Opinion
(June Term, 1879.)
Superior Court — Jurisdiction — Practice — Parties — Married Women — Infants.
1. The superior court in term has jurisdiction of an action to declare a trust in certain real estate and to have title executed to the plaintiff, and also to impeach a sale of the land under a decree of the probate court had in a special proceeding then ended.
2. A decree for the sale of land made in a special proceeding is not conclusive upon a feme covert defendant whose husband is not served with process nor otherwise made a party, or obtained leave from the court to proceed without him.
3. A decree in such case is not conclusive upon infant defendants who were not served with process, but who were represented by guardian ad litem, appointed before the petition was filed on nomination of plaintiff, and who filed an answer prepared for him at plaintiff's instance and without injury as to the rights of the infant defendants.
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APPEAL at Fall Term, 1878, of WAKE, from Seymour, J.
Messrs. T. M. Argo and Lewis Strong for plaintiffs.
Messrs. D. G. Fowle, Battle Mordecai and G. H. Snow for defendants.
This action was instituted in the Superior Court to declare void and set aside proceedings in the Probate Court, in which the defendant administrator had obtained a license to sell, and did sell, the real estate of his intestate for assets to pay debts; and also to recover the land sold in pursuance of said proceedings from the other defendants, the purchasers at said sale. The facts necessary to an understanding of the case are stated in the opinion of this Court. His Honor held: 1. That the return of the Sheriff upon the summons in the proceedings by Macy, administrator, was conclusive upon the plaintiff Mibra in this Court, and could not be attacked except by a proceeding for that purpose brought in the Probate Court. 2. That the Probate Court of Wake County had exclusive original jurisdiction and cognizance of any proceeding to have the special proceeding of said administrator declared unauthorized and irregular, and to set aside the same. 3. The failure to serve summons in said special proceeding upon the plaintiff Mibra's husband, the service being upon her alone, did not make the proceeding void as to her. 4. That if feme plaintiff could not recover in this action, neither could the infant plaintiffs, upon the case presented by the pleadings and the evidence.
To this ruling the plaintiffs excepted. There was judgment of (358) nonsuit, and the plaintiffs appealed.
The case made by the pleadings, in legal substance, is that Thomas C. Nichols, in February, 1863, conveyed the land in controversy to the defendant George W. Thompson, and in a short time went into the army and died, and Mibra, his widow, since then intermarried with George W. Gulley, after the conveyance aforesaid, purchased the said land from Thompson with money furnished her by her father as a separate estate for herself, with remainder in fee to her children, who are co-plaintiffs in this action. She had no deed executed by Thompson making estates as was designed, but merely had him to surrender the deed made to him by Thomas C. Nichols, which had never been registered, and she thereafter kept the said deed in her possession, and lived on the land with her children, believing that the land belonged to her and them, without any suspicion of its possible liability to pay the debts of Thomas C. Nichols, (362) and without any knowledge whatsoever of any proceedings had or threatened for that purpose.
It is alleged that matters thus stood until early in 1873, when E. O. Macy, having become administrator on the estate of Thomas C. Nichols, as it is charged, at the procurement of Sol. J. Allen, a near neighbor, who well knew of the equitable title of Mibra and her children, filed his petition in the Probate Court for license to sell the land to pay the debts of Thomas C. Nichols; and it is averred that although the Probate Court had jurisdiction of the subject-matter, yet the proceedings were not such as to give that Court jurisdiction of the persons of Mibra and her children. It is particularly charged that the summons issued in the cause was returned unexecuted on George W. Gulley, with whom by this time Mibra had intermarried, and that no other summons or publication as a substitute therefor was ever issued or made as to him. That the summons was returned served on her the said Mibra, but in truth and fact was not, until after the sale of the land; and as to the infant children, no service was made on them, and having no general guardian, one Whitaker was appointed a guardian ad litem before the petition was filed, on the nomination of Macy, the administrator, who had no acquaintance with his wards, and he, without any conference with their friends or inquiry into their case, forthwith accepted service and filed an answer prepared for him by Macy, the administrator, who had no acquaintance with his wards, and he, without any counsel, assenting to the sale. And it is represented that in the case thus constituted in Court, a sale was decreed and had, sale reported and confirmed, purchase-money paid by Sol. J. Allen, and title executed to him, who purchased and afterwards conveyed a few acres to C. C. High, both having notice of the equitable title of the plaintiffs, and the said Allen having fraudulently procured the sale to be made, that he might become the purchaser, the whole thing being conducted (363) through, without any knowledge thereof, it is alleged, by the said Mibra and her children.
