Opinion
No. CR 3864
Opinion delivered December 4, 1933.
1. CRIMINAL LAW — CHANGE OF VENUE — WAIVER. — While it was error to overrule an application for a change of venue which complied with the statutory requirements (Crawford Moses' Dig., 3087, 3088), the error was waived by defendant subsequently entering a plea of guilty. 2. CRIMINAL LAW — EFFECT OF PLEA OF GUILTY. — A plea of guilty waives any defect which is not jurisdictional and which may be taken advantage of by motion to quash or by plea in abatement. 3. CRIMINAL LAW — EFFECT OF PLEA OF GUILTY. — A plea of guilty waives a right to a jury trial and the constitutional guaranties as to the conduct of criminal trials. 4. CRIMINAL LAW — CONDITIONAL PLEA OF GUILTY. — The trial court could not accept a conditional plea of guilty, which is not authorized by Crawford Moses' Dig., 3074. 5. CRIMINAL LAW — WITHDRAWAL OF PLEA OF GUILTY. — It is within the court's discretion to permit a plea of guilty to be withdrawn where the record does not show that the plea was entered conditionally. 6. JUDGES — DISQUALIFICATION. — A trial judge is not disqualified in a criminal case because defendant claims to have entered a plea of guilty upon an agreement with the judge and prosecuting attorney that certain other pending indictments would be dismissed, where such agreement was denied by the judge. 7. CRIMINAL LAW — PLEA OF GUILTY — PROCEDURE. — It is the duty of the trial judge, when a plea of guilty is entered, to pronounce judgment. 8. CRIMINAL LAW — PLEA OF GUILTY — EVIDENCE. — On a plea of guilty, where the court possesses any discretion as to the extent of the punishment, evidence should be heard as to aggravation or mitigation of the offense. 9. CRIMINAL LAW — PLEA OF GUILTY — REDUCTION OF PUNISHMENT. — Where a plea of guilty was entered upon defendant's understanding that there was an agreement that certain other pending indictments would be dismissed and that defendant should be sentenced for only one year, and such alleged agreement was not carried out, a three-year sentence will be reduced to one year, in the absence of a showing that evidence as to aggravation or mitigation was received at the time of the sentence.
Appeal from Boone Circuit Court; J. F. Koone, Judge; modified and affirmed.
Edward H. Coulter, for appellant.
Hal L. Norwood, Attorney General, and Robert F. Smith, Assistant, for appellee.
The appellant, managing officer of the Citizens' Bank Trust Company at Harrison, Arkansas, was indicted by the grand jury on a charge of knowingly accepting deposits in the Citizens' Bank Trust Company of Harrison, while said institution was in an insolvent condition. He was also indicted on numerous other charges growing out of the bank failure. His son, also an official in the bank, was indicted, as were several other officers of the banks, both in Boone County and in other counties.
At the July term, 1932, of the Boone Circuit Court, appellant filed his verified petition for a change of venue. The petition was in proper form, and supported by the affidavits of seven persons, each of whom stated that he was a qualified elector; was an actual resident of Boone County; not related to the defendant; that he had read the petition for a change of venue, and was familiar with the facts therein contained, and that he believed the statements to be true.
The petition for a change of venue was overruled without any evidence being taken. Thereafter appellant entered a plea of guilty to the charge of receiving deposits in an insolvent bank, and the cause was continued until the January, 1933, term. At the July, 1933, term, appellant filed his verified petition for permission to withdraw his plea of guilty theretofore entered, and stated that, after the court had overruled his motion for change of venue, he was approached by the officers of the court for a compromise of all the cases, those against himself, and other officers of the bank at Harrison, and the banks elsewhere. He alleged that an agreement was made between the prosecuting attorney, the court, and appellant, to the effect that all the indictments except the one in this cause should be dismissed against all the defendants upon appellant's payment of costs in each action, including a prosecuting attorney's fee of $25 in each case; that no further indictments or prosecutions would be instituted in the judicial district; that appellant would enter his plea of guilty in this particular case, which plea was at said time entered; that he should receive a sentence in the penitentiary of this State for a term of one year, and that, prior to the procurement of said sentence, all the above-mentioned cases should be dismissed, and that the appellant might elect to receive his sentence at an adjourned term of court, 1932, or at the January, 1933, term of said court, at appellant's option; that at the January, 1933, term of the court, it was published in the newspaper at Harrison that the court did not intend to abide by certain portions of the agreement which had been entered into; that the agreements entered into by the officials of the court have not been performed, and the statements of officials indicated that they did not intend to perform said agreement; that appellant desired to withdraw his plea of guilty; that he was innocent of the charge, and entered said plea of guilty solely for the purpose of protecting his friends and former business associates; that he was entitled to withdraw said plea of guilty because, first, said plea was conditional; second, because the agreement, on the part of the court officials, had not been performed or kept.
After filing petition to withdraw plea of guilty, appellant filed his verified petition to disqualify the trial judge in the hearing on the motion to withdraw the plea of guilty. Testimony was then taken on the motion to disqualify the judge. The trial judge denied the petition to disqualify, and denied appellant's petition to withdraw plea of guilty, and sentenced appellant to three years in the penitentiary.
