Opinion
5:23-CV-0172 (GTS/ATB) 5:23-CV-0176 (GTS/ATB) 5:23-CV-0177 (GTS/ATB) 5:23-CV-0179 (GTS/ATB)
09-08-2023
CHARLES R. GREFER, Plaintiff, v. DET. F. CORNELIUS, Cayuga Cty. Sheriff's Dept., Defendant. CHARLES R. GREFER, Plaintiff, v. CAYUGA COUNTY SHERIFF SCHENK, Defendant. CHARLES R. GREFER, Plaintiff, v. CAYUGA COUNTY and LLOYD E. HASKINS, Cayuga Cty. Executive, Defendants. CHARLES R. GREFER, Plaintiff, v. C. VALDINA, Cayuga Cty. Chief ADA, Defendant.
APPEARANCES CHARLES R. GREFER, 20489 Plaintiff, Pro Se
APPEARANCES
CHARLES R. GREFER, 20489
Plaintiff, Pro Se
DECISION AND ORDER
GLENN T. SUDDABY, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Currently before the Court, in the four above-captioned pro se civil rights actions filed by Charles R. Grefer (“Plaintiff”) against Cayuga County, the Cayuga County Executive, an Assistant District Attorney, and two employees of the Cayuga County Sheriff's Department (“Defendants”), are the following: (1) Plaintiff's motions to proceed in forma pauperis (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 5; Schenk, Dkt. No. 5; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 4; Valdina, Dkt. Nos. 2, 5); (2) Plaintiff's motion for default judgment (Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 5); (3) United States Magistrate Judge Andrew T. Baxter's consolidated Report-Recommendation recommending that Plaintiff's motions to proceed in forma pauperis be denied because of the “Three Strikes Rule” set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), that Plaintiff's motion for default judgment be denied without prejudice as premature, and that (unless Plaintiff pays the Court's filing fee within the next 30 days) each action be dismissed without prejudice (Cornelis, Dkt. No. 8; Schenk, Dkt. No. 9; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 9; Valdina, Dkt. No. 9); (4) Plaintiff's Objections to the Report-Recommendation (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 13; Schenk, Dkt. No. 14; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 14); (5) Plaintiff's motions to transfer the venue of the actions back to the Western District of New York (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 12; Schenk, Dkt. No. 13; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 13; Valdina, Dkt. No. 13); (6) Plaintiff's letter-motions requesting permission to file new actions (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 15; Schenk, Dkt. No. 16; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 16; Valdina, Dkt. No. 15); and (7) Plaintiff's letter-motions requesting an extension of time to file a Notice of Appeal (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 16; Schenk, Dkt. No. 17; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 17; Valdina, Dkt. No. 16).
For the reasons set forth below, Magistrate Judge Baxter's Report-Recommendation is accepted and adopted in its entirety: Plaintiff's motions to proceed in forma pauperis are denied; Plaintiff's motion for default judgment is denied without prejidice; and each of Plaintiff's Complaints shall be dismissed, without further Order of this Court, unless Plaintiff pays the Court filing fee within the next 30 days. In addition, Plaintiff's motions to transfer the venue of the actions back to the Western District of New York are denied without prejudice; Plaintiff's letter-motions requesting leave to file a new action are denied without prejudice; and Plaintiff's letter-motions requesting an extension of time to file a Notice of Appeal are denied without prejudice.
I. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When a specific objection is made to a portion of a magistrate judge's report-recommendation, the Court subjects that portion of the report-recommendation to a de novo review. Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(2); 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). To be “specific,” the objection must, with particularity, “identify [1] the portions of the proposed findings, recommendations, or report to which it has an objection and [2] the basis for the objection.” N.D.N.Y. L.R. 72.1(C). When performing such a de novo review, “[t]he judge may . . . receive further evidence....” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). However, a district court will ordinarily refuse to consider evidentiary material that could have been, but was not, presented to the magistrate judge in the first instance. Similarly, a district court will ordinarily refuse to consider argument that could have been, but was not, presented to the magistrate judge in the first instance. See Zhao v. State Univ. of N.Y., 04-CV-0210, 2011 WL 3610717, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Aug. 15, 2011) (“[I]t is established law that a district judge will not consider new arguments raised in objections to a magistrate judge's report and recommendation that could have been raised before the magistrate but were not.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Hubbard v. Kelley, 752 F.Supp.2d 311, 312-13 (W.D.N.Y. 2009) (“In this circuit, it is established law that a district judge will not consider new arguments raised in objections to a magistrate judge's report and recommendation that could have been raised before the magistrate but were not.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
See also Mario v. P&C Food Markets, Inc., 313 F.3d 758, 766 (2d Cir. 2002) (“Although Mario filed objections to the magistrate's report and recommendation, the statement with respect to his Title VII claim was not specific enough to preserve this claim for review. The only reference made to the Title VII claim was one sentence on the last page of his objections, where he stated that it was error to deny his motion on the Title VII claim ‘[f]or the reasons set forth in Plaintiff's Memorandum of Law in Support of Motion for Partial Summary Judgment.' This bare statement, devoid of any reference to specific findings or recommendations to which he objected and why, and unsupported by legal authority, was not sufficient to preserve the Title VII claim.”).
See Paddington Partners v. Bouchard, 34 F.3d 1132, 1137-38 (2d Cir. 1994) (“In objecting to a magistrate's report before the district court, a party has no right to present further testimony when it offers no justification for not offering the testimony at the hearing before the magistrate.”) [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; Pan Am. World Airways, Inc. v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 894 F.2d 36, 40, n.3 (2d Cir. 1990) (finding that district court did not abuse its discretion in denying plaintiff's request to present additional testimony where plaintiff “offered no justification for not offering the testimony at the hearing before the magistrate”); cf. U.S. v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 676, n.3 (1980) (“We conclude that to construe § 636(b)(1) to require the district court to conduct a second hearing whenever either party objected to the magistrate's credibility findings would largely frustrate the plain objective of Congress to alleviate the increasing congestion of litigation in the district courts.”); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b), Advisory Committee Notes: 1983 Addition (“The term ‘de novo' does not indicate that a secondary evidentiary hearing is required.”).
When only a general objection is made to a portion of a magistrate judge's report-recommendation, the Court subjects that portion of the report-recommendation to only a clear error review. Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b)(2),(3); Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b), Advisory Committee Notes: 1983 Addition; see also Brown v. Peters, 95-CV-1641, 1997 WL 599355, at *2-3 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 22, 1997) (Pooler, J.) [collecting cases], aff'd without opinion, 175 F.3d 1007 (2d Cir. 1999). Similarly, when an objection merely reiterates the same arguments made by the objecting party in its original papers submitted to the magistrate judge, the Court subjects that portion of the report-recommendation challenged by those arguments to only a clear error review. Finally, when no objection is made to a portion of a report-recommendation, the Court subjects that portion of the report-recommendation to only a clear error review. Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b), Advisory Committee Notes: 1983 Addition. When performing such a “clear error” review, “the court need only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the face of the record in order to accept the recommendation.” Id.
See Mario, 313 F.3d at 766 (“Merely referring the court to previously filed papers or arguments does not constitute an adequate objection under either Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b) or Local Civil Rule 72.3(a)(3).”); Camardo v. Gen. Motors Hourly-Rate Emp. Pension Plan, 806 F.Supp. 380, 382 (W.D.N.Y. 1992) (explaining that court need not consider objections that merely constitute a "rehashing" of the same arguments and positions taken in original papers submitted to the magistrate judge); accord, Praileau v. Cnty. of Schenectady, 09-CV-0924, 2010 WL 3761902, at *1, n.1 (N.D.N.Y. Sept. 20, 2010) (McAvoy, J.); Hickman ex rel. M.A.H. v. Astrue, 07-CV-1077, 2010 WL 2985968, at *3 & n.3 (N.D.N.Y. July 27, 2010) (Mordue, C.J.); Almonte v. N.Y.S. Div. of Parole, 04-CV-0484, 2006 WL 149049, at *4 (N.D.N.Y. Jan. 18, 2006) (Sharpe, J.).
