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holding that meaning of “germane to” is “not narrower in scope than the test for a compulsory counterclaim,” discussing elements of compulsory counterclaim, and stating that “[c]ompulsory counterclaim is germane to the opponents claim by its very nature”
Summary of this case from Archer Group, LLC v. City of AnahuacOpinion
No. 01-09-00039-CV.
June 18, 2009.
Appeal from the 189th District Court, Harris County, William R. Burke Jr., J.
Bruce S. Powers, Assistant County Attorney, Linda Susan Gibson, Sr. Assistant County Attorney, Houston, TX, for Appellant.
Ronald M. Morgan, Bellaire, TX, Samuel R. Baldwin Jr., Acosta, Soule', Houston, TX, for Appellees.
Panel consists of Justices KEYES, HANKS, and BLAND.
OPINION
Appellant Harris County brings an accelerated appeal on the trial court's ruling denying its plea to the jurisdiction in a tort claim suit. In two issues, Harris County argues (1) that the trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction because (2) the appellees failed to give notice of their claims as required by section 101.101 of the Texas Tort Claims Act for subject matter jurisdiction.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.101 (Vernon 2005).
We affirm the interlocutory order of the trial court.
Background
On July 1, 2006, at approximately 8:00 a.m., Tevis Kemp, an employee of appellant Harris County, Texas, was driving a county-owned 2006 Ford E-350 van near the feeder of 6700 West Sam Houston Toll Road and Bellaire Boulevard. Appellee Sonia Luna-Prudencio was driving a 2007 Toyota Tacoma truck near the same intersection. Appellees Maria Carmen Gaitan, Anna Gaitan, and Ana Bermudez ("intervenors") were passengers in Luna-Prudencio's truck. On April 20, 2007, Harris County sued Luna-Prudencio, alleging that she drove through a red light, struck Kemp's vehicle and injured Kemp. Harris County alleged damages of $25,128.22 due to property damage to its van and recoupment of worker's compensation payments made to Kemp. Luna-Prudencio counter-claimed. In the counterclaim, Luna-Prudencio alleged that Kemp failed to stop at the red light and struck her vehicle, pushing her into a third vehicle. Luna-Prudencio alleged damages of $10,000.
On July 30, 2007, the intervenors filed a petition in intervention against Harris County, alleging that Kemp drove through a red light and struck Luna-Prudencio's vehicle, causing physical injuries to each of the three intervenors. Each intervenor alleged damages of $10,000 for past damages and $5,000 for future damages.
On July 28, 2008, Harris County moved for partial summary judgment and made a plea to the jurisdiction. In the plea to the jurisdiction, Harris County alleged that Luna-Prudencio and the intervenors failed to timely file notice of a tort claim against it as required by the Texas Tort Claims Act. Harris County attached an affidavit from Harris County Claims Supervisor Diana Cleveland to its motion for partial summary judgment.
In the affidavit, Cleveland stated that she works in the Claims Department of the Harris County Office of Human Resources and Risk Management. She stated that her department is responsible for investigating and processing all claims made against Harris County. She also stated that she had "made a thorough and complete search of the records and files of the Harris County Office of Human Resources and Risk Management and there is no notice of any claim on behalf of either Luna-Prudencio or any of the intervenors. She stated that "Harris County had no formal notice of any claim" on behalf of Luna-Prudencio and the intervenors, and that "Harris County had no actual knowledge of the alleged claim . . . and that no one employed by Harris County had any subjective [awareness] of any fault on the part of Harris County in connection with any incident involving" Luna-Prudencio and the intervenors.
Harris County also attached an accident report created on July 3, 2006. In the accident report, Harris County listed the names of all parties involved in the July 1 incident, including Luna-Prudencio and the intervenors. According to the accident report, Luna-Prudencio and the intervenors were taken to area hospitals after the accident. The investigator employed by Harris County gave the following "narrative opinion" of the cause of the accident:
Unit 1 [driven by Luna-Prudencio] was westbound on Bellaire approaching the intersection on the West Sam Houston Service Road southbound. Unit 1 had a red stop light at the intersection. Unit 2 [driven by Kemp] was southbound on the service road approaching Bellaire. Unit 2 had a green light. Unit 2 entered the intersection. Unit 1 ran the red light and entered the intersection. Unit 1 struck Unit 2. Unit 2 was knock[ed] westbound on Bellaire and struck a light pole in the center median. Unit 1 was knocked southbound into the eastbound traffic that was stopped for the red light on Bellaire. Unit 1 struck Unit 3 as it sat waiting for the red light to change.
