Opinion
45561, 45562.
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 8, 1970.
DECIDED DECEMBER 4, 1970. REHEARING DENIED DECEMBER 18, 1970.
Action for damages. Toombs Superior Court. Before Judge McMillan.
Sharpe, Sharpe, Hartley Newton, W. Ward Newton, for appellants.
Alvin L. Layne, for appellees.
1. (a) The trial court did not err in denying defendants' motions to dismiss and for summary judgment.
(b) The court properly granted plaintiffs' motions to strike certain defenses of defendants.
2. It was not error to deny defendants' motions to strike answers to interrogatories made by another joint defendant.
ARGUED SEPTEMBER 8, 1970 — DECIDED DECEMBER 4, 1970 — REHEARING DENIED DECEMBER 18, 1970 — CERT. APPLIED FOR.
These two cases arose out of a common factual situation and have common issues.
The plaintiffs were employed by defendant Lyons Manufacturing Company. While at work plaintiff, Mrs. Morris, received an injury which required medical attention. Defendant Harden, who at the time was employed as a supervisor by defendant Lyons, placed Mrs. Morris in his personal car for the purpose of taking her to a local hospital. Plaintiff Mrs. Clarke accompanied them. While proceeding down U.S. Highway #1 in Lyons, Georgia, Harden's vehicle collided with a vehicle operated by defendant, Foskey. The Foskey automobile entered Highway #1 from an intersecting road with a stop sign controlling entry onto the highway. Plaintiffs were injured in the collision, and filed claims under the Workmen's Compensation Act for compensation based upon the injuries sustained in the collision. In connection with the claims, plaintiffs, defendant Lyons and its workmen's compensation carrier, entered into and filed a "Stipulation and Agreement of Settlement" with the Board of Workmen's Compensation, agreeing that the injuries sustained in the automobile collision did not arise out of and in the course of their employment and that plaintiffs' respective workmen's compensation claims should be denied. The Workmen's Compensation Board approved and entered an award denying any compensation to claimants. Subsequently, the plaintiffs executed "Covenants Not to Sue or Appeal" for a monetary consideration with defendant Lyons and its workmen's compensation carrier which recited the workmen's compensation awards denying compensation and provided that for the stated monetary considerations the plaintiffs "agree and covenant not to institute any suit or action under the Workmen's Compensation Act against Lumbermen's Mutual Casualty Company, as insurer for the employer, for injuries and damages sustained by reason of said accident on July 25, 1967, in Lyons, Georgia, and employee agrees never to appeal, contest, controvert, or contradict in any way the award of said board. It is expressly understood and agreed that this covenant is only a covenant not to sue under the Workmen's Compensation Act. It is not an agreement to refrain from suing Lyons Manufacturing Company for causes of action insured by insurance companies other than Lumbermen's Mutual Casualty Company." Plaintiffs then brought these suits against the three defendants jointly alleging that Harden was within the scope of his employment with Lyons and that Harden or Foskey or both wilfully, recklessly or negligently drove their vehicles so as to cause the collision and injure plaintiffs. In its answer in separate defenses Lyons pleaded the covenants not to sue in bar of recovery; and that plaintiffs were also barred since they accepted the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act and received payment for their injuries from Lyons' workmen's compensation carrier pursuant to the Compensation Act. Defendant Harden also pleaded the covenants not to sue in bar. The Lyons Company and Harden filed motions to dismiss relying upon the award of the board and the covenants, and for summary judgment which were denied. Plaintiffs' motions to strike the above defenses of defendants were granted. The motions of defendants Harden and Lyons to strike and expunge answers of the defendant Foskey to plaintiffs' interrogatories were denied. These rulings adverse to the defendants Harden and Lyons form the basis for their appeals to this court. Defendant Foskey is not a party to these appeals. All of the orders were certified for direct appeal.
1. The stipulation and agreement of settlement that the plaintiffs' injuries did not arise out of and in the course of their employment and were not compensable under the Workmen's Compensation Act, was approved by the board and apparently no appeal was taken from this award. The time for appeal having passed, the award denying compensation is res judicata. Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Davis, 101 Ga. App. 849 (1) ( 115 S.E.2d 482). If compensation is denied because of no coverage under the compensation law, the employee may maintain an ordinary action for damages against his employer. Covington v. Berkeley Granite Corp., 182 Ga. 235 ( 184 S.E. 871); Bishop v. Weems, 118 Ga. App. 180, 181 ( 162 S.E.2d 879). Therefore, the award will not bar the plaintiffs and the judge's order striking the defense setting up the award in bar of these suits was correct. What effect then do the instruments which are entitled "Covenants Not to Sue or Appeal" have upon these suits? Defendants argue that the execution of these instruments operated as releases so as to settle their entire cases against these defendants, as a release of one joint tortfeasor will release all joint tortfeasors. Pennsylvania Threshermen c. Ins. Co. v. Hill, 113 Ga. App. 283 ( 148 S.E.2d 83). The instruments, however, were covenants not to sue. By their terms they cannot be construed to operate as releases for these documents clearly show that the plaintiffs did not intend to surrender their causes of action against the defendant Lyons, the employer. Harmon v. Givens, 88 Ga. App. 629 ( 77 S.E.2d 223). This appears obvious from the provision that "It is expressly understood and agreed that this covenant is a covenant not to sue under the Workmen's Compensation Act. It is not an agreement to refrain from suing Lyons Manufacturing Company for causes of action insured by insurance companies other than Lumbermen's Mutual Casualty Company." By the terms of the agreements the workmen's compensation insurer of defendant Lyons and on Lyons' behalf, was attempting to "buy peace" with respect to plaintiffs' claims under the Act. Whether these instruments would have any validity to defeat further efforts of plaintiffs to controvert the award of the board is a question that is not before us. Whether valid or invalid the covenants not to sue were designed only to apply to plaintiffs' remedies under the Workmen's Compensation Act and nothing else.