Upon the sale coming to the notice of said Mibra, and after everything was done and accomplished under the special proceedings in the Probate Court, she and the said infants, by a regular guardian, instituted this action in the Superior Court, returnable to term. And upon the facts hereinbefore recited, they seek to have a declaration of trust by the Court of the legal title in Thompson, by the deed surrendered by him, which has been registered, and the title executed to them according to their rights respectively, and to impeach the decree and sale in the Probate Court, and have the same held inconclusive, on the ground of the cause not being duly constituted in Court, or, at the least, of preventing an unconscientious use of it by Sol. J. Allen and C. C. High, claiming under him, on the ground of its being contrived and fraudulently procured by arrangement between them and Macy, the administrator, and of the purchase being made with notice of the equitable claims of the plaintiff.
We think the Superior Court had jurisdiction of the action. The purchase of the land from Thompson as a separate estate, with money furnished to Mibra by her father, if true as alleged, entitled her to have legal estates created by a proper deed, to herself for life, remainder to her children. But that not being done, and the deed that was surrendered being since registered, the legal title is now in Thompson, and it is competent to a Court having equitable powers to declare him a trustee, and to decree the execution of title, and at the same time to declare the title of Allen and High null and void, or at the least to adjudge it inoperative from the fraudulent procurement of the sale and a purchaser with notice.
Certainly if no sale had ever been made by decree of the Probate Court, Mibra and her children would have had the right, and could have enforced it, to have had the title executed to them by Thompson. And although a sale has been had, and apparent (364) title acquired under the decree of that Court, still, if the fact be true on which the equity arises, the Superior Court had the jurisdiction by construction to declare the trust and to enforce it, and no other Court had. The Court of Probate may have had the power while things were in fieri, and perhaps when ended, by motion in the cause, to set aside the sale and put the parties in statu quo, but it had not the power either when the cause was pending nor now that it is ended, to adjudge a trust against a stranger and enforce it, nor adjudge a trust ex delicto in Allen and High, if any title is held to be in them.
In the case of Oliver v. Wiley, 75 N.C. 320, the action was brought in the Superior Court for an account and settlement, and on the facts set out, there was a necessity to enforce an express trust, and also to declare and enforce some constructive trust arising ex delicto and it was objected that the Probate Court had jurisdiction and not the Superior Court. This Court, in answer to the objection, say: "The Probate Court has no jurisdiction to enforce a trust created by contract and not arising out of the official duty of an executor, or a constructive trust arising out of fraud or the like." And they held "that when the Superior Court had jurisdiction over one main ground of relief, it is not obliged to dismiss the case, but will go on and give full relief."
In Dula v. Young, 70 N.C. 450, the administrators sold a tract of land belonging to their intestate under the decree of the Probate Court, and pending the proceedings, the heirs-at-law sued in the Superior Court to have a trust declared of the legal title to their own use as heirs to their mother, on the ground that the same had been bought with the proceeds of her land, and the title was to have been taken in her name. The Superior Court retained the case and did not dismiss the parties to the Probate Court to assert their claim in the pending special proceedings.
In Johnson v. Jones, 75 N.C. 206, the heirs-at-law of John (365) Turnage, after a decree of sale was had to sell the lands described, brought their suit to enjoin the sale, upon the allegation that the outstanding judgment against the estate in favor of one Grimsley had been confessed by the administrator collusively; and the Court held that the remedy by motion in the cause must be confined to the parties to the cause; and Grimsley being a stranger thereto, they might proceed in the Superior Court by a separate action.