In their response to Harris County's motion for partial summary judgment, Luna-Prudencio and the intervenors attached an affidavit from Vanessa Rodriguez, a paralegal working with the law firm the four counter-plaintiff's employed in the claims against Harris County. Rodriguez stated that she was assigned to the case in September 2006. She also stated that Luna-Prudencio "gave me a letter she had received from Theresa Mallery, a claims adjuster with Harris County." Rodriguez stated that she called the Harris County Human Resources and Risk Management Office and talked to Patricia Small. She stated that Small "directed me to file our letter of representation, and notice to Harris County, with the `Board North America, at 1310 Prairie, Suite 422 in Houston, Texas 77002."' She stated that she "prepared that letter and faxed it to Ms. Small. I also sent it `First Class Mail.'" Luna-Prudencio and the intervenors attached a copy of the letter addressed to Patricia Small and a copy of a fax confirmation sheet of the letter.
On December 31, 2008, the trial court denied Harris County's motion for partial summary judgment and plea to the jurisdiction.
Plea to the Jurisdiction
In two issues, Harris County argues that the trial court erred in denying its plea to the jurisdiction because the counter-plaintiff's failed to give notice as required by section 101.101 of the Texas Tort Claims Act, depriving the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims.
Standard of Review
Section 51.014(a) of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code permits a party to appeal an interlocutory order that grants or denies a plea to the jurisdiction by a governmental unit. TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(8) (Vernon 2008); Univ. of Tex. Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Estate of Arancibia, 244 S.W.3d 455, 458 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2007, pet. denied). Whether a trial court has subject matter jurisdiction is a question of law. Arancibia, 244 S.W.3d at 458. Accordingly, an appellate court reviews a challenge to the trial court's subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Id. In performing this review, the appellate court does not look to the merits of the case, but considers only the pleadings and evidence relevant to the jurisdictional inquiry. Id. at 459. In reviewing a trial court's ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction, we construe the pleadings liberally in favor of conferring jurisdiction. Tex. Dep't. of Tramp, v. Ramirez, 74 S.W.3d 864, 867 (Tex. 2002); Sweeny Cmty. Hosp. v. Mendez, 226 S.W.3d 584, 588 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.).
If a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we consider relevant evidence submitted by the parties when necessary to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised, as the trial court is required to do. Tex. Dep't. of Parks and Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226-27 (Tex. 2004). When the consideration of a trial court's subject matter jurisdiction requires the examination of evidence, the trial court exercises its discretion in deciding whether the jurisdictional determination should be made at a preliminary hearing or await a fuller development of the case, mindful that this determination must be made as soon as practicable. Id. Then, in a case in which the jurisdictional challenge implicates the merits of the plaintiffs' cause of action and the plea to the jurisdiction includes evidence, the trial court reviews the relevant evidence to determine if a fact issue exists. Id. If the evidence creates a fact question regarding the jurisdictional issue, then the trial court cannot grant the plea to the jurisdiction, and the fact issue will be resolved by the fact finder. Id. at 227-28. However, if the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law. Id. at 228.
Governmental Immunity
Sovereign immunity and its counterpart for political subdivisions of the State, governmental immunity, exist to protect the State and its political subdivisions from lawsuits and liability for money damages. Mission Consol, Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia 253 S.W.3d 653, 655 (Tex. 2008) (citing Reata Constr. Corp. v. City of Dallas, 197 S.W.3d 371, 374 (Tex. 2006)). Governmental immunity operates like sovereign immunity to afford similar protection to subdivisions of the State, including counties, cities, and school districts. Harris County v. Sykes, 136 S.W.3d 635, 638 (Tex. 2004). Governmental immunity from suit deprives the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction over a plaintiff's claims against a governmental entity. Id.,; Ray Ferguson Interests, Inc. v. Harris County Sports and Convention Corp., 169 S.W.3d 18, 26 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet).