See also Batista v. Walker, 94-CV-2826, 1995 WL 453299, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. July 31, 1995) (Sotomayor, J.) (“I am permitted to adopt those sections of [a magistrate judge's] report to which no specific objection is made, so long as those sections are not facially erroneous.”) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
After conducting the appropriate review, the Court may “accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge.” 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C).
II. ANALYSIS
A. Magistrate Judge Baxter's Report-Recommendation
After carefully reviewing the relevant papers herein, including Magistrate Judge Baxter's thorough Report-Recommendation, the Court can find no error in those parts of the Report-Recommendation to which Plaintiff has specifically objected, and no clear error in the remaining parts of the Report-Recommendation: Magistrate Judge Baxter employed the proper standards, accurately recited the facts, and reasonably applied the law to those facts. As a result, the Report-Recommendation is accepted and adopted in its entirety for the reasons stated therein. (Cornelis, Dkt. No. 8; Schenk, Dkt. No. 9; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 9; Valdina, Dkt. No. 9). Accordingly, Plaintiff's motions to proceed in forma pauperis (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 5; Schenk, Dkt. No. 5; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 4; Valdina, Dkt. Nos. 2, 5) are denied. Each of Plaintiff's Complaints (Cornelis, Dkt. No. 1; Schenk, Dkt. No. 1; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 1; Valdina, Dkt. No. 1) shall be dismissed without prejudice, and without further Order of this Court, unless Plaintiff pays the Court filing fee within the next 30 days. Furthermore, Plaintiff's motion for default judgment (Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 5) is denied without prejudice as premature.
B. Plaintiff's Three Additional Motions
With regard to first of the three sets of additional motions that Plaintiff filed after the issuance of the Report-Recommendation, Plaintiff's motions to transfer the venue of the actions back to the Western District of New York (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 12; Schenk, Dkt. No. 13; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 13; Valdina, Dkt. No. 13) are denied without prejudice as unsupported by a showing of cause. Nothing in Plaintiff's motions persuades the Court that Chief U.S. District Judge Elizabeth A. Wolford of the Western District of New York erred when, on February 7, 2023, she issued an Order transferring these actions to the Northern District of New York. (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 6; Schenk, Dkt. No. 6; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 6; Valdina, Dkt. No. 6.) Similarly, Plaintiff's letter-motions requesting leave to file a new action (Cornelius, Dkt.
No. 15; Schenk, Dkt. No. 16; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 16; Valdina, Dkt. No. 15) are denied without prejudice as unsupported by a showing of cause. Although Plaintiff argues that he is “subject to a sanction that prohibits me from filing new actions in this Court without first obtaining permission from the Court” (id.), he is not in fact subject to that sanction, because it has not yet been issued, as explained on pages 9 and 10 of the Report-Recommendation, which merely “cautioned” Plaintiff. (Cornelis, Dkt. No. 8, at 9-10; Schenk, Dkt. No. 9, at 9-10; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 9, at 9-10; Valdina, Dkt. No. 9, at 9-10.) Moreover, if such a sanction were issued, it would likely come in the form of a District-wide “Pre-Filing Order,” which would require that, at the time of filing, he was either represented by counsel or had obtained the permission of the Chief Judge (to proceed pro se).
Incidentally, to the extent that Plaintiff is referring to the “Three-Strikes Rule” set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g), he is respectfully advised that a distinct judge is not empowered to excuse that statutory prohibition (which contains its own exception for instances of “imminent danger for serious physical injury”).
