Opinion
January 9, 1984
In an action, inter alia, to recover damages for breach of contract, the appeal is from an order of the Supreme Court, Suffolk County (Gerard, J.), dated July 1, 1982, which, inter alia, granted those branches of plaintiff's motion which sought to amend his complaint by adding Maureen Martus as an additional party defendant, and by asserting two additional causes of action, and denied defendants' cross motion to dismiss the complaint or, in the alternative, for summary judgment. Order reversed, on the law, with costs, plaintiff's motion denied, and that branch of defendants' cross motion which sought summary judgment dismissing the complaint is granted. Plaintiff began his employment with defendant Community Health Plan of Suffolk (CHPS) in a part-time capacity on October 1, 1978. On July 1, 1979, he became a full-time CHPS employee. By letter dated June 26, 1980, the CHPS director, defendant Martin Posner, notified plaintiff that his employment was to be terminated as of July 11, 1980. Following a meeting of the grievance committee at which plaintiff, Posner, and others appeared, the personnel committee of the board of directors reinstated plaintiff in a part-time, probationary capacity, effective as of July 21, 1980. In the interim, plaintiff commenced this action in which four causes of action were set forth. The first cause of action alleged breach of contract and wrongful termination, the second, fraud and misrepresentation, the third, prima facie tort, and the fourth, violation of his civil and constitutional rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. While this action was pending, plaintiff was discharged from employment with CHPS on December 19, 1980. Thereafter, plaintiff moved to amend the complaint to add a fifth cause of action alleging that the termination of his employment and a subsequent denial of a hearing before the grievance committee were illegal, and a sixth cause of action alleging a conspiracy between defendants Posner and Martus with respect to his dismissal. It is undisputed that plaintiff's employment was pursuant to an oral agreement and was without a specific termination date. Consequently, his employment was, prima facie, a hiring at will, and his dismissal would not give rise to a cause of action for breach of contract (see Martin v New York Life Ins. Co., 148 N.Y. 117, 121; Parker v Borock, 5 N.Y.2d 156, 159). Plaintiff has attempted to raise triable issues of fact with respect to whether the CHPS' personnel policies and benefits gave rise to an implied contract of employment which limited CHPS' right of termination (see, generally, Weiner v McGraw-Hill, Inc., 57 N.Y.2d 458; Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., 58 N.Y.2d 293; Parker v Borock, supra). Plaintiff's vague allegations about the nature of the optometry practice he surrendered in exchange for the position he accepted with CHPS, and his further allegations about being advised he could have the job as long as he wanted it, and that he would receive security from CHPS' personnel policies, are insufficient for purposes of withstanding defendants' motion for summary judgment ( Utas v Power Auth., 96 A.D.2d 940). Accordingly, that branch of plaintiff's motion which sought to amend the complaint by adding a fifth cause of action should not have been granted, and that branch of defendants' cross motion which sought summary judgment dismissing the first cause of action should have been granted. Plaintiff's second cause of action must also be dismissed because no cause of action for fraud arises "when the only fraud charged relates to a breach of contract" (see, e.g., Miller v Volk Huxley, 44 A.D.2d 810; Chase v United Hosp., 60 A.D.2d 558). Furthermore, failure to fulfill promises to perform acts in the future is a breach of contract, and not fraud (see Fletcher v Greiner, 73 A.D.2d 591; Wegman v Dairylea Coop., 50 A.D.2d 108, app. dsmd. 38 N.Y.2d 710). Plaintiff's third cause of action for prima facie tort likewise fails because the record does not demonstrate the requisite malicious motivation behind CHPS' termination of plaintiff's employment, or that such action was without economic or social justification (see Murphy v American Home Prods. Corp., supra, pp 303-304; Chin v American Tel. Tel. Co., 96 Misc.2d 1070, aff'd. 70 A.D.2d 791, mot. for lv. to app den. 48 N.Y.2d 603). Plaintiff's fourth cause of action, framed in terms of a deprivation of his right to due process in contravention of the Fourteenth Amendment, must be dismissed because although CHPS may have been subject to Federal and State financial support and regulation, its action in dismissing plaintiff does not constitute the requisite "state action" necessary to invoke the protections of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (see, e.g., Fried v Straussman, 41 N.Y.2d 376, 379, quoting from Jackson v Metropolitan Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 350; Ashley v Nyack Hosp., 67 A.D.2d 671, 672; cf. Wernham v Moore, 77 A.D.2d 262, 264-265). Lastly, plaintiff's attempt to assert a sixth cause of action, alleging a conspiracy between Posner and Martus to breach his contract of employment, must also fail. There is no tort of civil conspiracy (see Ginsburg v Redmond Finishing Co., 75 A.D.2d 505). Plaintiff has failed to make out any specific wrongful acts on defendants' part which might make out an independent tort (see Satin v Satin, 69 A.D.2d 792). Thus, plaintiff's motion should have been denied, defendants' cross motion for summary judgment granted, and the complaint dismissed. Gibbons, J.P., Thompson, Weinstein and Brown, JJ., concur.