Summary
In Grattan v. Met. Life Ins. Co. (80 N.Y. 281, 296) the questions excluded were plainly within the prohibition of the statute, and the court was careful to limit the rule there laid down to the particular circumstances of that case.
Summary of this case from Griffiths v. Met. St. Ry. Co.Opinion
Argued February 5, 1880
Decided March 9, 1880
Wm. Henry Arnoux, for appellant.
La Mott W. Rhodes, for respondent.
By the terms of the policy the defendant was required to pay the amount of the insurance "in sixty days after receipt and acceptance of proofs of the death of the insured." As to the manner and form of proof, and the time within which and the person by whom an opportunity should be given to the company to accept and receive the "proofs," the policy is silent. It appeared, however, upon the trial, by the evidence of the defendant's officers, that the company was provided with blanks for such proof, and that it was its custom, upon the death of an insured person, to send these blanks to his representative or for his use to the local agent; that the life insured died on the 8th of November, 1876, at Troy, and immediately thereafter the plaintiff applied to the local agent in that city for the proper blanks, and he, on the eleventh day of that month, after having seen the dead body of the insured, wrote to the defendant informing it of that fact, of the plaintiff's application to him for blanks, and requesting it to furnish them, in order that the usual proofs of death might be made. A similar application was made by the plaintiff through his attorneys; but in both instances the defendant declined to furnish the blanks, "on the ground that the policy was null and void, and that it refused to recognize any claim thereunder." This is the finding of the referee, and he further finds that "the defendant also directed its local agent not to give the usual certificate required to be given by him in such cases." From these facts the referee finds, as a conclusion of law, that there was "a waiver on the part of the defendant as to, and that it did thereby, and by reason thereof, waive the provision of said policy, requiring the plaintiff to furnish said proofs of loss." That the insured did in fact die at the time alleged, is admitted by the answer, and I think the referee committed no error in the conclusion referred to. The condition itself was a necessary and proper one; but it was wholly for the benefit of the defendant, and might be waived. When, as in this case, the insurer says "we have canceled the policy, and will recognize no claim under it," it must be deemed to have done so. Notice of death had been given, and the defendant had received it from its own agent, as well as from the representatives of the policy-holder. The proofs of death called for by the terms of the policy must, in view of the custom of the defendant before referred to, be held to relate to proofs according to its instructions and upon blanks to be by it furnished. Its refusal to furnish them after application, was equivalent to saying that they would not accept or receive proofs, and the plaintiff could not be required to perform an idle ceremony: ( Shaw v. The Republic Life Ins. Co., 69 N.Y., 286; Goodwin v. The Mass. Mut. Life Ins. Co., 73 id., 480.) It is, however, contended by the learned counsel for the appellant, that the finding upon this question was not within the issue made by the pleadings, and that the referee erred in permitting the plaintiff to amend his complaint. As originally served, it contained an averment that "on or about the 22d day of November, 1876, the plaintiff furnished the defendant with proof of the death of said Terence Grattan." Before the close of the plaintiff's case, but after most of the evidence to which I have adverted, and other evidence had been introduced, and while the plaintiff yet had the case, his counsel asked of the referee leave to amend the complaint by alleging that `the defendant had waived the requirement in its policy that the plaintiff should furnish proof of the death of" the insured. This was objected to by the defendant's counsel, on the ground that "it substantially changes the defense, and therefore the referee is without power to grant it." Leave was given upon terms, and among others, that the plaintiff should pay costs to the defendant. The costs were paid and the amendment made. It was clearly within the power of the referee to allow it. It may be added that by accepting the costs imposed as a condition of the amendment, the defendant is precluded from availing itself of the objection, if it was otherwise good. There is no suggestion that the defendant was prejudiced, and the trial proceeded upon the answer already in.
The remaining questions relate to the merits and are more important.
