Opinion
No. 33933
Decided December 8, 1954.
Mandamus — Writ granted by Supreme Court, when — Section 2, Article IV, Constitution — Clear legal right thereto necessary — Burden to establish — Writ refused, when — Lack of adequate remedy in law or equity not shown — Gross abuse of discretion not shown — Controversy of strictly private nature — Workmen's compensation — Order granting medical review of claim — Employer's action to vacate.
1. Before a writ of mandamus will be granted by the Supreme Court under its constitutional powers as contained in Section 2 of Article IV of the Ohio Constitution, a clear legal right thereto must be shown, and the burden of establishing such right is upon the relator.
2. A writ of mandamus will ordinarily be refused by the Supreme Court under its constitutional powers unless the relator shows affirmatively that there is no plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law, including equitable remedies; that there has been a gross abuse of discretion on the part of an inferior tribunal, board or officer; and that the relief sought is not merely to determine a controversy of a strictly private nature.
IN MANDAMUS.
This is an original action in mandamus instituted in this court, wherein the relator seeks a writ compelling the Industrial Commission to vacate, set aside and hold for naught certain orders of the commission granting to the guardian of the minor dependents of Charles D. Roscoe, deceased, a medical review of the claim of the guardian for death benefits for the dependents of said decedent whose death is alleged to have resulted from an occupational disease contracted in the course of and arising out of his employment.
The relator is a contributor to the Occupational Disease Fund established and maintained in accordance with the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act.
The decedent, Charles D. Roscoe, was an employee of the relator. Following his death, the application for death benefits was heard by the Toledo Board of Claims on June 16, 1953, as authorized by Section 1465-44 a, General Code (Section 4123.14, Revised Code). The board denied the application for death benefits.
On June 26, 1953, under the provisions of the same section and rule 24 adopted by the commission thereunder, the claimant filed with the commission an application to review the decision of the Board of Claims. On September 29, 1953, the commission dismissed the application, and the order of the Board of Claims was affirmed.
On October 28, 1953, the claimant filed a motion, entitled "motion to rehear," setting forth additional evidence. On October 30, 1953, the relator filed a motion to dismiss the "motion to rehear," and on January 5, 1954, the commission denied claimant's "motion to rehear" and approved and affirmed its order of September 29, 1953.
On January 28, 1954, the claimant filed an "application for review of occupational disease claim" and therein requested a review of the claim by a Medical Board of Review under the provisions of Section 1465-68 d, General Code (Section 4123.15, Revised Code), which fixes the time for a medical review "within thirty days after receiving notice of said order."
The commission on February 4, 1954, made the following order:
"The commission finds that the order of January 5, 1954, disallowing this claim was predicated upon the medical issues involved in said claim and the application for review of the occupational disease claim, filed on January 28, 1954, is now allowed.
"It is, therefore, the order of the commission that this claim be scheduled for hearing by a Medical Board of Review at an early date to determine the medical question involved, namely: Was the death of the decedent on June 15, 1952, due to the disease of dermatitis for which decedent was compensated in his lifetime, or a result of a disease which was occupational."
The relator filed a motion to dismiss the "application for review" on February 9, 1954, and in response to this motion the commission on March 5, 1954, made the following order:
"That the motion of the employer to dismiss the application for review of the occupational disease claim filed on 2-9-54 be denied for the reason that the commission finds a previous order of 2-4-54 ordering this claim to be referred to a Medical Board of Review to consider a report of their findings as to whether the death of the decedent was due to the disease of dermatitis for which the decedent was compensated in his lifetime is found to be supported by proof on file and is not contrary to law. It is now the order of the commission that the claim be referred to the legal section to schedule the hearing before the Medical Board of Review at an early date."
Messrs. DiSalle, Green Haddad, for relator.
Mr. C. William O'Neill, attorney general, and Mr. Paul Tague, Jr., for respondent.
In this case, the claimant followed the four procedural steps set up under rule 24, adopted by the commission, governing the hearing of claims in occupational disease cases, viz.:
(1) An application was filed with the Toledo Board of Claims for death benefits resulting from an alleged occupational disease.