Finally, Plaintiff's letter-motions requesting an extension of time to file a Notice of Appeal (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 16; Schenk, Dkt. No. 17; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 17; Valdina, Dkt. No. 16) are denied without prejudice as unsupported by a showing of cause. Because neither a Judgment nor even an “Aug[ust] 2023” Order has in fact been issued, the 30-day clock governing the filing of Plaintiff's notice of appeal has not yet started to run. Fed. R. App. P. 4(a).
C. Referral to Chief Judge for Consideration of a Pre-Filing Order
Because of Plaintiff's litigation history in the Northern District, the undersigned must decide whether to refer Plaintiff to Chief U.S. District Judge Brenda K. Sannes for consideration of whether to issue an Order to Show Cause directing him to explain why a Pre-Filing Order should not be issued against him.
It is well settled that "[a] district court may, in its discretion, impose sanctions against litigants who abuse the judicial process." Shafii v. British Airways, PLC, 83 F.3d 566, 571 (2d Cir. 1996). Where a litigant persists in the filing of vexatious and frivolous suits, it may be appropriate to place certain limitations on the litigant's future access to the courts. See Hong Mai Sa v. Doe, 406 F.3d 155, 158 (2d Cir. 2005) (citing Iwachiw v. New York State Dep't of Motor Vehicles, 396 F.3d 525, 528 [2d Cir. 2005]); see also Shafii, 83 F.3d at 571 ("The filing of repetitive and frivolous suits constitutes the type of abuse for which an injunction forbidding further litigation may be an appropriate sanction."). Before imposing such limitations, the court should consider the following:
(1) the litigant's history of litigation and in particular whether it entailed vexatious, harassing or duplicative lawsuits; (2) the litigant's motive in pursuing the litigation, e.g., does the litigant have an objective good faith expectation of prevailing?; (3) whether the litigant is represented by counsel; (4) whether the litigant has caused needless expense to other parties or has posed an unnecessary burden on the courts and their personnel; and (5) whether other sanctions would be adequate to protect the courts and other parties.Iwachiw, 396 F.3d at 528 (quoting Safir v. United States Lines, Inc., 792 F.2d 19, 24 [2d Cir. 1986]).
Here, after carefully reviewing Plaintiff's litigation history, the undersigned has concluded that grounds exist to refer Plaintiff to Chief U.S. District Judge Brenda K. Sannes for consideration of whether to issue an Order to Show Cause directing him to explain why a Pre-Filing Order should not be issued against him. During a 22-day period last year, Plaintiff filed eight pro se civil rights actions either in this District or in the Western District (before they were transferred here). Each of those actions has either been dismissed or conditionally dismissed (due to duplicativeness or the “Three Strikes Rule”). Given Plaintiff's prior litigation experience (which includes reasons to become familiar with the “Three Strikes Rule”), it is difficult for the undersigned to imagine Plaintiff had an objective good-faith expectation in prevailing in any of the actions listed in note 6 of this Decision and Order. He has certainly imposed an unnecessary burden on the Court and its personnel through his improper filings.Finally, it is difficult for the undersigned to believe than a lesser sanction (such as a stern warning) would be adequate to protect the courts and other parties from Plaintiff's future abuse of the litigation process.