In a suit against a governmental unit, the plaintiff must affirmatively demonstrate the trial court's jurisdiction by alleging a valid waiver of immunity. Dallas Area Rapid Transit v. Whitley, 104 S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex. 2003); Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 588. "Where a state voluntarily files a suit and submits its rights for judicial determination it will be bound thereby and the defense will be entitled to plead all matters defensive." Reata Constr. Corp., 197 S.W.3d at 374 (quoting Anderson, Clayton Co. v. State ex rel. Allred 122 Tex. 530, 62 S.W.2d 107, 110 (1933)). "This includes the right to make any defense by answer or cross-complaint germane to the matter in controversy." Id. When a governmental entity brings suit against a private entity, the governmental entity does not bar the private entity's claims if the claims are germane to, and properly defensive to the claims asserted by the governmental entity to the extent that the private entity's claims offset those asserted by the governmental entity. Id. at 378; City of Irving v. Inform Const., Inc., 201 S.W.3d 693, 694 (Tex. 2006) (city did not have immunity from suit, as to contractor's compulsory counterclaim for breach of contract, for claims germane to, connected with, and properly defensive to city's for breach of contract, to extent contractor's claims acted as offset against city's recovery); Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 589.
We have previously held that the term "germane" is "not narrower in scope than the test for a compulsory counterclaim." Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 592. A counterclaim is compulsory only if: (1) it is within the jurisdiction of the court; (2) it is not at the time of filing the answer the subject of a pending action; (3) the claim is mature and owned by the defendant at the time of filing the answer; (4) it arose out of the same transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the opposing party's claim; (5) it is against an opposing party in the same capacity; and (6) it does not require the presence of third parties over whom the trial court cannot acquire jurisdiction. TEX.R. CIV. P. 97(a); Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Valero Energy Corp., 997 S.W.2d 203, 207 (Tex. 1999); Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 592. A claim is mature when it has accrued. Ingersoll-Rand Co., 997 S.W.2d at 207. "Consequently, a compulsory counterclaim is germane to the opponent's claim by its very nature." Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 592 (quoting City of Dallas v. Redbird Dev. Co., 143 S.W.3d 375, 383 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2004, no pet.)). We have also previously held that the phrase "properly defensive to" "restrict[s] jurisdiction over the amount of the claim for damages against the governmental entity to the amount that the government actually recovers." Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 593-94.
Notice under Texas Tort Claims Act
"Statutory prerequisites to a suit, including the provision of notice, are jurisdictional requirements in all suits against a governmental entity." TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.034 (Vernon Supp. 2008); Tex. Dep't. of Criminal Justice v. Simons, 197 S.W.3d 904, 906 (Tex.App.-Beaumont 2006, no pet.). The Texas Tort Claims Act requires the following notice procedure prior to the filing of a claim under the Act:
A governmental entity is entitled to receive notice of a claim against it under this chapter not later than six months after the day that the incident giving rise to the claim occurred. The notice must reasonably describe
(1) the damage or injury claimed;
(2) the time and place of the incident; and
(3) the incident.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.101(a) (Vernon 2005); Parsons v. Dallas County, 197 S.W.3d 915, 919 (Tex. App.-Dallas 2006, no pet.).
However, the notice requirement does not apply "if the governmental unit has actual notice that death has occurred, that the claimant has received some injury, or that the claimant's property has been damaged." TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.101(c) (Vernon 2005); Parsons, 197 S.W.3d at 919. Under the Texas Tort Claims Act, actual notice to a government unit requires the governmental unit's (1) knowledge of a death, injury or property damage; (2) subjective awareness that its fault produced or contributed to the claimed injury; and (3) knowledge of the identity of the parties involved. Tex. Dep't. of Criminal Justice v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338, 344, 348 (Tex. 2004); Parsons, 197 S.W.3d at 919 (holding that plaintiff must plead facts sufficient to invoke waiver of governmental immunity under Texas Tort Claims Act). Actual notice is a fact question when the evidence is disputed. Simons, 140 S.W.3d at 348. In many instances, however, actual notice can be determined as a matter of law. Id. There will, of course, be times when subjective awareness must be proved, if at all, by circumstantial evidence, but this is not inconsistent with the purpose of section 101.101. Id. Luna-Prudencio's Counterclaim
Here, Harris County filed a suit in tort against Luna-Prudencio for property damage and expenses related to personal injuries of its employee, Kemp. In its suit, Harris County alleged that Luna-Prudencio negligently drove through a red light and struck a county-owned vehicle driven by Kemp. Harris County alleged damages of $25,128.22. Luna-Prudencio filed a counterclaim against Harris County for property damages and personal injuries. In her counterclaim, Luna-Prudencio alleged that, in the same occurrence, Harris County's employee, Kemp, negligently drove a county-owned vehicle through a red light, struck her vehicle, and pushed her vehicle into a third vehicle. Luna-Prudencio alleged damages of $10,000.
