Opinion
Bankruptcy No. 11–2790 (MG) SIPA. Adversary No. 11–02924 (MG).
2012-03-7
In re MF GLOBAL INC., Debtor.HSBC Bank USA, National Association, Interpleader Plaintiff, v. Jason Fane and James W. Giddens, in his capacity as Trustee for MF Global Inc., Interpleader Defendants.
Id. (internal citations omitted). The burden is on the settlement proponent to persuade the court that the settlement is in the best interests of the estate. See 8 Norton Bankruptcy Law and Practice 3d § 167:2 (3d ed. 2011). 17 C.F.R. § 190.01(kk)(3). Section 190.08(a)(1)(ii)(C) further confirms that SIP is included in the definition of “customer property.”
Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP, By: James B. Kobak, Jr., Esq., Christopher K. Kiplok, Esq., Jeffrey S. Margolin, Esq., Dina R. Hoffer, Esq., New York, NY, for James W. Giddens, Trustee for the SIPA Liquidation of MF Global Inc.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER APPROVING SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT
MARTIN GLENN, Bankruptcy Judge.
Before the Court is the Motion Pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9019(a) for Entry of an Order Approving Settlement Agreement to Approve Settlement Agreement (the “ Motion ”), filed by James W. Giddens (the “ Trustee ”), as trustee for the SIPA liquidation of the business of MF Global Inc. (the “ Debtor ” or “ MFGI ”). (ECF Doc. # 7.) The Motion seeks approval of a settlement agreement (the “ Settlement Agreement ”) among HSBC Bank USA, N.A. (“ HSBC ”), Jason Fane (“ Fane ”), and the Trustee (collectively, the “ Parties ”) regarding the ownership and distribution of physical property (specifically, five gold bars and fifteen silver bars) (the “ Property ”). No objections have been filed to the Motion. For the reasons discussed below, the Court grants the Motion.
This Motion was also filed in the main related case, In re MF Global Inc., No. 11–2790, at ECF Doc. # 930. For ease of reference, all futures cites to docket entries refer to those filed in In re MF Global Inc., No. 11–2790.
BACKGROUND
On January 23, 2012, this Court issued an order establishing a process by which former MF Global, Inc. (“MFGI”) customers claiming property in the form of physical assets ( i.e., warehouse receipts, precious metal certificates, shipping certificates) and the Trustee would attempt to reconcile any alleged incorrect accounting with respect to the quantity and type of physical property held by the Trustee prior to the scheduled liquidation date of such property on January 31, 2012. (ECF Doc. # 867).
At all times prior to the filing date through the present, HSBC has been in possession of, and has not had any ownership interest in, the Property. HSBC received competing claims to the Property from the Trustee and Fane; therefore, HSBC filed an interpleader complaint to request the Court to determine ownership of the Property. The Trustee, HSBC, and Fane have resolved the issues regarding Fane's Property, and the Motion seeks the Court's approval of the Settlement Agreement that reflects that resolution.
DISCUSSION
Prior to October 31, 2011, the filing date of these SIPA liquidation proceedings, Fane took delivery through an MFGI customer trading account, of five gold futures contracts and three silver futures contracts relating to five gold bars and fifteen silver bars being held by HSBC. Also prior to the filing date, Fane requested that the Property be transferred from HSBC to Fane's Brink's account (the “ Brink's Account ”). Based on the stipulated facts described below, the Property never entered the Trustee's control of the MFGI's liquidation estate created on the filing date.
Because the Trustee has reviewed MFGI's books and records and now acknowledges that the Property is not part of the MFGI estate, the Trustee has instructed HSBC to release the Property to Fane at Fane's cost within ten days upon this Court's approval of the Settlement Agreement. Also pursuant to the Settlement Agreement, the Parties will exchange general, mutual releases of all claims relating to the Property and the adversary proceeding will be dismissed with prejudice.