It is next contended by the defendant that the life insured, in his application for the policy, made false and fraudulent representations. First: In regard to his occupation. Second: In regard to the cause of the death of his mother and sister. The application covers more than two pages of the printed case. It contains questions numbered from one to seven, most of them divided into parts distinguished by letters of the alphabet from A to F inclusive, and sub-clauses characterized by neither figure nor letter, but separated from the context by blank spaces, calling for twenty-eight answers, while the medical examiner's certificate annexed thereto covers more than three pages and calls for upwards of one hundred answers, to be signed also by the applicant for the insurance, and, as given, purport to be transcripts of his answers to the medical examiner. The declaration of the physician follows, and is simply that he has "considered the application annexed, and carefully examined Mr. Terence Grattan, and has witnessed his signature as above." Now what do we learn from these pages of interrogation concerning the occupation of the life insured? The second question of the application calls for the name at full length of the life proposed for insurance, and in the second subdivision, for his "occupation." The answer is "Soda-water maker." Then, after more then twenty intervening questions upon other subjects irrelevant to the one in hand, is this clause: "Occupation. Full particulars regarding the applicant's business or trade must be given. If a mechanic, state in detail all the various kinds of work performed." This does not seem to be a question, but rather a memorandum by way of instruction to the agent; but for whatever purpose designed, there is no answer to it, or observation written against it, and I think the referee was quite right in holding that its position in the application would not warrant the finding, that it was addressed to the life proposed. In the part entitled "Medical Examiner's Certificate," the question first noted above is repeated, and the same answer is given — "Soda-water maker." The seventeenth question is as follows: "What is your opinion of the influence of the said life's occupation on the risk?" And the answer is: "Is out of doors most of the time selling soda-water — in my opinion, healthy occupation." Now the paper containing these answers is, as I before observed, signed by the life proposed, Terence Grattan, and contains this declaration: "I hereby declare that I have given true answers to all questions put to me by the medical examiner, that they agree exactly with the foregoing, that I am the same person described in the accompanying application, and whose signature is appended to declaration and warranty herewith." These answers must be taken together; they state the occupation of the life proposed and his then employment. Both were true, and neither inconsistent with the other. By trade a maker of soda-water, he was also vending it. It is quite impossible that the defendant was misled by the answer, and in no aspect was the answer false. The referee's finding that he was a soda-water maker is sustained by the evidence. If a man, for want of employment, steps aside for a season from his regular and usual calling, he does not lose his connection with or give up his craft; as in this case, he did not cease to be a maker of soda-water because, for the time being, he sold it in the streets. Neither is inconsistent with the other, but both are functions of the same calling.
In regard to the death of his sister. Question fourteen to be answered by the medical examiner is under these words: "Family history of life proposed." It calls for information concerning mother, father, brothers and sisters, and of the latter the queries are the following: "Sisters? Three. Age, if living? Nineteen, thirteen, eleven. Condition of health? Healthy. Age at death? One twenty-three and one-half, and one nine months. Disease? One not known to applicant, and one teething." It appeared that in another application for insurance in the National Life Insurance Company, in February, 1876, Terence stated the cause of his sister's death in these words: "Female irregularities, and terminated in consumption." The referee, upon evidence warranting the conclusion, found that such was the cause of her death; "that it was so stated by Terence Grattan to Dr. Guadendorff before signing the certificate of the medical examiner, at the time the application was made; that Dr. Guadendorff was the examining physician of the defendant, and made said medical examiner's certificate in his own handwriting; that question number fourteen in said certificate, and known therein as the "Family History," and all of said certificate thereafter except the signature of said Terence Grattan, was in blank at the time Grattan signed it; and that the cause of the death of said sister was in blank when Grattan made his signature thereto. After that Dr. Guadendorff filled in the cause of the death of said sister in the words, "Not known to applicant," although the real cause of death, as above stated, had been given to him, and was known to him at the time, and which said Terence Grattan had reason to believe, and did believe would be correctly inserted in said certificate, at the time he placed his signature thereto." And he also found that the statement now appearing in the report, as to the cause of the sister's death, was not made to the examiner at any time. This finding is very satisfactorily sustained by the evidence. Frederick Eicholz was the defendant's agent in soliciting Grattan to take out the policy, and he continued to be such agent down to the time of the trial. He was examined as a witness, and his evidence shows the great care taken by Terence Grattan to get from the family Bible and other sources, information required by the company and called for by the numerous questions before referred to. It was written upon paper, and given, in the presence of this agent and of Terence Grattan, to the examiner. Eicholz testifies that on that paper the cause of the sister's death was written "Female irregularities or weaknesses terminating in consumption;" that no death was stated to have been from any cause unknown to the applicant. The medical examiner testifies that the paper was destroyed; but