Opinion
October 3, 1928.
1. NEGLIGENCE: Contributory: Shown by Plaintiff. Contributory negligence constitutes a bar to a recovery, and although not pleaded as a defense, if plaintiff's own evidence shows that his negligence contributed with the negligence of defendant to cause the injury, defendant may take advantage of such showing.
2. ____: ____: ____: Demurrer: Indirect Method: Instruction. Where the evidence fails to show that the plaintiff passenger did not exercise ordinary care in alighting from the sleeping car, and that therefore no peremptory instruction to find for defendant should be given, it is error to give an instruction telling the jury that if plaintiff failed to exercise ordinary care for his own safety the verdict must be for defendant. The giving of such an instruction, without any evidence to support it, is only another method of presenting plaintiff's contributory negligence to defeat his action, and is prejudicial error.
3. ____: Passenger: Ice on Platform: Warning. It is the duty of a common carrier to exercise ordinary care to warn a passenger about to alight from a passenger car of the danger incident to the presence of ice on the platform, unless the passenger himself in the exercise of ordinary care on his part can discover the dangerous condition.
4. ____: ____: Contributory: Passenger: Ice on Platform: Warning: Ordinary Care: Demurrer: Instruction: Indirect Method. The station platform was paved with brick and was covered with ice and sleet, from an eighth to a half inch thick, caused by a mist or rain which had frozen as it fell during the night, but there was no sleet on the ground of the open country through which the train ran, and no evidence that any sound or other sign of falling sleet or freezing rain or mist had been observed by the plaintiff or others on the train, except that forty minutes before the train stopped at the platform the conductor at another station had stepped off onto the ground and observed that it was icy and slippery, and as the train approached the platform had specifically instructed the porter in charge of the sleeping car in which plaintiff was riding to warn the passengers and watch them as they left the car at the platform. The train arrived at the platform at seven o'clock on the morning of January 2nd, and it was still so dark and gloomy that plaintiff, when he reached the vestibule, could not detect the presence of ice on the brick platform. Plaintiff went down the car steps, carrying baggage in each hand, and placed his right foot on the stepping box which had been placed at the foot of the steps by defendant's servant; the box slipped and caused him to fall. There was no warning, except that a passenger immediately ahead of him cried out, but not until he had left the step and his foot was on the stepping box. Two single incandescent lights were burning at the baggage room forty or fifty feet away, but the platform or steps were not otherwise lighted. Held, that, there being no evidence that plaintiff failed to exercise ordinary care for his own safety, it cannot be ruled that he was guilty of such contributory negligence, as a matter of law, as bars his right to recover, and a peremptory instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence was properly overruled, and in consequence the court erred in giving an instruction telling the jury that it was the duty of plaintiff to exercise ordinary care for his own safety in alighting from the car, and that if he failed to exercise ordinary care to discover the ice on the station platform before he fell, he could not recover, since, there being no evidence to support such an instruction, it was only another method of presenting contributory negligence as a defense as a matter of law.
5. NEGLIGENCE: Verdict for Right Party: Erroneous Instruction. It will not be held on appeal that the verdict for defendant was for the right party and should be sustained, unless it can be said that the jury under the evidence were justified in finding and actually did find in favor of defendant on the ground that defendant exercised the care required of it by law for the safety of the plaintiff passenger under the circumstances pleaded and properly submitted.
Corpus Juris-Cyc. References: Carriers, 10 C.J., Section 1454, p. 1067, n. 74; Section 1477, p. 1092, n. 11, Negligence, 45 C.J., Section 758, p. 1177, n. 85.
Appeal from Circuit Court of City of St. Louis. — Hon. William H. Killoren, Judge.
AFFIRMED.
Lehmann Lehmann for appellant.