A. Legal Standard for Rule 9019 Settlements
Settlements and compromises are favored in bankruptcy as they minimize costly litigation and further parties' interests in expediting the administration of the bankruptcy estate. Myers v. Martin (In re Martin), 91 F.3d 389, 393 (3d Cir.1996). Under Rule 9019 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure (the “ Bankruptcy Rules ”), the court has the authority to “approve a compromise or settlement.” Fed. R. Bankr.P. 9019(a). A court must determine that a settlement under Bankruptcy Rule 9019 is fair, equitable, and in the best interests of the estate before it may approve a settlement. In re Drexel Burnham Lambert Grp., Inc., 134 B.R. 493, 496 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1991) (citing Protective Comm. for Indep. Stockholders of TMT Trailer Ferry, Inc. v. Anderson, 390 U.S. 414, 424, 88 S.Ct. 1157, 20 L.Ed.2d 1 (1968)); see also Topwater Exclusive Fund III, LLC v. SageCrest II, LLC (In re SageCrest II), Nos. 3:10cv978 (SRU), 3:10cv979 (SRU), 2011 WL 134893, at *8–9 (D.Conn. Jan. 14, 2011); Cousins v. Pereira (In re Cousins), No. 09 Civ. 1190(RJS), 2010 WL 5298172, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 22, 2010); In re Chemtura Corp., 439 B.R. 561, 593–94 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2010); In re Lehman Bros. Holdings, 435 B.R. 122, 134 (S.D.N.Y.2010).
A courts responsibility is to “canvass the issues and see whether the settlement falls below the lowest point in the range of reasonableness.” In re Chemtura, 439 B.R. at 594 (quoting In re W.T. Grant, Co., 699 F.2d 599, 608 (2d Cir.1983)) (internal quotations omitted). However, the court is not required to go so far as to conduct a trial on the terms to approve a settlement. Id. Before making a determination, however, the court must inform itself of “all facts necessary for an intelligent and objective opinion of the probabilities of ultimate success should the claim be litigated.” O'Connell v. Packles (In re Hilsen), 404 B.R. 58, 70 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.2009) (quoting TMT Trailer Ferry, 390 U.S. at 424, 88 S.Ct. 1157) (internal quotations omitted). Although courts have discretion to approve settlements, the business judgment of the debtor in recommending the settlement should be factored into the courts analysis. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Charter Commcns Operating LLC (In re Charter Commcns.), 419 B.R. 221, 252 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.2009). “At the same time, a court may not simply defer to a debtor in possessions judgment, but must independently evaluate the reasonableness of the settlement.” In re Rosenberg, 419 B.R. 532, 536 (Bankr.E.D.N.Y.2009) (citations omitted). In addition, courts may give weight to the opinion of bankruptcy counsel supporting the settlement. Id. (“In [approving the settlement agreement], the court is permitted to rely upon ‘opinions of the trustee, the parties, and their attorneys.’ ”); Chemtura, 439 B.R. at 594.
To that end, courts have developed standards to evaluate if a settlement is fair and equitable and identified factors for approval of settlements based on the original framework announced in TMT Trailer Ferry, Inc., 390 U.S. 414, 88 S.Ct. 1157, 20 L.Ed.2d 1 (1968). The Second Circuit outlined the test for consideration of settlements under the Bankruptcy Rules in Motorola, Inc. v. Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors (In re Iridium Operating LLC), 478 F.3d 452, 462 (2d Cir.2007). The factors to be considered are interrelated and require the court to evaluate:
(1) the balance between the litigation's possibility of success and the settlement's future benefits; (2) the likelihood of complex and protracted litigation, “with its attendant expense, inconvenience, and delay,” including the difficulty in collecting on the judgment; (3) “the paramount interests of the creditors,” including each affected class's relative benefits “and the degree to which creditors either do not object to or affirmatively support the proposed settlement;” (4) whether other parties in interest support the settlement; (5) the “competency and experience of counsel” supporting, and “[t]he experience and knowledge of the bankruptcy court judge” reviewing, the settlement; (6) “the nature and breadth of releases to be obtained by officers and directors;” and (7) “the extent to which the settlement is the product of arm's length bargaining.” Id. (internal citations omitted). The burden is on the settlement proponent to persuade the court that the settlement is in the best interests of the estate. See 8 Norton Bankruptcy Law and Practice 3d § 167:2 (3d ed. 2011).