by him and two other witnesses cognizant of the facts, the testimony of Eicholz was confirmed. There can be no doubt that the utmost good faith was exercised by Terence Grattan, in getting together the information required and communicating it truthfully to the medical examiner and the plaintiff's soliciting agent. The instructions under which the examiner acted required him to "invariably give the answers to the following questions in his own handwriting, and not allow an agent or other person to dictate any part of them." These instructions were complied with in that respect, and the question now is as to the effect of the misstatement by him, in consequence of his failing to report accurately the answer given by the life insured. He was the agent of the defendant for the purpose of reporting the answers to the questions referred to, and was so held out to Terence Grattan. He was, as medical examiner, charged with certain duties by the defendant, and was acting in concert with the soliciting agent of the company. On the part of the life insured was entire good faith and truthfulness, and there is no reason to suspect any intentional unfairness on the part of the examiner. The omission was inadvertent. Is the company thereby released from its obligation? Many decisions in this court show that it is not: ( Mowry v. Rosendale, 74 N.Y., 360, and cases there cited.) Within the principle therein recognized as well established, the erroneous answer must be taken as the declaration of the defendant, and in any controversy depending upon it, must, as between the parties, be taken to be true. In this case, the physician was not the agent to solicit insurance, but he had an act to perform in regard to it, as the agent of the company. His written instructions were to write out the answers. In this instance he failed to do it correctly. The principle upon which it has been held that the company, and not the insured, is responsible for the error of the soliciting agent, is equally applicable here. This question has been repeatedly considered by this court, and in the recent case of Flynn v. The Equitable Life Ins. Co. (9 Weekly Dig., 324), was again before us. The point presented was similar to the one now under review. The decision was in conformity with the views above expressed, and the doctrine referred to must be deemed settled.
78 N.Y., 568.
Nor was it incompetent to prove by parol the actual transaction between the insured and the medical examiner. It was proper to do this in reply to the defendant's case, without reforming the contract or asking for equitable relief. Fraud and breach of warranty in regard to his sister's death is averred in the answer, and the matter given in evidence was proper in reply thereto. If sufficient as the foundation for equitable relief or ground for reforming the contract, it was not improper to receive in this action evidence which would defeat the defendant's claim, or which would be competent in any action in a court of equity. This advantage is secured to the litigant by the union of legal and equitable remedies in one system: ( Emery v. Pease, 20 N Y, 62; N.Y. Ice Co. v. N.W. Ins. Co., 23 id., 357; Arthur v. Homestead F. Ins. Co., Ct. of App. [not yet reported].)
78 N.Y., 462.
The remaining inquiry relates to the exclusion of evidence offered by the defendant for the purpose of showing disease in the mother and sister of the life insured, and therefore the falsity of his representations. It was offered from two sources: first, physician, and, second, laymen. As to the physician, the inquiry is answered by the statute. Its very language sustains the ruling of the referee. "No person," it says, "duly authorized to practice physic * * * shall be allowed to disclose any information which he may have acquired in attending any patient in a professional character, and which information was necessary to enable him to prescribe for such patient as a physician." The object of this statute defines its limits; it is operative between persons named, and applies to a certain state or condition of facts; it operates between the physician and his patient whenever that relation exists, and its object is to compel secrecy as to any information so acquired by the physician in attending his patient, and which was necessary to him while acting in that capacity. It expresses the will of the Legislature, and the duty of the court is one of verbal construction only. Is the present case within it? In answer to the question, "Have either of his parents ever had pulmonary, scrofulous or other constitutional diseases?" the answer was, "No;" and as to his mother, the cause of her death was said to have been "fever after confinement." The answers are found in the medical examiner's certificate, but it is claimed that they should be regarded as coming from the life insured, and for the purpose of the discussion before us, I shall so consider them. The defense alleges that these answers were false, because, as it alleges, "his mother and sister had died of consumption." To maintain this issue, the defendant called Dr. Sheppard, and proved by him that he was a practicing physician, that he attended the mother of the life insured in "her last illness, in a professional capacity." The defendant thus established that the relation between the mother and the witness was that described in the statute — of physician and patient. There is no evidence to show that the witness had any earlier or other acquaintance with her, or that he knew, or visited, or saw her at any other time, or in any other capacity. So far as appears, his introduction to her occurred for the first time when he was thus called to her in his professional capacity. Thereupon the following questions were put to him:
1. "Do you know, and are you able to state the cause of of her death?"
2. "Did you observe the symptoms that she exhibited in her sickness?"
3. "Were the symptoms of the disease such that you might have discovered it without the aid of any specific statement made by the patient; that is, by observation and physical examination, could you have ascertained the character of the disease?"
4. "Were the symptoms of her disease such that you might have discovered them without their being confidentially disclosed to you by Mrs. Peter Grattan, or any friend or attendant, or through any private examination?"
