudden emergency would excuse defendant's negligence.
III.
Plaintiff Mary Hughes requested a jury instruction on the rescue doctrine as a defense to contributory negligence. The trial court refused to so instruct the jury, but did instruct the jury as to contributory negligence. The trial court stated that it knew of no law concerning a rescue doctrine instruction in Michigan, and that the Supreme Court, in § 13.04 of the new Standard Jury Instructions, recommended that no instruction be given in imminent peril cases.
SJI 13.04 states:
"The committee recommends that no instruction be given either on the duty of one in imminent peril or the responsibility of the person causing the perilous situation." (Emphasis added.)
The committee comment to SJI 13.04 cites Triestram v. Way, 286 Mich. 13 (1938), a case dealing with the sudden emergency doctrine.
SJI 13.04 does not apply in this case. GCR 516.6(4) directs the trial courts to give additional instructions where the SJI instructions are inadequate or incomplete, and the rescue doctrine is one such area not covered by the SJI.
The rescue doctrine is applicable in Michigan. See Brugh v. Bigelow, 310 Mich. 74, 77, 80 (1944), citing Wagner v. International R Co, 232 N.Y. 176; 133 N.E. 437; 19 ALR 1 (1921); Parks v. Starks, 342 Mich. 443 (1955); Brown v. Ross, 345 Mich. 54 (1956).
In Parks v. Starks, supra, at 449-450, the Supreme Court stated:
"In response, however, to defendant's insistence that coming so close to a position of known danger amounts to contributory negligence as a matter of law, plaintiff invokes the `rescuer' or `Good Samaritan' doctrine, quoting 38 Am Jur, Negligence, § 228, p 912:
"`The rule is well settled that one who sees a person in imminent and serious peril caused by the negligence of another cannot be charged with contributory negligence, as a matter of law, in risking his own life or serious injury in attempting to effect a rescue, provided the attempt is not recklessly or rashly made. In other words, in attempting to save the life of another, one is justified in exposing himself to danger in a manner that under other circumstances would deprive him of legal redress for injuries sustained.' * * *
"The quoted language is applicable to plaintiff's situation when he sought to rescue the children from a position of peril. It follows that he could not be charged with contributory negligence as a matter of law in assuming a risk to himself in order to save the children."
The trial court should have charged the jury that one who goes to the rescue of a person who is in imminent and serious peril caused by the negligence of another is not contributorily negligent, so long as the rescue attempt is not recklessly or rashly made.
Reversed and remanded.
If I had the power (which I do not have), I would reverse Sting v. Davis, 384 Mich. 608 (1971), because I cannot in good conscience agree with it. As a member of a lower appellate court, I am submissive but not happy.
I reluctantly concur with my colleague Judge LOUIS D. McGREGOR'S opinion and vote to reverse the trial court.
I am in respectful disagreement with Judge McGREGOR in two particulars.
As to the first, he concluded that the trial judge was in error when he refused to allow plaintiffs' counsel to cross-examine the defendant with reference to his driving record. Principal reliance is placed upon Sting v. Davis, 384 Mich. 608 (1971).
In my view this reliance is ill-founded. Sting does not address itself to the precise point upon which the trial judge denied any further examination, namely, the insufficiency of the foundation laid to pursue the line of questioning. I do not read Sting to hold that the mere allegation in the complaint that a defendant was negligent at some given time or place, and the denial thereof in a responsive pleading, permits impeachment of a defendant driver by introduction of violations minor or major of the Motor Vehicle Code. It is one thing to say proof of such past violations are admissible as bearing upon credibility. It is quite another thing to hold decisionally in what manner and to what degree some foundation for impeachment must be laid. I do not believe that the Supreme Court in Sting meant to strip the trial judge of all discretion in the continuing supervision of the examination of a witness. In the instant case the only foundation question asked was: "Q. Would you consider yourself a safe driver on December 20, 1966?" (The date of the accident.)
"A. Yes, I did."
Thereupon plaintiffs' counsel sought "to show that he [defendant] is not being truthful when he says he considers himself a safe driver".
I am hard put to know how the defendant's driving record could change his own subjective evaluation of himself as a driver. As the trial judge observed to plaintiffs' counsel,
"See, this question was asked by you, `Do you consider yourself to be a safe driver?' He said, `Yes'. And now you are trying to say that because he's guilty of speeding or something that this would impeach his testimony."
If this is not correct, I believe it not improper to add a direct quote from Mr. Justice T.G. KAVANAGH'S opinion in Sting, with which I am in agreement, "I am of the opinion that the Michigan rule should be improved".
I think the trial judge was well within his discretionary control of the conduct of the trial to prohibit further examination on this issue.
As to the sudden emergency situation, the defendant testified that his car struck a patch of glazed ice, different in kind from the rest of the surface of the road, and that this was the "sudden emergency" he encountered. I do not understand defendant's claim to be that a snow-covered, slippery street in Michigan in December was a sudden emergency.
For some time past there has been a growing trend in our Supreme Court to consider the verdict of the jury in negligence cases to be sacrosanct as to issues of fact. In this case, a local jury heard local people give their versions of a most regrettable event. They exonerated the defendant. For all we know at our level of review, they may have so held on the question of proximate cause and not on the issue of negligence.
Assuming, arguendo, that some error may have been committed, I am convinced the whole charge of the court presented the issues fairly. I find no error which I consider reversible. I would affirm the jury verdict.