Summary
In Hiller v. Shaw, 187 N.E. 130, 45 Ohio App. 303, the court's opinion by Mr. Justice SHERICK held that a wife, who at the time of collision was, driving her husband's automobile, with her husband beside her — these primary facts were insufficient to take the case to the jury in a proceeding against the husband, the issue being joint enterprise or imputed negligence.
Summary of this case from Rogers v. CrawfordOpinion
Decided December 29, 1932.
Negligence — Wife driving husband's automobile, with husband as passenger — Court limited to pleaded issue of joint enterprise, when — Family purpose doctrine not recognized in Ohio — Insufficient evidence of joint enterprise or imputed negligence — Joint enterprise defined — Evidence of other accidents admissible, where impaired vision in issue — Husband's statement, admitting wife's responsibility for accident, incompetent, when — Error proceedings — Erroneous charge to jury reviewed, although no exception saved, when.
1. Where petition against spouses attempted to hold husband solely on ground of joint enterprise between spouses, and plaintiff adhered to such view strictly throughout trial, Court of Appeals could not permit amendment or consider basing liability of husband on any other ground.
2. As regards husband's liability for wife's negligence in driving husband's automobile, family purpose doctrine is not recognized in Ohio.
3. That wife, at time of collision, was driving husband's automobile with husband present beside her, held insufficient to take case to jury against husband on issue of joint enterprise or imputed negligence, requiring directed verdict for husband, where pleadings based husband's liability solely on joint enterprise theory.
4. "Joint enterprise," within law of imputed negligence, is joint prosecution of common purpose under such circumstances that each member of enterprise has authority to act for all in respect to control of agencies employed to execute common purpose.
5. In action for automobile collision, where plaintiff's negligence, based on impaired vision, was one of defenses, question on cross-examination whether plaintiff had ever had other automobile accident held proper.
6. In automobile collision action against spouses, where automobile was driven by wife, admission of husband's statement, while wife was unconscious, that wife lost her head and spouses were responsible for accident, held erroneous and prejudicial as against wife; there being no proof of joint enterprise.
7. Appellate court may reverse for error in court's charge, though charge was not excepted to, where overruling of new trial motion is assigned as error and all evidence offered at trial, together with charge, is properly brought up by bill of exceptions.
ERROR: Court of Appeals for Tuscarawas county.
Messrs. Stevens Baker, for plaintiffs in error.
Messrs. Bowers Bowers, for defendant in error.
In this action the plaintiff below, Thomas J. Shaw, recovered damages for injury to his person and property from the plaintiffs in error, Kingdom D. Hiller and Ethel L. Hiller, who are husband and wife. The injury was sustained as the result of a head-on collision occurring upon Shaw's side of the road, when the car in which the plaintiffs in error were riding collided with Shaw's car in their attempt to pass a third car proceeding in the same direction as they themselves were.
It is pleaded and proved that the husband was the owner of the car, that his wife was driving it at the time, that they were riding for pleasure, and that the husband was seated beside his wife at the time of the accident.
The petition does not attempt to charge the husband with negligence, upon any theory of agency or respondeat superior, but is based exclusively upon the claim that the plaintiffs in error were at the time engaged in a joint enterprise, and that the negligence of the wife is imputable to the husband.
It should further be noted that the petition does not charge that the wife was an incompetent driver; and no effort is therefore made to bring this situation within the rule announced in Elliott v. Harding, 107 Ohio St. 501, 140 N.E. 338, 36 A.L.R., 1128. The only evidence in this record to that end on the part of the defendant in error appears in a recitation by one witness, who says that he heard the husband say that his wife was just learning to drive. No other witness, though others were present, seems to have heard this remark. We find this point controverted by direct testimony to the effect that the wife had driven a car for six or seven years.
At the conclusion of the plaintiff's case below, and at the end of all the evidence, the husband moved for a directed verdict. These motions the court overruled, and it is claimed that therein the trial court erred. It is our judgment that these motions were meritorious.
The defendant in error having deliberately chosen the theory upon which he sought to hold the husband liable for his wife's negligence, and having adhered strictly to that view throughout the trial, even to the extent of objection to defense testimony offered as to whether or not the husband exercised any control, or right of control, of his automobile at the time, makes us now indisposed to consider any other theory of responsibility under the pleadings, even if it were within our power, as it is not, to permit amendment, or consider the basing of liability of the husband upon any other ground.
Examination of this record discloses that the meager testimony in this case upon which it is sought to charge the husband with liability is the sole fact that it was his car, that he was present, and that its negligent driver was his wife. Having in mind that agency and respondeat superior are not pleaded, or the wife's inexperience relied upon, and having in mind that the family purpose doctrine is not recognized in this state, we reach the conclusion that these motions should have been sustained. It is settled in this state, in Bloom v. Leech, Admr., 120 Ohio St. 239, 166 N.E. 137, and by this court recognized and followed in Bailey v. Parker, 34 Ohio App. 207, 170 N.E. 607, that: "A `joint enterprise' within the law of imputed negligence is the joint prosecution of a common purpose under such circumstances that each member of such enterprise has the authority to act for all in respect to the control of the agencies employed to execute such common purpose."