The court then dismissed the cases against the parties who had been indicted in connection with the bank failure in Boone County. Motion for new trial was filed and overruled, and the case is here on appeal.
Appellant urges a reversal, first, because he says the court erred in overruling his motion for change of venue. We agree with appellant that it was error for the court to overrule the motion for change of venue. The application for change of venue was in compliance with 3087 and 3088 of Crawford Moses' Digest. Ward v. State, 68 Ark. 466, 60 S.W. 31; Spurgeon v. State, 160 Ark. 112, 254 S.W. 376.
While it was error to overrule the petition for change of venue, this error was waived, and the petition abandoned by entering a plea of guilty. The plea of guilty is wholly inconsistent with motion for change of venue. A plea of guilty waives any defect not jurisdictional, and which may be taken advantage of by motion to quash or by plea in abatement.
The right to a jury is waived also, and with, of course, the constitutional guaranties with respect to the conduct of criminal prosecutions. 16 C.J. 403, 404, 738; People v. Popescue, 345 Ill. 142, 177 N.E. 739, 77 A.L.R. 1199; People v. Busby, 119 Cal.App. 6 P.2d 114; State v. Brinkley, 193 N.C. 747, 138 S.E. 138; Kachnic v. United States, 53 F.2d 312, 79 A.L.R. 1366.
Appellant contends that the plea of guilty was conditional. The law authorizes but three kinds of pleas to an indictment: First, a plea of guilty; second, a plea of not guilty; and, third, a former conviction or acquittal. Crawford Moses' Digest, 3074.
A conditional plea of guilty is not authorized, and the court could not accept such a plea. Cox v. State, 114 Ark. 236, 169 S.W. 789 Joiner v. State, 94 Ark. 198, 126 S.W. 723; Wolf v. State, 102 Ark. 295, 144 S.W. 208. It is within the discretion of the court to permit a plea of guilty to be withdrawn. The record does not show that the plea was entered conditionally. The evidence is in conflict as to what took place, and we think there was no abuse of discretion in refusing to permit appellant to withdraw his plea of guilty.
It is urged that the judgment should be reversed because the trial court overruled appellant's petition to disqualify the presiding judge. Attention is called to 15 R.C.L. 526, 530, and 16 R.C.L. 530. We do not think these authorities sustain appellant's contention.
Considerable testimony was taken on the question of the judge's disqualification, but practically all of it was to the effect that an agreement had been made, under the terms of which all the cases against others indicted in connection with the failure of several banks controlled by appellant, some of which were pending in other counties, were to be dismissed. Appellant contended that these cases in other counties were to be dismissed according to the agreement, but the trial judge did not so understand it. The evidence did not show bias or prejudice of the judge in the sense that it disqualified the trial judge.
It is said in 15 R.C.L. 530, 18, one of the authorities relied on by appellant: "The basis of the disqualification is that personal bias or prejudice renders the judge unable to exercise his functions impartially in the particular case, and therefore it must be shown that he is biased against or entertains ill will or hostility toward the defendant of such a character as might prevent him from giving the defendant a fair trial; and this must be shown as a matter of fact, and not as a matter of opinion of the defendant or any other person. The words "bias" and "prejudice," as used in the law of the subject under consideration, refer to the mental attitude or disposition of the judge towards a party to the litigation, and not to any views that he may entertain regarding the subject-matter involved."
Section 20 of article 7 of the Constitution of the State of Arkansas provides: "No judge or justice shall preside in the trial of any cause in the event of which he may be interested, or where either of the parties shall be connected with him by consanguinity or affinity, within such degree as may be prescribed by law; or in which he may have been of counsel or have presided in any inferior court."
Section 2107 of Crawford Moses' Digest is as follows: "No judge of the circuit court, judge of the court of probate or justice of the peace shall sit on the determination of any cause or proceeding in which he is interested or related to either party within the fourth degree of consanguinity or affinity, or shall have been of counsel, without consent of parties." Jones v. State, 61 Ark. 88, 32 S.W. 81.
It is next contended that the court erred in overruling the motion of appellant for a jury to assess the punishment. A plea of guilty waives any defects not jurisdictional, and appellant, by entering his plea of guilty, waives the right to a jury. It is the duty of the judge when a plea of guilty is entered, to pronounce judgment. 16 C.J. 402, 738.
"While generally no evidence of guilt is required in order to proceed to judgment, for the defendant has himself supplied the necessary proof, yet where the court possesses any discretion as to the extent of the punishment, it is its duty to hear evidence as to aggravation and mitigation of the offense." 16 C.J. 404, 738.
It does not appear that any evidence was taken at the time appellant was sentenced, but the evidence does show that, at the time it is alleged an agreement was made, the punishment should be fixed at one year.
After a careful consideration of all the evidence and circumstances, we have reached the conclusion that the punishment should be reduced to one year.
The judgment of the circuit court is therefore modified by reducing the punishment to one year, and, as thus modified, the judgment is affirmed.
HUMPHREYS, J., concurs in opinion, but dissents from reducing punishment.