See Grefer v. Cayuga County, 22-CV-1400-BKS-DJS (N.D.N.Y. Filed 12/27/22) (Plaintiff's in forma pauperis application denied and his action closed); Grefer v. Cayuga County Sherriff, 23-CV-0169-DNH-ATB (N.D.N.Y. transferred 02/07/23, after being filed in the W.D.N.Y. on 01/18/23) (dismissing action without prejudice as a duplicate of prior habeas corpus action); Grefer v. Cornelius, 23-CV-0172-GTS-ATB (N.D.N.Y. transferred 02/08/23, after being filed in the W.D.N.Y. on 01/18/23) (Plaintiff's in forma pauperis application denied and his Complaint conditionally dismissed); Grefer v. Chirco, 23-CV-0174-BKS-ML (N.D.N.Y. transferred 02/08/23, after being filed in the W.D.N.Y. on 01/18/23) (Plaintiff's in forma pauperis application denied and his Complaint dismissed); Grefer v. Cayuga County Sherriff Schenk, 23-CV-0176-GTS-ATB (N.D.N.Y. transferred 02/07/23, after being filed in the W.D.N.Y. on 01/18/23) (Plaintiff's in forma pauperis application denied and his Complaint conditionally dismissed); Grefer v. Cayuga County, 23-CV-0177-GTS-ATB (N.D.N.Y. transferred 02/09/23, after being filed in the W.D.N.Y. on 01/11/23) (Plaintiff's in forma pauperis application denied and his Complaint conditionally dismissed); Grefer v. NYS Dept/Bd. of Educ., 23-CV-0178-MAD-ATB (N.D.N.Y. transferred 02/07/23, after being filed in the W.D.N.Y. on 01/03/23) (Plaintiff's in forma pauperis application denied and his Complaint dismissed); Grefer v. Valdina, 23-CV-0179-GTS-ATB (N.D.N.Y. transferred 02/08/23, after being filed in the W.D.N.Y. on 01/18/23) (Plaintiff's in forma pauperis application denied and his Complaint conditionally dismissed); Grefer v. Smith, 23-CV-0266-LEK-ML (N.D.N.Y. transferred 02/28/23, after being filed in the W.D.N.Y. on 01/03/23) (Plaintiff's in forma pauperis application denied and his Complaint conditionally dismissed).
Id.
For example, the Court notes that Plaintiff has sought leave to file new civil rights actions without setting forth his proposed complaints. (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 15; Schenk, Dkt. No. 16; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 16; Valdina, Dkt. No. 15.)
The Court notes that, because Plaintiff has been released from custody, he is no longer subject to the “Three Strikes Rule” set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).
ACCORDINGLY, it is
ORDERED that Magistrate Judge Baxter's consolidated Report-Recommendation (Cornelis, Dkt. No. 8; Schenk, Dkt. No. 9; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 9; Valdina, Dkt. No. 9) is ACCEPTED and ADOPTED in its entirety; and it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff's motions to proceed in forma pauperis (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 5; Schenk, Dkt. No. 5; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 4; Valdina, Dkt. Nos. 2, 5) are DENIED pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g); and it is further
ORDERED that each of the Complaints in the above-captioned actions (Cornelis, Dkt. No. 1; Schenk, Dkt. No. 1; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 1; Valdina, Dkt. No. 1) shall be DISMISSED without prejudice and without further Order of this Court, unless, within THIRTY (30) DAYS of the date of this Decision and Order, Plaintiff pays the Court's filing fee of four hundred and two dollars ($402.00) in full as to each action; and it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff's motion for default judgment (Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 5) is DENIED without prejudice as premature; and it is further
ORDERED that, should Plaintiff comply with payment of the filing fee, the Clerk is directed to return the file(s) to Magistrate Judge Baxter for further review of Plaintiff's complaints in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 1915A; and it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff's motions to transfer the venue of these actions back to the Western District of New York (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 12; Schenk, Dkt. No. 13; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 13; Valdina, Dkt. No. 13) are DENIED without prejudice; and it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff's letter-motions requesting leave to file a new action (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 15; Schenk, Dkt. No. 16; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 16; Valdina, Dkt. No. 15) are DENIED without prejudice; and it is further
ORDERED that Plaintiff's letter-motions requesting an extension of time to file a Notice of Appeal (Cornelius, Dkt. No. 16; Schenk, Dkt. No. 17; Cayuga County, Dkt. No. 17; Valdina, Dkt. No. 16) are DENIED without prejudice.
Plaintiff is referred to Chief U.S. District Judge Brenda K. Sannes for consideration of whether to issue an Order to Show Cause directing him to explain why a Pre-Filing Order should not be issued against him.