(1) The peremptory instruction in the nature of a demurrer should have been given in behalf of the Pullman Company. It was under no duty to warn plaintiff of sleet on the station platform. 10 C.J. 910. This being true, it is unnecessary to consider whether or not Instruction 9 was erroneous. Waldman v. Const. Co., 289 Mo. 622. (2) Instruction 9 was correct, certainly, in so far as the Pullman Company was concerned. The only negligence as to it was failure to warn. There was no duty to warn if plaintiff could discover the ice in the exercise of ordinary care, and defendant's employees had a right to-assume plaintiff would use ordinary care to observe sleet falling from the sky. Riska v. Railway, 180 Mo. 168; Weller v. Railway, 164 Mo. 180. (3) Instruction 9 was correct as an abstract proposition of law and the giving of such an instruction, even though improper under the pleadings, is not reversible error. Benjamin v. St. Ry. Co., 133 Mo. 274; Hemphill v. Kansas City, 100 Mo. App. 563. (4) The verdict is for the right party and should be sustained. Koerner, Fahey Young for respondent.
(1) It was error to give Instruction 9 on behalf of both defendants. Where there is no evidence of contributory negligence, the element of contributory negligence should be eliminated from the instructions. This is particularly true where contributory negligence was not pleaded as a defense and was not affirmatively shown by plaintiff's testimony. Cain v. Wintersteen, 144 Mo. App. 1; Ramp v. Railway Co., 133 Mo. App. 700; Kelly v. Stewart, 93 Mo. App. 47; Missouri Ry. Co. v. White, 22 Tex. Civ. App. 424; Fleming v. Railway Co., 101 Mo. App. 217; Rodick v. Railroad Co., 109 Me. 530. (2) A carrier is not absolved from exercising this high degree of care merely because the passenger is not injured while in the very act of alighting or at the very spot or moment when he alighted. Gott v. Railways Co. (Mo.), 222 S.W. 827; Cossitt v. Railway Co., 224 Mo. 97; Payne v. Davis, 298 Mo. 645. (3) It was error to give instructions numbered 1 and 3 on behalf of both defendants. Although defendants may have been under no duty to provide a stepping box, yet, when they did so, the jury should have been allowed to consider their negligence in failing to provide a stepping box that would remain stationary and which was so constructed or equipped that it would not slip when stepped on by an alighting passenger. A carrier owes the same high degree of care to discharge a passenger at his destination in a safe manner and with safe appliances as is required for his safety while in transit. Missouri Ry. Co. v. Dunbar, 57 Tex. Civ. App. 411; Missouri Ry. Co. v. White, 22 Tex. Civ. App. 424; Scott v. Railroad Co., 150 La. 537; Missouri Railway Co. v. Wortham, 73 Tex. 25; Dougherty v. Railway, 128 Mo. 33. (4) It was error to give Instruction 6 on behalf of defendant. The jury should not have been told that the defendant had nothing to do with the station platform. This defendant having used a stepping box, it was its duty to determine that the part of the station platform on which it placed the box was not so dangerous that the box would slide when stepped on by an alighting passenger. Migge v. Railway Co., 75 Wn. 197; Missouri Ry. Co. v. White, 22 Tex. Civ. App. 424; Missouri Ry. Co. v. Dunbar, 57 Tex. Civ. App. 411; Southern Ry. Co. v. Reeves, 116 Ga. 743. (5) It was error to give Instruction 8 on behalf of defendant. The jury should have been allowed to consider the duty to place the stepping box securely on the platform. Even though plaintiff had been able to see the ice on the platform he had a right to assume that the box had been securely placed on the platform and that it would not slip, and it was the duty of the Pullman Company to so place it. Scott v. Railway Co., 150 La. 537; Haas v. Railroad Co., 128 Mo. App. 79; Missouri Ry. Co. v. White, 22 Tex. Civ. App. 424; Missouri Ry. Co. v. Wortham, 73 Tex. 25; Migge v. Railway Co., 75 Wn. 197.
This is one of two separate appeals taken from an order granting plaintiff a new trial in the case of J.D. Hardcastle v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company and the Pullman Company.