The provisions of Section 1 of the Act approved April 17, 1963 (Ga. L. 1963, p. 643; Code Ann. § 56-408.1) have no application to these covenants. This statute concerns the manner in which liability insurers settle claims when the policy provides that the insurer has the right to compromise or settle claims of third persons against the insured without the consent of the insured and provides that if third persons (plaintiffs here) are informed in writing by the insurer that the insured (defendant Lyons) has not consented to any compromise or settlement and executes a release, covenant not to sue, or other instrument in settlement of their claims, the same shall be a bar to further assertion of their claims by the third persons against all parties. This statute expressly pertains to liability insurers. We need not decide its applicability to a workmen's compensation insurer, for the statute cannot apply here in any event as there is no showing of any lack of consent of the insured to the compromise or settlement contained in the covenants. Therefore, it was not error to strike the defenses pleading the covenants in bar of these actions or to deny the motions to dismiss or for summary judgment on these grounds. Whether the defendants may plead and prove the money paid to plaintiffs in consideration of their covenants in mitigation of damages is an issue not raised by the pleadings or passed upon by the trial court, though now argued in defendants' brief. This issue is not properly before us. Phillips v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 121 Ga. App. 342 ( 173 S.E.2d 723).
As to plaintiffs' cases, defendants are not entitled to summary judgment. Defendant Lyons whose alleged liability to the plaintiffs is premised on the doctrine of respondent superior urges that the workmen's compensation award is also a final judicial determination that Harden was not within the scope of his employment at the time of the automobile accident and therefore they are not liable for his alleged tortious conduct. This contention has no merit. Harden was not a party to the stipulation and award. The award's legal effect was an exclusive determination that plaintiffs were not in the course of their employment when injured in Harden's automobile and that is all. It made no determination that defendant Harden was or was not in the course of his employment. It is further argued that the affidavits of Harden and Lyons' plant manager show that Harden was not authorized by his employer to provide transportation for an injured fellow employee in his private car and that at the time of the occurrence he was acting on his own initiative and was nothing more than a volunteer. In order for an act of a servant to be within the scope of his employment, it is not necessary that what he does be expressly authorized. Atlanta Hub Co. v. Jones, 47 Ga. App. 778 ( 171 S.E. 470). The test to be applied is whether the act of the servant is done in connection with the master's business and for the purpose of promoting the master's interest. American Oil Co. v. McCluskey, 119 Ga. App. 475, 477 ( 167 S.E.2d 711). Defendant Lyons' evidence is insufficient to pierce the allegation that Harden was within the scope of his employment. We cannot say as a matter of law that the circumstances which may have motivated Harden to place another employee, injured while at work, in his private automobile to seek needed medical attention was Harden's own act and not in furtherance of his employer's business and interest. This question has not been eliminated from the case.
It has been conceded that plaintiffs were guest passengers in the Harden vehicle. It is contended that the only evidence of negligence of Harden is that he was exceeding the speed limit of 35 miles per hour at the place of the accident. The evidence as to speed is in sharp dispute. Harden testified that he was traveling between 30 and 40 miles per hour. There is other evidence that he was driving at approximately 60 miles per hour. The accident occurred near the middle of the City of Lyons. While speeding alone may not necessarily amount to gross negligence, the degree of negligence required to hold the host liable, an automobile can be operated at greatly excessive and dangerous speed under circumstances so as to present a jury question as to whether the driver is grossly negligent. Moore v. Bryan, 52 Ga. App. 272, 282 ( 183 S.E. 117). Traveling at 60 miles per hour near the heart of a town presents a factual situation upon which there may be a difference of opinion between reasonable men as to whether it amounts to gross negligence. Thus a jury question is presented. Wood v. Olson, 104 Ga. App. 321 ( 121 S.E.2d 677); Wright v. Lail, 105 Ga. App. 261, 265 ( 124 S.E.2d 487).
2. Plaintiff submitted written interrogatories to defendant Foskey. After answering the other defendants moved to "strike and expunge" her answers which was denied. The rules on Depositions and Discovery found in Sections 26 through 37 of the Civil Practice Act ( Code Ann. §§ 81A-126-81A-137) contain no provision for the striking of answers to interrogatories prior to tender in evidence at trial. As there is no basis under the statute for the striking of these answers, it presents nothing for consideration. On this point, defendants' remedy is to object to the admissibility of the answers to the interrogatories if and when they are ever offered in evidence at the time of the trial. See Code Ann. §§ 81A-126 (d), 81A-133.
Judgments affirmed. Quillian and Whitman, JJ., concur.