Gumbs v. Stanford, No. 22 Civ. 4659 (VEC) (GWG), 2023 WL 2908653, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 12, 2023), adopted by, 2023 WL 5928454 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 12, 2023).
Brown, U.S. at, 142 S.Ct. at 1530. “The legal principle at issue is the Chapman standard [which] requires that ‘before a federal constitutional error can be held harmless, the court must be able to declare a belief that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.'” Gumbs v. Stanford, No. 22-CV-4659, 2023 WL 2908653, at *9 (S.D.N.Y. April 12, 2023) (quoting Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 24, 87 S.Ct. 824, 828 (1967)). Although the Appellate Division did not cite Chapman directly, it did properly apply the New York Court of Appeals' articulation of the Chapman holding, citing to People v. Petty, 7 N.Y.3d 277, 819 N.Y.S.2d 684 (2006) and People v. Jones, 3 N.Y.3d 491, 788 N.Y.S.2d 651 (2004).