Defendant's counsel then read the statement of the life insured, that the cause of his mother's death was intermittent fever after child-birth, and then asked the witness: (5). "Is this statement true?" This question was asked the witness: (6). "Did you ever treat Mrs. Grattan for intermittent fever, and if so, did you treat it as the radical disease, or as an incidental symptom?"
These questions, so far as they are material, come so strictly within the prohibition of the statute that an extended discussion of the reasons or ground of exclusion would be out of place. The first and second questions were preliminary and, standing by themselves, unimportant. We may assume they would have been answered in the affirmative; and in view of his profession, and the relation the witness bore to his patient, it would be a necessary inference that his knowledge of the cause of her death was acquired and his observation, of the symptoms exhibited in her sickness, made by him in his character of physician.
The third and fourth questions were immaterial, except as the answers might lead to other questions — as I assume they would have done — calling for the result of such discovery and observation as might have been made under the conditions assumed by the questions. The matter thus called out would be disclosed in violation of the law. The third question is of two clauses; the second clause limits and explains the first, but however considered, was inadmissible. The observation which he might have made, and the physical examination to which the patient was subjected, were permitted to him in his character of physician, and not otherwise. Through the patient had been dumb, it would make no difference. The communication to his sense of sight is within the statute, as much so as if it had been oral and reached his ear. It was not necessary that the examination should be private. It is enough that the witness acquired the information in his character as physician and in the due and proper exercise of his calling. Nor was it necessary for the plaintiff to show in the first instance, by formal proof, that the information was necessary to enable the witness to prescribe. Such, under the circumstances of this case, is the inevitable inference.
In Edington v. Mutual Life Insurance Company ( 67 N.Y., 185), the question at this point was thus disposed of. Evidence was there offered to show by certain physicians that the life insured was afflicted with disease, and it was urged "that the testimony they would give was based on knowledge which they obtained solely from their attendance upon him as physicians, and not from any information received from him." It was excluded, and MILLER, J., speaking for the court upon appeal, holds that it was rightfully rejected, and, with other words to the same effect, says: "The point made that there was no evidence that the information asked for was essential to enable the physician to prescribe, is not well taken, as it must be assumed from the relationship existing that the information would not have been imparted except for the purpose of aiding the physician in prescribing for the patient. When it (the statute) speaks of information, it means not only communications received from the lips of the patient, but such knowledge as may be acquired from the patient himself, from the statements of others who may surround him at the time, or from observation of his appearance and symptoms. Even if the patient could not speak, the astute medical observer would readily comprehend his condition. Information thus acquired is clearly within the scope and meaning of the statute." The doctrine thus enunciated was reiterated and enforced in Dilleber v. Home Life Insurance Company ( 69 N.Y., 256), and Cahen v. Continental Life Insurance Company (69 id., 300). So far, therefore, as the questions marked one to four, excluded by the referee, are concerned, he followed the statute and decisions of this court in his ruling.
It is urged, however, by the learned counsel for the appellant that no professional medical action is needed after death; that the event severs the relation of physician and patient; and that consequently information of the cause of death cannot be acquired to enable a physician "to prescribe" for a patient. The case before us is not one where the witness was called in for the first time after the death of the patient, but one where the lips of the physician were sealed during the life of the patient, and where, although by death he loses the patient, his lips must remain closed. It was held under the old law that the seal must remain until removed by the patient; and it is now so provided by statute: (Code of Civil Procedure, § 834.) The witness learned the cause of his patient's death while attending her in a professional capacity, and, as it must be inferred, from the symptoms caused by the disease. The remaining, or fifth and sixth questions, were objectionable for the same reasons. Whether the statement of the life insured as to the cause of his mother's death was true or not, could be answered, if at all, by the witness, by an opinion formed from his observation while an attending physician, and information obtained as such. There was no statement by the life insured, nor any issue before the referee, which made material the inquiry whether "the witness had ever treated Mrs. Grattan for intermittent fever, and if so, whether he had so treated it as the radical disease, or as an incidental symptom." If regarded as part of the general purpose to show the real cause of death, it comes within the exclusion of the statute, and concerning it the witness was not competent to speak.