The action was to recover damages for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by plaintiff in alighting from a Pullman coach attached to a train of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company. Plaintiff was alleged to have taken passage with defendants at St. Louis, Missouri, for Tulsa, Oklahoma, on or about January 1, 1924. It was further alleged that the train and coach on which plaintiff had taken passage arrived at defendant railway company's depot in Tulsa the next day; that defendants' agents and servants in charge of said train and coach opened the doors, placed a stepping box at the exit of said coach and invited the passengers, including plaintiff, to alight therefrom; "that as plaintiff in alighting stepped upon said stepping box said stepping box moved, thereby causing plaintiff to fall, and in falling was injured." The grounds of negligence alleged were (1) "that defendants, their agents, servants and employees allowed and permitted ice to accumulate on their station platform and in the immediate vicinity of the place where plaintiff undertook to alight and, further, permitted said ice to remain at said place and be present on said platform at the time passengers were allowed to alight from said train;" (2) that they "failed to properly and sufficiently light the platform and steps of said train so that passengers, and more particularly this plaintiff, would be able to see and be advised as to the condition and situation and place where passengers were invited to alight from said coach;" (3) that they "failed to warn plaintiff that there was present upon said platform and at the point where said stepping box was placed ice, which made the exit from said train and coach dangerous and unsafe;" (4) that they "failed to provide a stepping box which would rest and remain stationary while passengers stepped upon same in alighting from said train and coach;" (5) that they "failed to provide a stepping box which had on the under surface of same devices, or fittings, which would prevent the slipping or moving of said stepping box when passengers stepped upon same in alighting from said coach;" and (6) that "when they knew, or by the exercise of a high degree of care could have known, that plaintiff carrying baggage in each hand was attempting to alight from said coach, failed to warn plaintiff of the danger incident to alighting from said coach under the circumstances and conditions above mentioned, and permitted said plaintiff to attempt to alight from said coach under said circumstances and conditions." Defendants' answers were separate general denials.
On the evidence submitted by all parties and under the instructions given the jury returned a verdict for defendants. Plaintiff's motion for a new trial was sustained "as against defendant, the Pullman Company, on the twelfth ground thereof, to-wit, that the court had erred in giving instruction numbered 9 at the instance and request of said defendant." Instruction numbered 9 is as follows:
"The court instructs the jury that it was the duty of plaintiff to exercise ordinary care, as defined in these instructions, for his own safety while alighting from the train in question, and if you find and believe from the evidence that by the exercise of ordinary care plaintiff could have discovered ice on the station platform mentioned in evidence at any time before he fell, if you find he did fall, and further find and believe that he failed to exercise such ordinary care, then he cannot recover against defendants St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Company and Pullman Company, and your verdict should be for said defendants."
By Instructions 1, 2, 3 and 6 the trial court withdrew from the jury's consideration, as far as this appellant was concerned, plaintiff's first, second, fourth and fifth grounds of negligence respectively, and submitted only plaintiff's third and sixth grounds pertaining to defendants' failure to warn.
Appellant's counsel first contend that it is unnecessary to consider whether or not instruction numbered 9 is erroneous because the peremptory instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence, which was asked by the Pullman Company, should have been given. On a single reading of Point One of their brief this contention apparently rests on the view that appellant owed plaintiff no duty in any event to warn him of the presence of ice under the circumstances pleaded, for in that part of the brief it is said that appellant "was under no duty to warn plaintiff of sleet on the station platform." However, in dealing with this point in their printed argument counsel plainly concede that appellant may be held responsible for the exercise of ordinary care to warn plaintiff of danger incident to the presence of ice as alleged in the petition, unless in the exercise of ordinary care on his own part plaintiff could have otherwise discovered the existence of this condition. Without at this time ruling on appellant's additional suggestion that the term "ordinary care" properly defines the measure of appellant's responsibility in this case, which it is not necessary for us to do in our determination of the point now under consideration, we proceed to the evident gist of their argument which is, that appellant was under no duty to warn plaintiff of the presence of ice on "said platform and at the point where said stepping box was placed," as alleged in the third ground of negligence pleaded in plaintiff's petition, if in the exercise of ordinary care on his own part plaintiff could have otherwise discovered that fact before attempting to alight from appellant's car.