Luna-Prudencio had not filed a separate claim against Harris County that was pending at the time of filing her counterclaim. She filed the counterclaim based on the same occurrence that is the subject matter of Harris County's claim. Litigation of Luna-Prudencio's claim did not require the presence of third parties over whom the trial court could not acquire jurisdiction. Luna-Prudencio's claim accrued on July 1, 2006, the date of the incident. Therefore, Luna-Prudencio's claim satisfied the test for a compulsory counterclaim. See TEX.R. CIV. P. 97(a); Ingersoll-Rand Co., 997 S.W.2d at 207; see also Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 592. By satisfying the test for a compulsory counterclaim, Luna-Prudencio also satisfied the "germane to" test within the meaning of Reata. See Reata Constr. Corp., 197 S.W.3d at 374; see also City of Irving, 201 S.W.3d at 694; Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 592.
In its suit against Luna-Prudencio, Harris County alleged damages of $25,128.22. In her counterclaim against Harris County, Luna-Prudencio alleged damages of $10,000. Because Luna-Prudencio alleged damages against Harris County in a lesser amount that the damages alleged by Harris County against her, she satisfied the "properly defensive to" test within the meaning of Reata. See Reata Constr. Corp., 197 S.W.3d at 374; Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 592.
Because Harris County initiated suit against Luna-Prudencio, a private party, we hold that Luna-Prudencio affirmatively demonstrated Harris County's waiver of governmental immunity by establishing that her counterclaim was germane to and properly defensive to Harris County's suit. See Reata Constr. Corp., 197 S.W.3d at 374; see also City of Irving, 201 S.W.3d at 694; Sweeny, 226 S.W.3d at 592-93.
Furthermore, Luna-Prudencio satisfied the notice requirement in section 101.101 of the Texas Tort Claims Act. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.101; see also Parsons, 197 S.W.3d at 919. In her reply to Harris County's motion for partial summary judgment, Luna-Prudencio attached an affidavit from Vanessa Rodriguez, a paralegal working with the law firm she employed in her counterclaim against Harris County. Rodriguez stated that Luna-Prudencio "gave me a letter she had received from Theresa Mallery, a claims adjuster with Harris County." She further stated that she called the Harris County Human Resources and Risk Management Office and talked to Patricia Small. She also stated that Small "directed me to file our letter of representation, and notice to Harris County, with the `Board North America, at 1310 Prairie, Suite 422 in Houston, Texas 77002.'" She stated that Small told her that Luna-Prudencio's claim number was HC121700. She stated that she "prepared that letter and faxed it to Ms. Small. I also sent it `First Class Mail.'"
Luna-Prudencio and the intervenors attached a copy of the letter dated September 25, 2006 and addressed to Patricia Small. The letter identifies Luna-Prudencio as a litigant against Harris County and includes the claim number HC121700 in its caption. The letter reads, in relevant part:
This firm represents the above-referenced client in connection with injuries and damages sustained in a vehicular collision as captured above. This letter will serve as our formal claim notice required by the pre-judgment interest rule of Section 6, Article 5069-1.05 of the revised Texas Civil Statutes.
Through the contents of the September 25, 2006 letter, Harris County had notice of Luna-Prudencio's claim within six months of the incident. It also had knowledge of Luna-Prudencio's identity and her injuries and damages. It also had knowledge of the time and place of the incident. Therefore, Harris County had notice within the meaning of Texas Tort Claims Act section 101.101(a). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.101(a); see also Parsons, 197 S.W.3d at 919. Because Harris County had timely notice of Luna-Prudencio's counterclaim and satisfied the other jurisdictional requirements of section 101.101(a), the trial court properly ruled it had jurisdiction over her counterclaim. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.034; Simons, 197 S.W.3d at 906.
We overrule Harris County's first and second issues as to Luna-Prudencio's counterclaim. We now determine whether the trial court had jurisdiction over the intervenors' petition in intervention.