It may be argued that the husband might have taken control of his car at any time. The fact is, however, that he did not have control of it at the time of the collision. As said in the Bloom case, supra, at page 243, "the test in determining the question is whether the parties were jointly operating or controlling the movements of the vehicle in which they were riding," and not in that there exists between them a common enterprise of riding together on a pleasure ride.
In N.Y., C. St. L. Rd. Co. v. Kistler, 66 Ohio St. 326, 64 N.E. 130, we have a case where a deaf father took along his daughter to hear for him. The court held that inasmuch as she was his ears, and assisted in the looking, that they were engaged in a joint enterprise, for she was in part in control, or had the right to control in certain emergencies. She was actively participating in the operation of the conveyance. The evidence in the case before us is conclusive, in that the husband was exercising no control or right of control over the car's movement at the time. Had he been assisting his wife in any manner in the car's operation it would have been a joint adventure; but the mere fact of presence is not a right of control; if such were true one might be asleep and be said to be in control of a moving agency then being exclusively operated by another.
Under the state of the pleadings the proven facts that the plaintiffs in error were husband and wife, and that she was driving his car with him present beside her, are not sufficient to establish joint enterprise, or warrant invocation of the rule of imputed negligence, which is ordinarily inapplicable in this state. The situation is not aided by the existing relationship for the like reason that the family purpose doctrine does not prevail in this jurisdiction.
This court had recent occasion, in Riley v. Speraw, 42 Ohio App. 207, 181 N.E. 915, to review a like situation, in which we reached a different conclusion. We regret the present necessity of a seemingly contrary holding, and rest our present judgment on the issues made by the pleadings and the unfortunate theory adopted as a basis for the husband's responsibility.
We would now consider the errors claimed by the wife as to why the judgment against her should be reversed, and to that end an understanding should be had of her separate answer. She admits the facts upon which the plaintiff below predicates "joint enterprise," save negligence on her part, which she generally denies. She alleges as affirmative defenses excessive speed, defective vision, and sole negligence of the defendant in error by reason thereof.
It is claimed that the trial court erred in the rejection of evidence. Upon cross-examination of the defendant in error, this question was asked, "Have you ever had any other automobile accidents except this one?" An objection was interposed thereto, and was sustained. An exception was then noted. To our notion this question was proper. This was cross-examination. It might have led to proof that the plaintiff's admitted impaired vision had caused prior accidents of like kind, from which it might be reasonably inferred that this collision was all or in part due to the same cause. The jury had a right under the defense made to weigh any such probability and indulge any reasonable inference therefrom. We are able to conjecture situations where it might be negligence for one of impaired vision to drive an automobile at any time.
It is also charged that the court improperly permitted much testimony to go to the jury under objection; that is, that the defendant husband said at and after the accident: "My wife lost her head," "we are responsible for the accident," "we will pay all damages," and the like.
Early in the trial of the case we note the court's remark: "I want the jury to understand at this point whatever Mr. Hiller said would bind him, but it wouldn't bind his wife unless you further find they were engaged in a `joint enterprise.'"
Thus, early in the trial, the court recognized that what the husband may have said while his wife was unconscious could not be binding as against her if there was no "joint enterprise" proven. The evidence complained of was repeated by many witnesses. It was not thereafter withdrawn from the jury's consideration. And the jury was charged that "joint enterprise" was an issue in the case. Holding to the view hereinbefore expressed that a "joint enterprise" was not proven in this case, we must and do conclude that the admission of this testimony as against the wife was highly prejudicial and erroneous.
The defendant in error points out that no exception was taken to the charge of the court, and that hence this cause cannot be reversed on a question of law therein appearing, though the same be erroneous. In answer thereto we remark that the overruling of the motion for a new trial is assigned as error, and that all of the evidence offered at trial, together with the charge of the court, is properly brought before us by the bill of exceptions. Such being true, Baker v. Pendergast, 32 Ohio St. 494, 30 Am. Rep., 620, is apropos. The third syllabus recites: "Where the overruling of a motion for a new trial is assigned for error, and all the evidence offered on the trial, together with the charge of the court, is properly brought up by bill of exceptions, a reviewing court will, in connection with the evidence, look to the charge of the court, whether excepted to or not; and if there is reason to believe that the verdict was the result of erroneous instructions, will reverse the judgment and award a new trial."
We do not find that this authority has ever been modified by the Supreme Court. We find it recently approved of in Ohio Power Co. v. Fittro, Admx., 36 Ohio App. 186, 173 N.E. 33. We therefore follow it, and conclude that the charge was erroneous in that it made joint enterprise an issue in this case. The verdict no doubt in great part was a result thereof, and for the reasons assigned the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Judgment reversed and cause remanded.
GARVER, P.J., and LEMERT, J., concur.