There is substantial evidence in the record tending to show that the train reached the depot platform at Tulsa at seven o'clock in the morning, or shortly thereafter, of January 2, 1924; that appellant's car in which plaintiff was riding stopped with its exit nearly opposite or a little west of the west wall of the baggage room which was east of the main portion of the depot building; that the platform between the car exit and the baggage room was not covered and was paved with red brick; that shortly after the train stopped and as plaintiff started to leave, the car was partially lighted and two single incandescent lights were burning over the entrance to the baggage room forty or fifty feet away; that when plaintiff reached the vestibule it was still so dark and gloomy that he could not detect the presence of ice, although in fact the entire city of Tulsa was then covered with a coating of ice from an eighth to possibly a half inch in thickness which had been caused by a mist or rain that froze as it fell through the night; that no sleet was on the ground and there was no evidence that any sound or other sign of falling sleet or freezing rain or mist had been observed by plaintiff or others on the train, except that some forty minutes before the train reached Tulsa during its stop at Claremore appellant's conductor had stepped off onto the ground and observed that it was icy and slippery, and on approaching Tulsa he had specifically instructed appellant's porter in charge of the car on which plaintiff was riding to warn the passengers and watch them as they left the car at Tulsa; that some one of appellant's agents, servants and employees placed one of appellant's stepping boxes on the icy platform at Tulsa opposite and beneath appellant's car from which plaintiff was about to alight; that there was ice at the point where this stepping box was placed; that plaintiff started down the steps of the car with some of his baggage in each hand, placed his right foot and weight on the stepping box, which slipped about six inches after his left foot left the car step and before it reached the platform; that by reason of the slipping of the box he fell and seriously injured his left foot and ankle; that the only warning received by him from any one, and the first knowledge he had of the slippery condition of the platform, was a cry from the passenger who stepped from the car to the platform immediately ahead of him, and this warning did not reach him until he had left the last step of the car and was on the stepping box, which was too late to avoid the injury.
When appellant's above contention, that its peremptory instruction should have been sustained, is considered in the light of counsel's subsequent argument and the record before us it clearly amounts to an insistence that the evidence shows that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence which bars his recovery in that if he had been in the exercise of ordinary care in his own behalf he would have discovered the conditions complained of without any warning from this defendant. Even though, as in this case, contributory negligence is not specially pleaded as a defense, yet if plaintiff's own evidence discloses that his negligence contributed with that of defendant to cause the injury complained of, the defendant may take advantage of this showing. [Tannchill v. Railroad, 279 Mo. l.c. 166; Sissel v. Railroad, 214 Mo. l.c. 526; Allen v. St. Louis Transit Co., 183 Mo. l.c. 424; Ramp v. Met. Street Ry. Co., 133 Mo. App. l.c. 703.] However, no such conclusion can reasonably be drawn from plaintiff's evidence, or for that matter from the evidence in the whole case, and the cases cited have no application. Upon the record before us we must overrule appellant's contention that its peremptory instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained.
Turning now to the propriety of the trial court's original action in giving appellant's requested instruction numbered 9, a like careful examination of that instruction discloses that it was simply another effort toward the same objective, namely, the defeat of plaintiff's claim by the suggestion of his own contributory negligence in failing to exercise ordinary care in his own behalf. As we have already indicated the evidence available to appellant in this respect fails to show that plaintiff did not exercise ordinary care in his behalf. The giving of instruction numbered 9 without any evidence to support it was error prejudicial to plaintiff and the trial court properly sustained his motion for a new trial.
Appellant finally says that "the verdict is for the right party and should be sustained." We cannot say this unless we also say that under the evidence the jury were justified in finding and actually did find in favor of this defendant on the ground that it exercised the care required of it by law toward plaintiff under the circumstances properly pleaded and submitted. We deem it unnecessary in this appeal to rule upon the trial court's submission of the case except as to the giving of above instruction numbered 9. It is apparent, however, that with this instruction given it is impossible for us to say whether the jury found for defendant on the theory that it had exercised the care required of it by law toward plaintiff under the circumstances pleaded and submitted, or on the theory that although defendant failed in this respect such failure was excused by evidence, which the giving of this instruction erroneously assumed to exist, that plaintiff himself had failed to exercise ordinary care for his own safety while alighting from the car. Hence, the cases cited in support of appellant's last suggestion do not apply.
For the reasons above stated the judgment sustaining plaintiff's motion for a new trial as to this defendant is affirmed. All concur.