Summary
In Hilliard v. Roc-Newark Associates, 732 N.Y.S.2d 421 (App. Div. 2001), the plaintiff commenced a negligence action against a licensor and later, after the statute of limitations had expired, attempted to add the licensee and actual owner and operator of the hotel where the plaintiff was injured.
Summary of this case from Strada v. City of N.Y.Opinion
Argued May 7, 2001.
October 29, 2001.
In an action to recover damages for personal injuries, etc., the defendant appeals from an order of the Supreme Court, Queens County (Satterfield, J.), dated October 16, 2000, which denied its motion to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against it as time-barred, and granted the plaintiffs' cross motion for leave to serve an amended summons and complaint.
Morris, Duffy, Alonso Faley, LLP, New York, N.Y. (Pauline E. Glaser of counsel), for appellant.
George David Rosenbaum, New York, N.Y. (Thomas R. Marafioti of counsel), for respondents.
Before: CORNELIUS J. O'BRIEN, J.P., MYRIAM J. ALTMAN, DANIEL F. LUCIANO, THOMAS A. ADAMS, JJ.
DECISION ORDER
ORDERED that the order is reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law, with costs, the motion is granted, the cross motion is denied, and the complaint is dismissed.
The injured plaintiff allegedly sustained injuries when she slipped and fell in the dining room of a hotel in Newark, New Jersey, on March 9, 1996. The hotel was owned by the defendant Roc-Newark Associates (hereinafter RNA), which operated it under a licensing agreement with Holiday Inns, Inc. (hereinafter Holiday Inn). In February 1999 the plaintiffs commenced this action against Holiday Inn. In April 1999, after the Statute of Limitations had expired, the plaintiffs served and filed an amended summons and complaint adding RNA as a defendant.
In January 2000 the Supreme Court granted Holiday Inn's motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint insofar as asserted against it on the ground that there was no factual or legal basis for holding it liable, and amended the caption to reflect RNA as the sole defendant. In May 2000 RNA moved to dismiss the complaint insofar as asserted against it as time-barred, and the plaintiffs cross-moved for leave to serve an amended summons and complaint. The Supreme Court denied the motion on the ground that Holiday Inn and RNA were united in interest, and granted the plaintiffs leave to serve an amended summons and complaint on RNA which would relate back to the date that the original complaint was timely served on Holiday Inn. We reverse.
The plaintiffs served the amended summons and complaint adding RNA as a defendant as of right prior to service of Holiday Inn's answer (see, CPLR 1003), but after the Statute of Limitations had expired as to RNA (see, CPLR 214). However, for service of the complaint on RNA to relate back to the commencement of the action against Holiday Inn for Statute of Limitations purposes, it was the plaintiffs' burden to prove that the relation-back doctrine applied by demonstrating that RNA was united in interest with Holiday Inn (see, CPLR 203[c]; Buran v. Coupal, 87 N.Y.2d 173; Mondello v. New York Blood Ctr. — Greater N. Y. Blood Program, 80 N.Y.2d 219; Austin v. Interfaith Med. Ctr., 264 A.D.2d 702).
"[W]here the two defendants are united in interest their defenses will be the same and they will either stand or fall together with respect to plaintiff's claim" (Connell v. Hayden, 83 A.D.2d 30, 41; see, Prudential Ins. Co. v. Stone, 270 N.Y. 154; Gatto v. Smith-Eisenberg, 280 A.D.2d 640). The question of unity of interest requires consideration of "(1) the jural relationship of the parties whose interests are said to be united and (2) the nature of the claim asserted against them" (Connell v. Hayden, supra, at 42-43). In a negligence action, "the defenses available to two defendants will be identical, and thus their interests will be united, only where one is vicariously liable for the acts of the other" (Connell v. Hayden, supra, at 45; see, Mondello v. New York Blood Ctr.-Greater N.Y. Blood Program, supra; Desiderio v. Rubin, 234 A.D.2d 581). Underlying the doctrine of vicarious liability is the notion of authority or control over the alleged wrongdoer (see, Kavanaugh v. Nussbaum, 71 N.Y.2d 535, 546; L L Plumbing Heating v. DePalo, 253 A.D.2d 517).
The relationship between Holiday Inn and RNA was that of licensor and licensee, respectively. Pursuant to their agreement, RNA, as the owner of the hotel, was permitted to use the Holiday Inn "system," which included, inter alia, the service mark "Holiday Inn", a particular computerized reservation network, programs for advertising, training, and inspection, and standards contained in Holiday Inn's manual. RNA was required to maintain the hotel "in a clean, safe and orderly manner" in compliance with Holiday Inn's quality standards, and the hotel was subject to inspection by Holiday Inn. RNA was also required to pay a monthly royalty fee based on its gross revenues, make contributions for marketing and reservations based on a percentage of its gross rooms revenue, and pay a fee to use the computerized reservation network. However, the agreement provided that RNA was an independent contractor. No agency, joint venture, or partnership relationship was created, and neither party had "the right to direct or supervise the daily affairs" of the other.
The evidence in the record established that RNA owned and operated the hotel on a daily basis, and that the parties to the licensing agreement did not intend to create any agency, joint venture, or partnership relationship as to the operation of the hotel by virtue of RNA's use of Holiday Inn's "system" (see, Bellino Schwartz Padob Adv. v. Solaris Mktg. Group, 222 A.D.2d 313).
Moreover, considering the nature of the plaintiffs' claim, RNA and Holiday Inn were not united in interest. The injured plaintiff slipped and fell in the hotel dining room and claimed that they negligently failed to clean liquid that had accumulated on the floor. Liability for a dangerous condition on real property must be predicated upon a defendant's ownership, occupancy, control, or special use of the subject property (see, Morrison v. Gerlitzky, 282 A.D.2d 725). The licensing agreement did not give Holiday Inn any authority or control over daily cleaning and maintenance such that RNA's alleged negligence could be imputed to it. In fact, the complaint was dismissed insofar as asserted against Holiday Inn on the ground that there was no factual or legal basis for a finding of liability, and the plaintiffs did not appeal that determination. Holiday Inn asserted a defense based on its lack of authority or control over the hotel which was unavailable to RNA, and thus they do not stand or fall together with respect to the plaintiffs' claim (see, Desiderio v. Rubin, supra; cf., Poulard v. Papamihlopoulos, 254 A.D.2d 266).
Although the licensing agreement required RNA to indemnify Holiday Inn as to any claims arising out of the operation of the hotel, that does not establish that they were united in interest as to the plaintiffs' claim in the absence of vicarious liability (cf., Austin v. Interfaith Med. Ctr., supra). Accordingly, RNA's motion is granted, the plaintiffs' cross motion is denied, and the complaint is dismissed.
O'BRIEN, J.P., ALTMAN, LUCIANO and ADAMS, JJ., concur.