Opinion
No. 01-08-00621-CR
Opinion issued July 29, 2010. DO NOT PUBLISH. Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
On Appeal from the 176th District Court Harris County, Texas, Trial Court Cause No. 1091413.
Panel consists of Chief Justice RADACK and Justices BLAND and MASSENGALE.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant, Roy Lee Gusman, of capital murder and the trial court assessed punishment at confinement for life. In his first point of error, appellant contends that the trial court abused its discretion by denying appellant's motion for new trial. In his second and third points of error, appellant complains that the trial court erred in admitting testimony from appellant's codefendant with whom the State had entered into a plea bargain agreement. In his fourth point of error, appellant asserts that the trial court erred in denying his requested instruction on the lesser-included offense of murder. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Appellant and Herlinda Gusman ("Herlinda") were indicted as co-defendants for the offense of capital murder. Because the State did not seek the death penalty against either defendant, they each faced a sentence of automatic life imprisonment without parole if convicted. The complainant in the case was shot and killed outside of a Houston bar. Her body was found lying next to her car in the parking lot, the driver's side door of the car was open, and the car had blood spatter on it. The complainant's keys were found near her body, and her purse, which contained cash and credit cards, was on the front seat of her car. The cause of the complainant's death was a single gunshot wound to her neck. On November 1, 2006, Detective Sidney Miller obtained information from Edward Medel linking appellant and Herlinda to the offense, and obtained warrants for their arrest. On November 2, 2006, appellant and Herlinda were arrested pursuant to the warrants by Harris County deputy sheriffs, who also seized appellant's car. The club's surveillance videos and other evidence, including Herlinda's testimony, showed that the complainant was shot around 11:45 p.m. and that appellant, Herlinda, and appellant's car were present at the time and involved in the shooting. Appellant's defense at trial was that he murdered the complainant, but did not commit capital murder. The State called two witnesses to counter this theory. First, Jamal Bingham, a jail inmate, testified that appellant told him that he shot the complainant after she refused to give him her purse. Second, Herlinda testified that appellant shot the complainant in the course of robbing her. Appellant did not testify at trial. During his opening statement, State's attorney Brad Hart told the jury that Herlinda had been promised nothing in exchange for her testimony against appellant:HART: You're going to hear from Herlinda Gusman herself. She's been charged with capital murder also. You're going to hear that she does not have any deal, any promise from me. Her deal is that she gets on the stand and tells the truth and she hopes for the best. And she's going to tell you about the plan that night to rob someone at that bar, and she's going to tell you how this defendant is the one who went up to [the complainant] and shot her.
When Herlinda was called to testify, the State began by establishing that she had not been offered any leniency by the State in exchange for her testimony:
Q: Now, I want to get this out up front before we get into anything else.
A: Yes, sir.
Q: You're sitting here, you're charged with the same offense as Roy Gusman, your cousin, your husband's cousin; is that right?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: You and I have talked on a couple of occasions with your lawyer present and once without your lawyer present; is that right?
A: Correct.
Q: Has [sic] there been any promises made to you by me on behalf of the State of Texas in order to get you to testify here today?
A: No, sir.
Q: Have I promised you any certain sentence that you're going to get if you testify here today?
A: No, sir.
Q: What is your purpose then, you're charged with a capital murder, same offense as him, what's your purpose for coming in here, knowing that you're facing this and telling this jury about what happened on October 29, 2006?
A: To get the truth out.
Q: Now, I don't want to leave the wrong impression with anybody. You're hoping for something good to happen to you; is that right?
A: Yes, sir.
Q: And you're not just doing this knowing that you're going to get — thinking that you're going to get a life sentence later; is that right?
A: Correct.
Q: Are you-since there are no promises being made, are you hoping for the best?
A: Yes, sir always.
Q: Are you expecting to get anything, are you expecting to get probation or anything like that?
A: I always expect the best, but I'm expecting the worst.
Q: And that's because there's nothing on the table that you have to look forward to depending on what happens; is that right?