B. Legal Standard for Distribution of Physical Property
MFGI was both a futures commission merchant (“ FCM ”) and a securities broker-dealer before it was placed into liquidation and is thus subject to two separate regulatory regimes: SIPA and the Commodities Exchange Act (the “ CEA ”). Under both regimes, customers are entitled to a pro rata share of the applicable pools of customer property from separate customer account classes. As an FCM, MFGI was required by the CEA and Commodities Futures Trading Commission (the “ CFTC ”) regulations (the “ Part 190 Regulations ”) to segregate or secure funds and property held for its commodity futures customers. Determining commodity customers' claims to customer property incorporates the interplay of the Bankruptcy Code, the CEA and 17 C.F.R. § 190, within the context of a SIPA liquidation.
The CFTC's Part 190 Regulations guide trustees and assist courts in implementing the CEA and subchapter IV of title 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. See 17 C.F.R. § 190 et seq. Those regulations: (1) define what constitutes customer property, see 17 C.F.R. § 190.08; (2) establish a system of customer classes and account classes, which ensures a fair and orderly process of pro rata distribution, see id. §§ 190.01(a), (m), (bb), & (hh); and (3) provide a formula for calculating allowable “net equity claims,” id. § 190.07.
As explained below, according to the Part 190 Regulations, “[t]he property of the debtor's estate must be allocated among account classes and between customer classes....” 17 C.F.R. § 190.08 (emphasis added). Inherent in this distribution scheme is the initial determination that the property in question is indeed “property of the debtor's estate.” If the property in question was not “property of the debtor's estate” on the filing date, then such property is not subject to the distribution scheme for specifically identifiable property (“ SIP ”) pursuant to the Part 190 Regulations. This necessarily must be the first inquiry in any dispute about the distribution of physical property. Because the Parties have stipulated that the Property was not property of MFGI's estate on the filing date, rules otherwise applicable to the collective distribution scheme do not apply. An understanding of how the rules applicable to the distribution of SIP under the Part 190 Regulations and the Bankruptcy Code is nevertheless helpful.
1. Specifically Identifiable Property Included in the Definition of Customer Property
The definition of customer property is especially relevant to the discussion of how to distribute SIP. Section 761(10) of the Bankruptcy Code provides an expansive definition of “customer property,” but the CEA states that “[n]otwithstanding title 11 of the United States Code,” the CFTC may issue regulations to “provide ... that certain cash, securities, other property, or commodity contracts are to be included in or excluded from customer property.” 7 U.S.C. § 24(a). The CFTC drafted 17 C.F.R. § 190.08, which specifies fifteen categories of “customer property.” “Specifically identifiable property” is a class of property defined as, among other things:
physical commodities received, acquired, or held by or for the account of the debtor for the purpose of making or taking delivery or exercise from or for the account of a customer, any such document of title or commodity which as of the entry of the order for relief can be identified on the books and records of the debtor as received from or for the account of a particular customer as held specifically for the purpose of delivery or exercise. 17 C.F.R. § 190.01(kk)(3). Section 190.08(a)(1)(ii)(C) further confirms that SIP is included in the definition of “customer property.”
2. Customer Classes and Account Classes
Section 766 of the Bankruptcy Code requires that commodity customer property be distributed ratably. See 11 U.S.C. § 766(h). Additionally, section 190.08 of the Part 190 Regulations provides that the trustee must allocate the “property of the debtor's estate ... among account classes and between customer classes.” 17 C.F.R. § 190.08. Each of those allocated amounts is then treated as “a separate estate of the customer class and the account class to which it is allocated.” 17 C.F.R. § 190.08. Customers are grouped into two classes pursuant to section 190.01(m) of the Part 190 Regulations: public customers and non-public customers. A “non-public customer” is a customer who is an insured, affiliate, or controlling person or entity of the debtor, and all other customers are “public customers.” Pursuant to section 766(h) of the Bankruptcy Code, all allowable net equity claims by public customers must be satisfied in full before any distribution may be made to any non-public customer. See 11 U.S.C. § 766(h).