In Sloan v. N.Y.C.R.R. Co. ( 45 N.Y., 125), the plaintiff sued to recover damages for injuries sustained by him in consequence of the negligence, etc., of the defendant, and, among other items, claimed the amount of his physician's bill. The defendant's counsel, on the cross-examination of the physician, asked "whether the plaintiff had the venereal disease while under his care as a physician;" and its exclusion by the trial judge was urged as error and ground for a new trial. `This court — the chief judge delivering the opinion — held no error. "We think," he says, "this was privileged under the statute. The question did not in terms ask for any communication from the plaintiff, but it was an inquiry as to the existence of a disease which the plaintiff had while under the care of the witness as a physician. The presumption is, from the question, that he learned it as a physician for the purpose of prescribing. The question itself implies it. To require the plaintiff to make the preliminary inquiry whether he learned the fact for the purpose of prescribing would, in effect, if the fact existed, have deprived the plaintiff of the protection of the statute. It would have proved the fact indirectly, which might be as injurious as if proved legitimately." In Briggs v. Briggs ( 20 Mich., 34), it is said of a witness: "He had no knowledge upon the subject except what he obtained in the course of his professional employment, * * *. We do not understand the information here referred to, to be confined to communications made by the patient to the physician, but regard it as protecting, with the veil of privilege, whatever, in order to enable the physician to prescribe, was disclosed to any of his senses, and which in any way was brought to his knowledge for that purpose." On the other hand, in Edington v. Ætna Ins. Co. (manuscript opinion by EARL, J.), the question addressed to the physician was held proper by the learned judge because, as is there stated, "it does not appear that he discovered that disease or learned its nature while attending him (the life insured) professionally. He saw him frequently before he attended him, and saw him after he ceased to attend him, and the court could not say that he could not answer without disclosing the necessary information which he had obtained while in professional attendance upon him." In the case before us, the referee had presented for examination a witness who was first called to the sick woman that he might discover her disease. He learned the nature of it that he might treat her, and watched the symptoms as they developed and terminated in her death. It was for such a purpose, and during this time only that he saw her, and during all this time he attended her as her physician. He had acquired knowledge in no other capacity or for any other purpose. He had none, therefore, that he could disclose. His diagnosis was made upon her employment, and whether aided in this by visible sign or audible communication, can make no difference. Whatever opportunity he had for knowledge concerning her was afforded by his employment, and its import was necessary to him that he might to her advantage practice his art, or, in the language of the statute, "prescribe" for her. The information so obtained must remain enclosed with him, for he is forbidden by statute to "disclose" it. The word must be taken in its fullest sense. He must not tell it; not because the patient declared the communication to be confidential, or because the physician considered it so, but because the statute says that the communication to him shall not be by him disclosed or told. Any other rule will annul the statute, and permit it to be evaded. I confine these observations to the case in hand, or one similar, where communications begin with and follow the employment of the physician, and are the result or consequence of the relation he sustains to his employer or patient. The court need lay down no rule; the statute is the rule, and we are merely to inquire whether the case comes within it. If it does, we should abide by it; for, in the language of CRANWORTH, V.C., in Balguy v. Broadhurst (1 Sim. [N.S.], 111, "I am sure that it is most inconvenient to have a rule laid down and the courts struggling to avoid it." Its object is a beneficent one, "it rests on obvious principles of convenience and policy: (1 Stark. Ev., 103; Wilson v. Rastall, 4 D. E., 760, per BULLER, J.); and it should be so construed as to carry out that object effectually, and, so far as the language will admit, as to reach and defeat all attempts to do, in an indirect or circuitous manner, that which it has prohibited. It must be understood as extending to all such circumventions and rendering them unavailing. The case of Pierson v. The People, lately decided by this court and referred to by the appellant, contains nothing inconsistent with the views above expressed. In that case an exception was recognized as one proper and necessary to be made, in the very nature of things, for no intention on the part of the Legislature could be discovered to repeal the general principle which makes the safety of the citizen the supreme law of the State, or to depart from the general system of law which looks to the detection and punishment of crime. It has no bearing upon the case before us.
77 N.Y., 564.
79 N.Y., 424.
The testimony of Anthony Smith was properly excluded. After he had testified that he was acquainted with Mrs. Grattan, and saw her during her last sickness, and was familiar with the appearance of persons in consumption, he was asked, "What was your conclusion in reference to the character of her disease?" The witness was not fitted, by any special training or by his professional education, to speak as an expert or express an opinion in reference to the character of the disease with which Mrs. Grattan was afflicted.
I think no error was committed by the learned referee in reaching the conclusions on which the judgment appealed from rests. It should therefore be affirmed.
All concur, except EARL, J., who concurs in all, save as to the rejection of testimony of attending physician, and as to that dissents.
Judgment affirmed.