Intervenors' Petition in Intervention Intervention
Any party may intervene by filing a pleading, subject to being stricken out by the court for sufficient cause on the motion of any party. TEX.R. CIV. P. 60; In re Union Carbide Corp., 273 S.W.3d 152, 154 (Tex. 2008). The rule authorizes a party with a justiciable interest in a pending suit to intervene in the suit as a matter of right. Union Carbide, 273 S.W.3d at 154. To constitute a justiciable interest, the intervenor's interest must be such that if the original action had never been commenced and he had first brought it as the sole plaintiff he would have been entitled to recover in his own name to the extent of at least a part of the relief sought in the original suit. Id. at 155.
An intervenor is not required to secure the trial court's permission to intervene; the party who opposed the intervention has the burden to challenge it by a motion to strike. Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank v. Univ. Sav. Ass'n, 793 S.W.2d 652, 657 (Tex. 1990); see also Neely v. Hubbard, No. 01-02-00160-CV, 2004 WL 35809, at *3 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). Although the trial court has broad discretion in determining whether an intervention should be stricken, it is an abuse of discretion if (1) the intervenor satisfies the test that he would be entitled to recover in his own name to the extent of at least a part of the relief sought, (2) the intervention will not complicate the case by an excessive multiplication of the issues, and (3) the intervention is almost essential to effectively protect the intervenors' interest. Guar. Fed. Sav. Bank, 793 S.W.2d at 657; see also Neely, 2004 WL 35809, at *3.
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 39(a)(1) "requires the presence of all persons who have an interest in the litigation so that any relief awarded will effectively and completely adjudicate the dispute." TEX.R. CIV. P. 39(a)(1); Wilchester W. Concerned Homeowners LDEF, Inc. v. Wilchester W. Fund, Inc., 177 S.W.3d 552, 560 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. denied). The compulsory joinder rule focuses not so much on whether the court has jurisdiction over the parties, but rather on whether the court ought to proceed with the parties before it. Cooper v. Tex. Gulf Indus., Inc., 513 S.W.2d 200, 204 (Tex. 1974); Griggs v. Latham, 98 S.W.3d 382, 385 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2003, pet. denied).
Intervenors' Notice under Texas Tort Claims Act Section 101.101(a)
Here, the intervenors were passengers in Luna-Prudencio's vehicle at the time of the incident. Based on the initial and subsequent pleadings in the record, Harris County did not contemplate initiating suit against the intervenors.
The intervenors filed a petition, alleging that Harris County's employee, Kemp, negligently drove through a red light and crashed into Luna-Prudencio's truck. The intervenors pled that Kemp's actions caused personal injuries to them. Each intervenor alleged damages of $15,000. The intervenors had a "justiciable interest" in the tort claims suit because they would have been able to bring suit against Harris County as original plaintiff's if Luna-Prudencio had failed to do so. See TEX.R. Civ. P. 60; see also Union Carbide, 273 S.W.3d at 154. Because they had a "justiciable interest" in the suit, they became necessary parties to the suit "so that any relief awarded will effectively and completely adjudicate the dispute." TEX.R. CIV. P. 39; Wilchester W., 177 S.W.3d at 560. However, we are compelled to construe any statutory waiver of governmental immunity narrowly. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.034; Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist., 253 S.W.3d at 655. Therefore, we consider whether the intervenors satisfied the requirements of section 101.101(a). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.101(a).
Here, the intervenors presented an affidavit from Vanessa Rodriguez, a paralegal working in the law firm the intervenors employed. Rodriguez stated that she prepared a letter notifying Harris County of the intervenors' claims. The intervenors also presented the September 25, 2006 letter. The letter identified the intervenors as litigants against Harris County and included the claim number HC121700 in its caption. In the letter, the intervenor's counsel wrote that the letter "will serve as our formal claim notice."
Through the contents of the September 25, 2006 letter, Harris County had notice within six months of the incident. It also had knowledge of the intervenors' identities and their injuries and damages. It also had knowledge of the time and place of the incident. Therefore, Harris County had notice within the meaning of Texas Tort Claims Act section 101.101(a). See TEX. CIV. PRAC. REM. CODE ANN. § 101.101(a); see also Parsons, 197 S.W.3d at 919. Because Harris County had timely notice of the intervenors' claims, the trial court had jurisdiction over their claims. TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 311.034; Simons, 197 S.W.3d at 906.
We overrule Harris County's first and second issues as to the intervenors' claims.
Conclusion
We affirm the interlocutory order of the trial court.