In addition to the two customer classes, the Part 190 Regulations also establish six types of customer accounts that must be recognized by the trustee as separate “account classes” for various purposes in liquidation. The six account classes are: (1) futures accounts, (2) foreign futures accounts, (3) leverage accounts, (4) commodity option accounts, (5) delivery accounts, and (6) cleared over-the-counter derivative accounts. The purpose of delineating separate account classes is to allocate customer property on a pro rata basis among customers that belong to a specific account class. See 17 C.F.R. § 190.08(c)(1); see also 46 Fed. Reg. at 57554 (“This approach is consistent with the fact that differing segregation requirements exist for different classes of accounts. Obviously, much of the benefit of segregation would be lost if property segregated on behalf of a particular account class could be allocated to pay the claims of customers of a different account class for which less stringent segregation provisions were in effect.”).
Section 190.08(c)(1) states:
Subject to paragraph (b) of this section, property held by or for the account of a customer, which is segregated on behalf of a specific account class, or readily traceable on the filing date to customers of such account class, must be allocated to the customer estate of the account class for which it is segregated or to which it is readily traceable.
In establishing the “delivery account” class under 17 C.F.R. § 190.05(a)(2), the CFTC sought to “mitigate the dilution effect of the pro rata provisions of the Code with respect to property or cash captured by the estate in the absence of any category of property which can be reclaimed in full [ ( i.e., specifically identifiable property) ]” and “reduce the dilution effect of proration without offending the basic principle of proration of equivalent claims.” 48 Fed. Reg. 8716, 8731. Thus, pursuant to sections 190.05(a)(2), 190.08(c)(1) of the Part 190 Regulations, SIP referred to in section 190.01(kk)(3), (4) and (5) “will not be diluted by other types of customer claims.” Id. Thus, customers whose claims relate to SIP that falls into the “delivery account” class will not be subject to the same pro rata distribution that other customers will receive. However, customers who owned SIP that was not held in a delivery account and was used for some other purpose ( e.g., to margin a securities account) will be subject to the pro rata distribution applicable to their specific class.
Section 190.05(a)(2) provides that a delivery account
shall mean any account prominently designated as such in the records of the debtor which contains only the specifically identifiable property associated with delivery set forth in § 190.01(kk)(3), (4), and (5), except that with respect to § 190.01(kk)(4) and (5), delivery need not be made or taken and exercise need not be effected for such property to be included in a delivery account.
However, those issues are fact-specific among individual claimants and must be resolved in the customer claims process. To meet the criteria for SIP that is part of a “delivery account,” a customer must show that its property is a warehouse receipt, bill of lading, or other document of title or physical commodity held specifically for the purpose of delivery or exercise, which as of the filing date is specifically identifiable on the debtor's books and records as received from or for the account of a particular customer.
C. Evaluation of the Range of Reasonableness
It appears that the Property claimed by Fane falls into the definition of “specifically identifiable property” under the Part 190 Regulations. If the Property were property of MFGIs estate, the Trustee would be obligated to allocate the Property among account classes and between customer classes pursuant to 17 C.F.R. § 190.08; as Fane is a public customer, the Trustee would be obligated to allocate the Property on a pro rata basis among other customers that belonged to his account class. See 17 C.F.R. § 190.08(c)(1).
Here, the fact-specific initial inquiry performed by the Trustee whether the Property even qualified as property of the MFGIs estate revealed that it is not; for this reason, the Property is not under the control of the Trustee and should not be allocated among account classes and between customer classes. The Parties have stipulated that (1) the Property is not MFGI customer property under the Part 190 Regulations, (2) HSBC shall deliver the Property to Fane at his expense, (3) the Parties will exchange mutual releases of all claims related to the Property, and (4) the adversary proceeding will be dismissed with prejudice.
In light of the stipulated facts, the Settlement Agreement clearly falls within the range of reasonableness described in In re W.T. Grant, Co., 699 F.2d 599 and complies with the Iridium factors, as applicable. Furthermore, the Settlement Agreement will resolve all claims between the Parties related to the Property and will save the costs of further litigation. The Court is also satisfied that the Settlement Agreement is the result of arms-length negotiations and good-faith dealings among the Parties.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, the Motion is granted. A separate order will be entered approving the Settlement Agreement.