A: That is correct.Following appellant's conviction, appellant's defense counsel learned that the trial prosecutor, Brad Hart, was authorized by the acting district attorney of Harris County to reduce Herlinda's sentence in exchange for her testimony against appellant. In response to this information, appellant filed a motion for new trial alleging that (1) Herlinda committed perjury when she told the jury she received no promises of leniency in return for testifying against appellant, and (2) the State had a constitutional duty to disclose to appellant's counsel any promises made to Herlinda in exchange for her testimony. At an evidentiary hearing on appellant's motion for new trial, Hart testified that he received approval before appellant's trial to reduce Herlinda's sentence from life imprisonment to as low as fifteen years imprisonment. Hart testified that the complainant's family had approved the reduced sentence because they recognized that Herlinda's testimony was needed to prove an element needed for conviction. Hart said he was not obligated to offer Herlinda 15 years if she did not truthfully testify, and that the 15 year floor established by the prior approval gave him the authority to make any offer at or over it to Herlinda after appellant's trial without obtaining further approval. Hart told the trial court that he did not convey this information to Herlinda's attorney or to defense counsel. After defense counsel testified at the hearing, the following exchange occurred:
Trial Court: Let me ask you this question.
Defense Counsel: Sure, sir.
Trial Court: Why did that surprise you to learn that?
Defense Counsel: Because, in fact, the impression given to the jury was we're hoping for what may, we're hoping for what may, we're hoping for what may, we're hoping for the best.
Trial Court: Based on what Ms. Gusman said —
Defense Counsel: Right. Well, and actually —
Trial Court: — there —
Defense Counsel: I'm sorry, sir.
Trial Court: See, I'm hearing-I'm-I'm hearing one thing and I'm thinking another. In my position I don't know what goes on behind the scenes. I'm hearing for the first time that somebody prior to trial had gone and received an approval to do something with a co-defendant but wasn't going to tell anybody about it. Okay. Why does that surprise you, if that's the way it happened?
Defense Counsel: Why does that surprise me?
Trial Court: Yes.
Defense Counsel: Because, in fact, it is a consideration. It is a benefit.
Trial Court: How do you figure? If nobody's told about it, how is it a consideration?
Defense Counsel: Well-here's-okay.
Trial Court: Here's what I've been approved to do. And again, I don't understand the reason why I'm not-I mean, I-in the whole dynamic of the trial which occurred, when your client pled-I can't remember-
Defense Counsel: Not guilty to capital murder.
Trial Court: Not guilty to capital murder. It was along the lines of not guilty of capital murder.
Defense Counsel: Correct.
Trial Court: He was adamant about that, that he-that he didn't commit a capital murder but he committed a murder, was my impression. So there-I guess what I'm trying to understand is is this-nobody couldn't have been caught by surprise as to what occurred during the trial, if that makes sense, when she says I have no deal, because she had the deal, is that not correct?
Defense Counsel: Well, no.
Trial Court: If you-there's a disagreement there. You're contending she knew of a deal before she testified.
Defense Counsel: She knew she would receive some type of consideration.
Trial Court: That's not my question.
Defense Counsel: Well, I'm sorry, then I misunderstood you, your Honor.
Trial Court: Did she know she was going to get an aggravated robbery reduction and 15 years, based upon the questions on direct, based upon the questions on cross?
Defense Counsel: Well, the questions on cross are predicated upon what I'd been told. I mean, I can't.
Trial Court: Again.
Defense Counsel: If I am, in fact, told of the consideration that she had been allowed and the allowance is and the approval is 15 years, it would have been fodder for cross-examination.
Trial Court: Exactly. If somebody, if Mr. Hart had told everybody here's what I have, and I can see where that would be the consideration that the jury would have heard, but because he didn't tell you, or Mr. Loper-I guess I'm trying to understand what the surprise is. I mean-
Defense Counsel: Well, the surprise-
Trial Court: I mean-
Defense Counsel: Okay.
