Opinion
2014-02959, Index No. 11218/04.
05-11-2016
Florence HANLEY, appellant, v. CITY OF NEW YORK, respondent.
James R. Lambert (Arnold E. DiJoseph III, New York, N.Y., of counsel), for appellant. Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel, New York, N.Y. (Fay Ng and Susan P. Greenberg of counsel), for respondent.
James R. Lambert (Arnold E. DiJoseph III, New York, N.Y., of counsel), for appellant.
Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel, New York, N.Y. (Fay Ng and Susan P. Greenberg of counsel), for respondent.
MARK C. DILLON, J.P., LEONARD B. AUSTIN, ROBERT J. MILLER, and HECTOR D. LaSALLE, JJ.
Opinion In an action to recover damages for personal injuries, the plaintiff appeals, as limited by her brief, from so much of an order of the Supreme Court, Richmond County (Aliotta, J.), dated November 14, 2013, as granted the defendant's motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint. ORDERED that the order is affirmed insofar as appealed from, with costs.
This action arises from a motor vehicle accident that occurred on January 21, 2003, on Rockland Avenue in Staten Island. Rockland Avenue is a two-lane roadway that runs north to south, with one lane in each direction. The then 18–year–old plaintiff testified at her deposition that she was operating a vehicle on the date of the accident, even though she did not have a driver license or a learner permit, and had never previously driven on Rockland Avenue. She testified that the accident occurred when her vehicle, which was proceeding north after having rounded a curve, left the paved roadway as its wheels on the right side veered into a seven-inch-deep rut running along the edge of the roadway. Her immediate reaction was to turn the wheel to the left to force the vehicle out of the rut, but she overcompensated the adjustment and drove across the roadway head-on into a vehicle that was traveling in the opposite direction. As a result of the accident, the plaintiff sustained physical injuries, and a 14–year–old passenger in her vehicle was killed.
In April 2004, the plaintiff commenced this action against the City of New York to recover damages for her personal injuries. The complaint alleged, among other things, that the City was negligent, inter alia, in failing to design and/or maintain the roadway in a reasonably safe condition. After discovery, the City moved for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, arguing that it did not have prior written notice of the alleged roadway defect, that it was entitled to qualified immunity for its highway planning decisions, and that the roadway as constructed was reasonably safe. The plaintiff opposed the City's motion, and also cross-moved for summary judgment on the issue of liability. The Supreme Court granted the City's motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint and denied the plaintiff's cross motion. The plaintiff appeals from so much of the order as granted the City's motion for summary judgment.
Where a municipality has enacted a prior written notice statute, it may not be subjected to liability for injuries arising from a defective roadway unless it has received written notice of the defect, or an exception to the written notice requirement applies (see Yarborough v. City of New York, 10 N.Y.3d 726, 728, 853 N.Y.S.2d 261, 882 N.E.2d 873 ; Bartels v. City of New York, 125 A.D.3d 583, 585, 6 N.Y.S.3d 60 ). The only recognized exceptions to the prior written notice requirement are where the defect or hazard results from an “affirmative act of negligence” by the municipality, or a special use by the municipality that conferred a special benefit upon it (Methal v. City of New York, 116 A.D.3d 743, 743, 984 N.Y.S.2d 71 ; see Carlucci v. Village of Scarsdale, 104 A.D.3d 797, 798, 961 N.Y.S.2d 318 ). The affirmative negligence exception is limited to acts by the municipality that immediately result in a dangerous condition (see Oboler v. City of New York, 8 N.Y.3d 888, 889–890, 832 N.Y.S.2d 871, 864 N.E.2d 1270 ).
Here, the City established its prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law by providing evidence that it did not have prior written notice of the alleged defective condition as required by New York City Administrative Code § 7–201(c)(2). Evidence of roadway defects other than that which caused the plaintiff's accident, in areas where the accident did not take place, are insufficient to constitute prior written notice (see Pallotta v. City of New York, 121 A.D.3d 656, 657, 993 N.Y.S.2d 726 ; Marshall v. City of New York, 52 A.D.3d 586, 587, 861 N.Y.S.2d 77 ; cf. Bradley v. City of New York, 38 A.D.3d 581, 582, 832 N.Y.S.2d 257 ). The City also established, prima facie, insofar as relevant here, that it did not cause or create the alleged defect through an affirmative act of negligence, because the alleged defect was caused over time by erosion and other environmental factors (see Yarborough v. City of New York, 10 N.Y.3d at 728, 853 N.Y.S.2d 261, 882 N.E.2d 873 ; Oboler v. City of New York, 8 N.Y.3d at 889, 832 N.Y.S.2d 871, 864 N.E.2d 1270 ; Laracuente v. City of New York, 104 A.D.3d 822, 822–823, 961 N.Y.S.2d 527 ; Schleif v. City of New York, 60 A.D.3d 926, 928, 875 N.Y.S.2d 259 ).
In opposition, the plaintiff failed to raise a triable issue of fact. In essence, the plaintiff argued, through the combined opinions of an accident reconstruction expert and a professional engineer, that the City had created a dangerous and defective condition. Specifically, the accident reconstruction expert stated, based on photographs, that the City had intentionally constructed a drainage rut alongside the roadway. The professional engineer described the presence of a seven-inch drop off beyond the pavement and a narrowing of the roadway at the accident site. The affidavits of both experts were speculative and conclusory. The accident reconstruction expert provided no evidence that the City had undertaken any drainage-related activity at the accident scene during the nine years since the road had last been repaved that would have placed the City on immediate notice of any dangerous condition. Similarly, the plaintiff's professional engineer provided no evidence of how the roadway edge had been beveled in relation to the adjoining ground at the time it had last been paved or at any time thereafter as to place the City on immediate notice that the beveling was dangerous or improper. Moreover, neither expert identified any specific binding industry standard, code, rule, or regulation allegedly violated by the City in the construction or maintenance of the roadway's drainage, beveling, or width (see Chunhye Kang–Kim v. City of New York, 29 A.D.3d 57, 61, 810 N.Y.S.2d 147 ). Further, neither expert explained how the City could have been on immediate notice of a defectively created roadway condition if, as is the case here, several years had passed at the accident site without vehicular incident (see Pinter v. Town of Java, 134 A.D.3d 1446, 1447, 21 N.Y.S.3d 784 ; Soto v. City of New York, 63 A.D.3d 1035, 1037, 883 N.Y.S.2d 72 ).
In light of our determination, the parties' remaining contentions need not be addressed.
Accordingly, the Supreme Court properly granted the City's motion for summary judgment dismissing the complaint.