Opinion
No. 13-16878
12-16-2015
LUIS HERNANDEZ and CINDY CALDERON, Plaintiffs - Appellants, v. CITY OF SAN JOSE; et al., Defendants - Appellees.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
D.C. No. 5:12-cv-02952-HRL MEMORANDUM Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California
Howard R. Lloyd, Magistrate Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted November 19, 2015 San Francisco, California Before: NOONAN, WARDLAW, and PAEZ, Circuit Judges.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
Luis Hernandez and Cindy Calderon appeal the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendants on their First Amendment retaliation and parallel state law claims. The district court held that Hernandez and Calderon failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Hernandez's speech was a substantial or motivating factor in the alleged adverse employment actions that followed. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse.
As defendants now concede, Hernandez engaged in protected speech when he spoke publicly about time-sheet fraud in the San Jose Police Department. See Hagen v. City of Eugene, 736 F.3d 1251, 1258 (9th Cir. 2013). According to Hernandez, within weeks of this speech, his supervisor downgraded his performance review from "above standard" to "meets standards"; Department officials eliminated his administrative position; and he was reassigned to work patrol, a position he considered less desirable. The pattern of unfavorable treatment continued into the limitations period. In particular, both Hernandez and Calderon, who was Hernandez's partner and friend, were denied admission to the Gang Investigations Unit and the Family Violence Unit.
Because the district court did not reach this issue, we assume without deciding that Hernandez and Calderon adduced sufficient evidence of cognizable adverse employment actions to survive summary judgment.
Motive "is purely a question of fact," Eng v. Cooley, 552 F.3d 1062, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009), and "very little evidence is necessary to raise a genuine issue of fact regarding an employer's motive; any indication of discriminatory motive may suffice to raise a question that can only be resolved by a fact-finder," Nicholson v. Hyannis Air Serv., Inc., 580 F.3d 1116, 1127 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1124 (9th Cir. 2004)). Hernandez attested that Captain Ernesto Alcantar and Lieutenant James Werkema, both individual defendants, each warned him against speaking about the time-sheet fraud, providing evidence of a causal connection between his speech and the adverse actions. See Anthoine v. N. Cent. Ctys. Consortium, 605 F.3d 740, 750 (9th Cir. 2010). Although Alcantar and Werkema were not directly involved in the specialized unit admissions decisions, a jury could reasonably infer that they influenced the process: Hernandez and Calderon attested to a workplace hierarchy driven by personal relationships and favoritism. They also provided evidence that the proffered reasons for their specialized unit rejections were pretextual, including that they were among the most senior officers who applied to the units; the head of the Gang Investigations Unit denied Hernandez a routine scheduling accommodation; and the head of the Family Violence Unit refused to talk to Calderon about her examination results. See id. at 750-52. Based on this and other record evidence, a jury could find a causal nexus under a "cat's paw" theory. See Staub v. Protor Hospital, 562 U.S. 411, 419 (2011); Poland v. Chertoff, 494 F.3d 1174, 1182 (9th Cir. 2007).
The district court improperly struck some of this evidence as inadmissible hearsay. These were statements of opposing parties, which are not hearsay. See Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2). Although Hernandez and Calderon failed to appeal the district court's evidentiary rulings, we "retain[] the independent power to identify and apply the proper construction of governing law," especially when it is important for proper consideration of the case on remand. Thompson v. Runnels, 705 F.3d 1089, 1098 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Kamen v. Kemper Fin. Servs., Inc., 500 U.S. 90, 99 (1991)). --------
REVERSED AND REMANDED.