Trial Court: Is he bound to tell you this?
Defense Counsel: I do believe so. I do believe so, your Honor, under-I believe under Brady he would be absolutely obligated-
Trial Court: Okay.
Defense Counsel: — to tell me that, in fact, he's received approval basically to plead —
Trial Court: All right.
Defense Counsel: — to plead to the lesser included and 15 years.
Trial Court: See, I believe that's another issue. So your motion for new trial is based on perjury committed by Ms. Gusman.
Defense Counsel: No, your Honor. It also speaks to due process which involves more than perjury. It speaks to due process under federal law and Brady.
Trial Court: Okay. That's-I understand your contention, but that's not how I read the motion.At the end of this exchange, the trial court denied appellant's motion for new trial.
DENIAL OF MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL
In his first three points of error, appellant claims that the trial court erred in denying his motion for new trial based on the State's failure to inform his trial counsel that Herlinda had been offered fifteen years for aggravated robbery in exchange for her testimony. Specifically, appellant claims that the State's failure to disclose this information and Herlinda's perjured testimony deprived appellant of due process of law and violated the dictates of Brady v. Maryland.A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court's ruling on a motion for new trial under an abuse of discretion standard of review. See Webb v. State, 232 S.W.3d 109, 110 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); Garcia v. State, 246 S.W.3d 121, 147 (Tex. App.-San Antonio 2007, pet. ref'd). We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court's ruling and uphold the trial court's ruling if it is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Webb, 232 S.W.3d at 110; Garcia, 246 S.W.3d at 147. A trial court abuses its discretion in denying a motion for new trial only when no reasonable view of the record could support the trial court's ruling. Webb, 232 S.W.3d at 112; Garcia, 246 S.W.3d at 147-48. The credibility of witnesses is primarily a determination for the trial court. Hoyos v. State, 951 S.W.2d 503, 511 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. granted). As finder of fact, the trial judge may accept or reject any part or all of the testimony given by State or defense witnesses. See Charles v. State, 146 S.W.3d 204, 213 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (holding court of appeals must defer to implied factual findings of trial court). A trial court does not abuse its discretion by overruling a motion for new trial when the evidence adduced at the hearing on the motion is conflicting. See Salazar v. State, 38 S.W.3d 141, 148 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Hughes v. State, 24 S.W.3d 833, 842 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). As a general rule, appellate courts should afford almost total deference to the trial court's determination of historical facts supported by the record, especially but not only where based on an assessment of credibility and demeanor. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997); Guardiola v. State, 20 S.W.3d 216, 221-22 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th] 2000, pet. ref'd). The same amount of deference should also be given to rulings on application of law to fact questions, also known as mixed questions of law and fact. Manzi v. State, 88 S.W.3d 240, 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).B. Duty to Correct False Evidence
The prosecutor's constitutional duty to correct known false evidence is well established both in law and in the professional regulations that govern prosecutorial conduct. Duggan v. State, 778 S.W.2d 465, 468 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989) (citations omitted). This overriding duty falls upon the prosecutor in his capacity as the State's representative in criminal matters. Id. As a trustee of the State's interest in providing fair trials, the prosecutor is obliged to illuminate the court with the truth of the cause, so that the judge and jury may properly render justice. Id. Thus, the prosecutor is more than a mere advocate, but a fiduciary to fundamental principles of fairness. Id. (citing Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88, 55 S. Ct. 629, 633 (1935)). The duty to correct known false evidence is not only a prosecutorial ethic, but a constitutional requirement. Id. (citations omitted). It does not matter whether the prosecutor actually knows that the evidence is false; it is enough that he or she should have recognized the misleading nature of the evidence. Id. (citing U.S. v. Agurs, 427 U.S. 97, 103, 96 S. Ct. 2392, 2397 (1976)). Nor does it matter that the falsehood goes merely to an issue of credibility. Id. The purpose of imposing this paramount constitutional duty is "not to punish the prosecutor or the trial court for the error committed, but rather to avoid an unfair trial to the accused." Id. at 469 (quoting Burkhalter v. State, 493 S.W.2d 214, 218 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973)). Stated another way, false evidence, left uncorrected, can mislead the factfinder, thereby misdirecting the due course of law and diverting due process from its intended progression toward a just and fair trial. Id. Because false evidence corrupts the truth seeking function of trial, a new trial will be necessary unless the false evidence does not violate the accused's right to due process. Id.C. Did Herlinda's Testimony Constitute False Evidence?
