Opinion
Argued and Submitted September 10, 2003.
NOT FOR PUBLICATION. (See Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure Rule 36-3)
California inmate, convicted of second-degree murder with a firearms enhancement, petitioned for writ of habeas corpus. The United States District Court for the Central District of California, Virginia A. Phillips, J., denied the petition, and inmate appealed. The Court of Appeals held that trial court's refusal to give special jury instruction was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.
Affirmed.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California, Virginia A. Phillips, District Judge, Presiding.
Before FISHER and BYBEE, Circuit Judges, and MAHAN, District Judge.
The Honorable James C. Mahan, United States District Judge for the District of Nevada, sitting by designation.
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and may not be cited to or by the courts of this circuit except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Appellant Dwayne Harris, a California state prisoner, appeals the district court's order denying his 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition for writ of habeas corpus. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2253 and review de novo a district court's decision to grant or deny a § 2254 habeas petition, while reviewing its factual findings for clear error. See Melendez v. Pliler, 288 F.3d 1120, 1124 (9th Cir.2002). The relevant facts are known to the parties and are discussed here only briefly.
Harris challenges his 1998 conviction for second-degree murder with a firearm enhancement, for which he was sentenced to a total term of 19 years. His petition, filed after April 24, 1996, is subject to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA"). See Lockhart v. Terhune, 250 F.3d 1223, 1228 (9th Cir.2001). Under the AEDPA, we may grant Harris' petition only if the state court's decision was "contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). We conclude that Harris' due process claim does not meet this standard. Therefore, we affirm.
Page 253.
I.
It is undisputed that Harris shot and killed Dewayne Rasheed on October 17, 1995. At trial, Harris and his wife testified that despite a prior altercation with Rasheed, they had never felt anger toward him, but prosecution witnesses testified otherwise. Harris claimed self-defense. In light of the prosecution testimony regarding his anger, Harris requested special jury instruction C ("Instruction C"):
The party killing is not precluded from feeling anger or other emotions save and except fear; however, those other emotions cannot be causal factors in his decision to use deadly force. If they are, the homicide cannot be justified on the theory of self-defense.
The trial court refused to give Instruction C and instead gave numerous standard California jury instructions, including CALJIC 5.12, Justifiable Homicide in Self-Defense, and CALJIC 5.14, Homicide in Defense of Another. Harris claims that the trial court's decision to give these instructions instead of Instruction C violated his right to due process under the U.S. Constitution.
II.
A defendant is entitled to jury instructions that present the crux of his defense. See Bradley v. Duncan, 315 F.3d 1091, 1098-99 (9th Cir.2002). But there is no entitlement to tailor-made instructions that pinpoint certain aspects of the defense. See United States v. Hernandez-Escarsega, 886 F.2d 1560, 1570 (9th Cir.1989) ("Indeed, '[s]o long as the instructions fairly and adequately cover the issues presented, the judge's formulation of those instructions or choice of language is a matter of discretion.' " (quoting United States v. Echeverry, 759 F.2d 1451, 1455 (9th Cir.1985))); see also United States v. Del Muro, 87 F.3d 1078, 1081 (9th Cir.1996). Here, Harris claimed self-defense, and the trial court presented numerous jury instructions thereon.
A judge must properly instruct the jury regarding the law and all of the elements of the crime. See Hennessy v. Goldsmith, 929 F.2d 511, 514 (9th Cir.1991). However, a defendant is not entitled to a special instruction even when such instruction accurately states the law. Rather, the decision whether to give special jury instructions lies within the discretion of the judge, so long as the instructions given encompass the defense theory. See United States v. Hurd, 642 F.2d 1179, 1181-82 (9th Cir.1981). Although Instruction C is an accurate statement of California law, People v. Trevino, 200 Cal.App.3d 874, 246 Cal.Rptr. 357, 360 (1988), so, too, are the self-defense instructions the court gave. For a defendant to succeed on a self-defense claim in California, "the circumstances must be sufficient to excite the fears of a reasonable person, and the party killing must have acted under the influence of such fears alone." Cal.Penal Code § 198 (emphasis added). California Jury Instructions 5.12 and 5.14 mimic the California Penal Code, and California courts have countenanced this mimicry. See Trevino, 246 Cal.Rptr. at 360 ("[A]n instruction which states that the party killing must act under the influence of such fears alone, is a correct statement of the law."); People v. Shade, 185 Cal.App.3d 711, 230 Cal.Rptr. 70, 73 (1986). Therefore, the court's refusal to give Instruction C was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law.
AFFIRMED.