Summary
In Greene v. Greene, 76 Ga. App. 225 (45 S.E.2d 713) it was held that under then existing Code § 110-401, a judgment by default entered in the superior court in an action on a claim for unliquidated damages, by a judge without a jury trial, was void, as a jury verdict as to the damages was required by that statute. Under our existing statute a valid default judgment cannot be entered in an ex delicto action unless the plaintiff has introduced evidence and established the amount of his damages "before a jury."
Summary of this case from First Fid. Ins. Corp. v. BusbiaOpinion
31798.
DECIDED DECEMBER 3, 1947.
Illegality; from Fayette Superior Court — Judge Byars. September 9, 1947.
S. B. Wallace, for plaintiff in error.
J. W. Culpepper, Lester Dickson, contra.
A judgment by default rendered in the superior court in an action on a claim for unliquidated damages, by a judge without a jury trial, is void and may be attacked by an affidavit of illegality when an execution issued thereon is levied.
( a) A prior ruling of the trial judge against the defendant's motion to set aside the judgment, from which ruling no appeal was made, was not res judicata; and the failure of the defendant to appeal from that ruling did not vitalize said void judgment.
DECIDED DECEMBER 3, 1947.
On January 22, 1947, Mrs. Evie Greene sued Horace L. Greene in the Superior Court of Fayette County. The plaintiff alleged that she was a tenant on the defendant's farm during 1942 and 1943, on a share-crop basis, and that the defendant had failed to account to her for her portion of the crops grown by her. She prayed for the appointment of a receiver, for an accounting and settlement with the defendant and for a judgment in the sum of $1200. Her petition was amended setting out the quantity and value of the cotton produced on the farm, and alleging that for her part of the crop she was entitled to $790 as principal and $193.36 as interest, and she prayed for judgment for those amounts.
The defendant was served personally but filed no answer. On March 10, 1947 the court rendered a judgment by default and without a jury trial, in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant, for the amounts claimed. Execution was issued on March 11 on said judgment and entered on the general execution docket. On March 15 Horace L. Greene filed a written motion to set aside the judgment of March 10, and reopen the case so that a hearing might be had on his defense. The court issued a rule nisi on that motion, and upon the hearing, counsel for Mrs. Evie Greene moved to dismiss it on the ground that it did not set out any legal reasons why the judgment should be set aside. The motion to dismiss was sustained on April 26, 1947. Horace L. Greene did not except to or appeal from that ruling. Thereafter, on July 15, the execution was levied on property of Horace L. Greene, whereupon he filed an affidavit of illegality alleging that the judgment was void; that the suit was not an action on a liquidated demand, but was a suit in equity for a receiver, an accounting and settlement; and that under the law a verdict of a jury was necessary before a judgment could be rendered. Counsel for the plaintiff moved to dismiss the illegality on the ground that the validity of the judgment had been determined in the motion to set it aside, which motion was decided against the defendant, and which ruling was res judicata. The court sustained the motion and dismissed the illegality. The defendant excepted.
If the judgment was void the illegality should have been sustained. Harrell v. Davis Wagon Co., 140 Ga. 127 ( 78 S.E. 713). A judgment which is void for any reason, "is a mere nullity, and may be so held in any court when it becomes material to the interest of the parties to consider it." Code, § 110-709; Jowers Son v. Kirkpatrick Hardware Co., 21 Ga. App. 751 (1) ( 94 S.E. 1044). The suit was on an account or for an accounting, and was not for liquidated damages. Under the old law, before the new rules were adopted, a plaintiff could take a verdict without a jury trial in all cases in default, "except actions for unliquidated damages and suits on unconditional contracts in writing" (Code, § 110-403); and "In all cases where the damages are not liquidated and a judgment by default is entered, the plaintiff shall be required to introduce evidence and establish the amount of damages. The defendant may contest the amount of such damages before the jury with a right to move for a new trial in respect to such damages and to except as in other cases." Code, § 110-405. The new rules of procedure, pleading and practice in civil actions were adopted by a resolution of the General Assembly approved February 1, 1946 (Ga. L. 1946, p. 761, 782). They became effective January 1, 1947. The two sections of the Code last cited above were repealed by the resolution adopting the new rules. But, the law was not changed with respect to the rendition of judgments without the verdict of a jury, in actions for unliquidated damages, but was merely restated. Code § 110-401 as changed by new Rule 18, is now as follows: "If any case is not answered on or before its appearance day, such case shall automatically become in default unless the time has been extended as provided by law. The default may be opened as a matter of right by the filing of such defenses within 15 days after the appearance day, upon the payment of costs. If the case is still in default, the plaintiff, at any time on or after the first day of the term to which the case is returnable, shall be entitled to a verdict and judgment by default as if every item and paragraph of the petition were supported by proper evidence, and his claim, allegation or demand may at any time thereafter be tried without the intervention of a jury unless the suit is one for unliquidated damages whether ex contractu or ex delicto, in either of which events the plaintiff shall be required to introduce evidence and establish the amount of damages before a jury . . with the right to move for a new trial in respect to such damages, and also to except as in other cases. Such trial may in any case be held at any time on or after the first day of such term."
It thus appears that the right of a plaintiff to take a judgment by default and without a trial by a jury, in actions founded on claims for unliquidated damages, is the same under the new rules as it was under the old law in force prior to January 1, 1947. The action in the case at bar was on a contract or claim for unliquidated damages. It follows that the plaintiff was not entitled to a judgment without the verdict of a jury, even though the case may have been in default.
"Where suit is brought in the superior court on an open account, and there is personal service and no plea is filed, a judgment rendered by the court without the intervention of a jury is void. `The court can enter up judgment without a jury only in civil cases founded on unconditional contracts in writing, where an issuable defense is not filed under oath or affirmation.'" Jowers Son v. Kirkpatrick Hdwr. Co., supra, and citations therein. Under this ruling the judgment rendered by the court in this case, without the intervention of a jury, was void. The judgment being void, the execution issued thereon was likewise void, and a void judgment and execution can be attacked by an illegality. Harrell v. Davis Wagon Co., supra. However, the plaintiff contends that the ruling of the trial court denying the motion of the defendant, previously made, to set aside the judgment and reopen the case, from which ruling the defendant made no appeal, was res judicata. That contention is without merit under the holding of the Supreme Court in Jones v. Jones, 181 Ga. 747 ( 184 S.E. 271), and Langston v. Nash, 192 Ga. 427 ( 15 S.E.2d 481). This is so because the motion to set aside the judgment and reopen the case was based entirely on other grounds, and did not attack the judgment as being void because it was rendered without the verdict of the jury. The point that the judgment was void was raised for the first time in the illegality.
The trial court was without jurisdiction to render the judgment without the verdict of a jury, the action being for unliquidated damages, and such judgment was void. It was error to dismiss the illegality.
Judgment reversed. Sutton, C. J., and Felton, J., concur.