Appellant asserts that the facts in the instant case are similar to those confronted by the Court of Criminal Appeals in Duggan v. State. The appellant in Duggan argued that the State's failure to correct the misleading testimony of two accomplice witnesses, who denied they exchanged their testimony in favor of leniency from the State, violated appellant's due process rights. Id. at 466. The prosecutor in that case confirmed the existence of an understanding between the accomplices and the State when he admitted telling the accomplices that he would consider leniency in exchange for their testimony. Id. at 468. In holding that the appellant's due process rights were violated by the prosecutor's use of the testimony, the Court explained:Because some sort of understanding between the State and the accomplices did indeed exist, the accomplices' firm, sweeping assertions that no such agreements existed lent a false impression to the court. . . . Given the prosecutor's post-trial admissions, the true nature of the relationship between the accomplices and the prosecution was misrepresented to the jury. This false impression, which the prosecutor should have perceived, nevertheless went unrectified throughout trial.Id. The facts in the instant case are inapposite to those in Duggan. Here, Hart's testimony at the motion for new trial hearing established the following: (1) Hart obtained pretrial authorization to offer to reduce the capital murder charge against Herlinda to a lesser-included offense and offer her a sentence as low as fifteen years if she testified truthfully against appellant at his trial; (2) Hart's authorization was conditioned upon Herlinda testifying truthfully at appellant's trial and the approval of the complainant's family; (3) Hart did not disclose the fact that he had such authorization to anyone else, including Herlinda, her counsel, or appellant's trial counsel, prior to or during appellant's trial; (4) Hart made no express or implied plea bargain offers, promises, or representations to Herlinda or her counsel concerning any sentence she would receive for testifying truthfully against appellant before or during appellant's trial; (5) Hart's stated position to Herlinda and her counsel concerning her testimony against appellant was that she testify truthfully and hope for the best. No evidence of any kind introduced at the motion for new trial hearing or otherwise appearing in the appellate record shows that either Herlinda or her counsel was aware of Hart's plea bargaining authorization with respect to her case before or during appellant's trial. Thus, unlike the situation in Duggan, the record is devoid of any indication that there was any understanding or agreement, express or implied, concerning any benefit that Herlinda would receive from the State from her testimony. Appellant has not established that any agreement existed between Herlinda and the State and cannot establish that Herlinda's testimony was perjured. Therefore, appellant's due process arguments fail. See Bell v. Bell, 512 F.3d 223, 234 (6th Cir. 2008) (holding "without an agreement, no evidence was suppressed, and the State's conduct, not disclosing something it did not have, cannot be considered a Brady violation."); Collier v. Davis, 301 F.3d 843, 850 (7th Cir. 2002) (holding "if there was no understanding, there was no impeachment evidence to disclose."); Abbott v. United States, 195 F.3d 946, 950 (7th Cir. 1999) (2000) (same); See also Gilday v. Callahan, 59 F.3d 257, 268-71 (1st Cir. 1995) (holding government's failure to disclose understanding between prosecutor and witness's attorney that was not communicated to witness harmless); Williams v. Scott, 35 F.3d 159, 162-63 (5th Cir. 1994) (same). Accordingly, we overrule appellant's first, second, and third points of error.