It being thus seen that the Superior Court had a clear ground of jurisdiction, to what end should the parties have been sent to the Probate Court? The relief sought was a declaration of trust as against Thompson, who was not before that Court, or, if the title be held to be in Allen and High as purchasers under the decree, then against them upon the ground of a purchase with notice and upon a collusive arrangement with Macy; and obviously, under the authorities above cited, the Probate Court had not a jurisdiction which extended to the merits of the case, and the Superior Court should have gone on and given relief. It is argued, however, that the decree and sale were in a cause to which Mibra and her infant children were parties, and that the legal operation thereof is to conclude and estop them from the assertion of any title otherwise derived than by descent from Nichols.
Mibra was a married woman at the time the proceedings in the Probate Court were begun, and being so, at law, she was under the disability to be sued except joined with her husband. In equity she could not be sued without having her husband joined, with the exception in case he was out of the country and not capable of being served with process, when the practice was to join him for conformity and proceed by leave of the Court. But under our Code, Sec. 56, the law is mandatory that the husband must be joined, except she may be plaintiff alone in an action concerning her separate property; (366) and when the action is between herself and husband, she may sue him and be sued by him. This language is plain and explicit, and recognizes the common-law idea that the wife's existence is merged in the husband, and that she hath not capacity to protect her own interests, and therefore, within the spirit of the rule, an effort should have been made in the modes prescribed by law to bring him into Court, that is, by summons served or by publication, and on failure in this way to get him before the Court, then perhaps the Court would have allowed the case to proceed without the husband. But it was not so done. The summons issued was returnable at twenty days, and yet was returned before the time. No second or alias was ever issued; no publication was ever made; no leave was obtained to proceed without the husband; and in such case, there was not, as it seems to us, such jurisdiction of the person of the said Mibra as to conclude or affect her rights. But, however this may be, there is still the allegation that the return of service by the Sheriff on Mibra is untrue; and if it should so appear on the investigation as a ground of impeachment of the decree, then most clearly the entire proceedings would be void as being had against her without a day in Court. Rowland v. Perry, 64 N.C. 578; Harris v. Jenkins, 72 N.C. 183; Doyle v. Brown, Ibid., 393; Stallings v. Gully, 48 N.C. 304.
As to the infants, the defense that was made for them was nothing more than a defense in name. The law, in its care of the rights of infants, and to the end to protect their lands from being improperly sold on the petitions of administrators to make assets, provides the safeguard of a guardian ad litem; and by Chapter 233 of the Acts of 1870-71, under which the guardian was appointed in this case, in order that the defense made might not be hasty or inconsiderate, it was enacted that the guardian should be served with summons and a copy of the complaint, and at the end of twenty days file his answer, with the provision for the allowance of fee to legal adviser out of (367) the ward's estate.
In this case the allegation is that the guardian was appointed before petition for decree to sell the land was filed, and was a person selected by Macy, without any acquaintance with his wards, and he accepted service as soon as petition was filed, and forthwith filed answer without inquiry into the interests of the wards, which was prepared by Macy or at his instance. And upon the supposition of the truth of the allegation, there was no defense made in the eye of the law, and the purchaser buying under proceedings thus irregular must be held to take subject to the risk of having the sale set aside. Moore v. Gidney, 75 N.C. 34.
In our opinion, therefore, the special proceeding being ended, and everything done under it which was intended, and the legal title being in Thompson, and new rights claimed by Allen and High, the action was properly brought to the Superior Court at term, in analogy to a bill in equity, with the double view to have a declaration of trust of the legal title to the use of plaintiffs, and to vacate and annul by decree all claims of Allen and High as purchasers with notice of plaintiff's equity, and upon an alleged collusion between them and E. O. Macy, the administrator of Nichols.
The judgment of nonsuit is
Reversed.
Cited: Wahab v. Smith, 82 N.C. 233; S.C., 84 N.C. 434; Kirkman v. Phipps, 86 N.C. 431; Gulley v. Macy, Id., 721; Gulley v. Macy, 89 N.C. 343; Sparger v. Moore, 117 N.C. 453; Carraway v. Lassiter, 139 N.C. 154; Rackley v. Roberts, 147 N.C. 205; Hughes v. Pritchard, 153 N.C. 141.
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