Opinion
Docket No. 86126.
Decided May 21, 1986.
Delores Preston-Cooper, for plaintiff.
Eisenberg Mazor, P.C. (by Leonard M. Mazor), for defendants.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from a circuit court order granting summary disposition of plaintiff's complaint for breach of an oral employment contract.
Plaintiff was employed as a receptionist for defendant law firm from September, 1983, until May, 1984. Plaintiff did not enter into a written contract. At the time of her hire, the law firm gave plaintiff an office manual which outlined employee duties and responsibilities. The manual did not specify termination procedures. In addition, plaintiff had at least two conversations with representatives of the law firm prior to assuming the receptionist position. Plaintiff testified in her deposition that, in both conversations, she was assured that ". .. I had a job as long as I did a good job."
Plaintiff was discharged from employment on May 9, 1984. The circumstances surrounding her discharge are in dispute. In August, 1984, plaintiff filed a complaint alleging that defendants had breached the employment contract by failing to pay plaintiff's hospitalization benefits and by terminating plaintiff's employment in bad faith and without just cause. Plaintiff further alleged that, as a result of defendants' wrongful acts, including intentional infliction of emotional distress, she suffered from loss of self-esteem and confidence in her ability. Plaintiff's second count, for libel, was dismissed by stipulation of the parties.
The trial court granted defendants' motion for summary judgment on the basis that plaintiff's deposition testimony established that plaintiff had a "satisfaction" contract and could be terminated at any time without just cause. Plaintiff argues on appeal that the defendants' assurances that she would have a job as long as she "did a good job" constituted an oral promise that she not be discharged except for just cause and that the lower court erred in summarily dismissing her claim.
The circuit court did not specify which section of the court rule it was relying upon in granting summary judgment. However, since the court referred to plaintiff's deposition testimony as the basis for its decision, we conclude that summary judgment was granted pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(3), now MCR 2.116(C)(10), no genuine issue as to any material fact.
Summary judgment is appropriate under this subrule only if the court is satisfied that it is impossible for the nonmovant's claim to be supported at trial because of a deficiency which cannot be overcome. Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich. 363; 207 N.W.2d 316 (1973). Courts are liberal in finding that a genuine issue of material fact does exist and must give the benefit of every reasonable doubt to the party opposing the motion. Rizzo, supra; Wong v City of Riverview, 126 Mich. App. 589; 337 N.W.2d 589 (1983); Jones v Schaeffer, 122 Mich. App. 301; 332 N.W.2d 423 (1982).
In Toussaint v Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, 408 Mich. 579, 598; 292 N.W.2d 880 (1980), reh den 409 Mich. 1101 (1980), the Supreme Court held that
1) a provision of an employment contract providing that an employee shall not be discharged except for cause is legally enforceable although the contract is not for a definite term — the term is "indefinite," and
2) such a provision may become part of the contract either by express agreement, oral or written, or as a result of an employee's legitimate expectations grounded in an employer's policy statements.
The oral representations relied upon in Toussaint and Ebling v Masco Corp, its companion case, are almost identical to those given to plaintiff in the present case. Moreover, in both cases, the Court decided that, based on the representations, juries could conclude that the defendant companies had entered into express agreements to discharge Toussaint and Ebling only for cause. We believe that a jury could reach a similar conclusion in the present case.
Here, defendants' representatives orally assured plaintiff that she would remain employed as long as she did a good job. Contrary to the lower court's finding, a jury could reasonably have construed the oral representations as a promise to discharge only for good or just cause. Toussaint, supra, p 610. See also Cowdrey v A T Transport, 141 Mich. App. 617, 621; 367 N.W.2d 433 (1985); Bullock v Automobile Club of Michigan, 146 Mich. App. 711; 381 N.W.2d 793 (1985). Therefore, the questions of whether plaintiff's contract included a termination for just cause provision and whether she was terminated in breach of the oral contract were for the jury and summary judgment was improperly granted on this basis.
Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition on that portion of her claim alleging emotional distress. We note that plaintiff failed to plead intentional infliction of emotional distress in a separate count but rather incorporated it in her breach of contract claim.
Damages for mental distress are not recoverable for breach of an employment contract. Valentine v General American Credit, Inc, 420 Mich. 256, 259; 362 N.W.2d 628 (1984). Furthermore, in order to recover exemplary damages, plaintiff must plead tortious conduct independent of the breach of contract. Kewin v Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins Co, 409 Mich. 401, 419; 295 N.W.2d 50 (1980); Brewster v Martin Marietta Aluminum Sales, Inc, 145 Mich. App. 641; 378 N.W.2d 558 (1985). Our review of plaintiff's complaint reveals that plaintiff failed to plead a breach of duty distinct from the breach of contract.
Plaintiff's single reference to intentional infliction of emotional distress is conclusory at best and fails to allege the basic elements of that cause of action. See Roberts v Auto Owners Ins Co, 422 Mich. 594; 374 N.W.2d 905 (1985). Plaintiff states only that as a result of "defendants' malicious and wrongful acts, including intentional infliction of emotional distress, plaintiff suffers from loss of self-esteem and confidence in her abilities." This is insufficient to state a cause of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Summary judgment was proper as to plaintiff's claim for emotional distress.
Plaintiff also asks this Court to find that she was not terminated for just cause and that defendants breached the employment contract. These are questions properly left to the trier of fact and inappropriate for appellate review.
Reversed in part and affirmed in part.