LESSER-INCLUDED OFFENSE CHARGE
In his fourth point of error, appellant asserts that the trial court committed reversible error because it failed to submit to the jury a lesser charge on murder. At trial, appellant made the following request for submission of the lesser-included offense:The reliability and the credibility of the evidence and the witnesses that testified as to the robbery aspect is in question. The last witness, in fact, and the fact through numerous witnesses has been brought up that there is, in fact, no personalty taken from this particular victim in terms of — and I won't repeat the personalty items we talked about, the purse, whatnot, that there has been no evidence, physical evidence that would go along with the aspect of robbery, and the fact that there is [sic] inconsistent statements between the defendants in reference to their interrogation has also been brought up through this last witness and, in fact, that the original probable cause warrants were arrested — were issued — excuse me — solely on the basis of murder. And I do believe that for the reasons therein stated and actually the totality of the record would warrant, in fact, a lesser included charge as to murder.However, on appeal, appellant argues that "the testimony of co-defendant Herlinda Gusman presented evidence that the appellant did not intentionally shoot [the complainant], notwithstanding her contradictory testimony or the testimony of any other witness that this was his intent." Specifically, he contends that his statement to Herlinda that "I shot over [the complainant]," was "evidence from which a rational trier of fact could have concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant may not have intentionally and knowingly caused the complainant's death." Appellant argues that while he admitted to Herlinda he had attempted to commit a robbery during which he shot his gun in the direction of the complainant, appellant may not have intentionally or knowingly caused the complainant's death, raising the possibility that if appellant is guilty, he is guilty only of murder. Both murder and felony murder can be lesser-included offenses of capital murder. See Smith v. State, 187 S.W.3d 186, 195 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref'd). However, they are separate offenses with different elements. Compare Tex. Penal Code § 19.02(b)(1) (2) with Tex. Penal Code § 19.02(b)(3). Murder requires the defendant to intentionally or knowingly cause the death of an individual, see Tex. Penal Code § 19.02(b)(1), or an intent to cause serious bodily injury with the commission of an act clearly dangerous to human life that causes the death of an individual. See Tex. Penal Code § 19.02(b)(2). In contrast, felony murder is an unintentional murder committed in the course of committing a felony. Fuentes v. State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 272 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (citing Tex. Penal Code § 19.02(b)(3)). At trial, appellant requested a lesser-included offense charge because "there has been no evidence, physical evidence that would go along with the aspect of robbery." This argument referenced the lack of evidence of a robbery and, thus, was a request for a charge on the lesser-included offense of murder under either sections 19.02(b)(1) or (b)(2), both of which require intent, but not an underlying felony. Because appellant argued that there was no robbery, this could not have been a request for a felony murder charge under 19.02(b)(3). However, on appeal, appellant alleges that a lesser-included offense should have been included in the charge because there is evidence raising "the possibility that appellant may not have intentionally and knowingly caused the victim's death" even though he intended to rob her. This argument references the lack of evidence of an intentional or knowing act causing the death of another and is a request on the lesser-included offense of felony murder under section 19.02(b)(3), which does not require intent, but does require an underlying felony. Because appellant's argument to the trial court does not comport with his argument on appeal, the issue is waived. See Rezac v. State, 782 S.W.2d 869, 870 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) (holding that to preserve error on appeal, there must be timely trial objection specifically stating legal basis for objection, and objection stating one legal basis may not be used to support another legal theory on appeal); Pennington v. State, 697 S.W.2d 387, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (stating that objection to charge must comport with contention on appeal or nothing is preserved for appellate review). We also note that the trial court in this case was asked to submit a lesser-included charge on murder under either section 19.02(b)(1) or (2), but not felony murder under section 19.02(3). The trial court had no duty to sua sponte submit a lesser-included offense charge on any other type of murder offense that might have been raised, but was not. See Tolbert v. State, 306 S.W.3d 776, 781 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (holding that trial court has no duty to submit lesser-included offense unless requested to do so by defendant). Because appellant's objection to the trial court does not comport with his point of error on appeal, and the trial court had no duty to sua sponte charge the jury on anything other than the murder charge specifically requested by appellant, we overrule appellant's fourth point of error.