(2) On denial of the application an "application for reconsideration" was filed with the Industrial Commission within 30 days after notice of the decision of the Board of Claims.
(3) On dismissal of the "application for reconsideration," a motion for "rehearing" before the commission was filed within 30 days after notice of the dismissal of the "application for reconsideration."
(4) On denial of the motion for "rehearing," an "application for review" by a "Medical Board of Review" was filed with the commission within 30 days after receiving notice of dismissal of the motion for "rehearing."
The relator contends that the commission's actions constituted a gross abuse of discretion in that it did not have authority to entertain the "motion to rehear," filed on October 28, 1953, and disapproved on January 5, 1954; and that it did not have jurisdiction to entertain the "application for review," filed on January 28, 1954, and allowed on February 4, 1954.
To this claim of the relator, the respondent contends that the purpose of the relator is the alleged enforcement or protection of purely private rights, and that this court in exercising its constitutional jurisdiction and discretion in mandamus actions should deny the writ on the authority of State, ex rel. Allied Wheel Products, Inc., v. Industrial Commission, 161 Ohio St. 555, 120 N.E.2d 421, and State, ex rel. D.L. Auld Co., Inc., v. Morse et al., Industrial Commission, 161 Ohio St. 561, 120 N.E.2d 424.
The respondent contends also that its action in the premises is lawful and in accord with the statutes and its rules.
Section 2, Article IV of the Ohio Constitution, provides in part as follows:
"It [the Supreme Court] shall have original jurisdiction in * * * mandamus * * * and such revisory jurisdiction of the proceedings of administrative officers as may be conferred by law. * * * No law shall be passed or rule made whereby any person shall be prevented from invoking the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court."
No statutory law has been called to our attention which confers revisory jurisdiction directly on the Supreme Court over decisions of the Industrial Commission in administering the compensatory provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act.
This court ruled in State, ex rel. City of Toledo, v. Lynch, Aud., 87 Ohio St. 444, 101 N.E. 352, that the provision of Section 2, Article IV of the Constitution, that "no law shall be passed or rule made whereby any person shall be prevented from invoking the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court," originally effective January 1, 1913, is mandatory and that this court may not adopt or adhere to a rule which requires permission to invoke the exercise of its original jurisdiction.
It is contended that this court in State, ex rel. Allied Wheel Products, Inc., v. Industrial Commission, supra, and in State, ex rel. D.L. Auld Co., Inc., v. Morse et al., Industrial Commission, supra, did adopt a rule which impairs the right of a litigant to invoke the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in mandamus proceedings. There is nothing in the Allied Wheel or the Auld case which prevents anyone from filing a petition in mandamus in the Supreme Court and having a hearing thereon, but the court in the exercise of its discretion may deny the extraordinary writ of mandamus.
Constitutional jurisdiction in mandamus was originally conferred on the Supreme Court by the adoption of original Section 2 of Article IV of the Constitution of 1851. This jurisdiction is the common-law jurisdiction that was exercised in Ohio at the time of the adoption of the constitutional provision in 1851. See State, ex rel. Moyer, v. Baldwin, 77 Ohio St. 532, at pages 537 and 538, 83 N.E. 907, 19 L.R.A. (N.S.), 49. This jurisdiction can not be enlarged or abridged by statutory enactment. It is, therefore, necessary to learn when the writ would have issued prior to adoption of the Constitution of 1851.
Under the common law, mandamus is defined as a writ which issues from a court of superior jurisdiction "to compel public officers and private individuals in matters relating to the public, to perform their public duties. * * * It is a writ to compel action by, not to give remedy against, the individual officer, for injury resulting from an imperfect or improper action." See Universal Church v. Trustees of Section Twenty-Nine, 6 Ohio, 445, 27 Am. Dec., 267.
This definition is not as comprehensive as the definition of mandamus set forth in Section 2731.01, Revised Code (Section 12283, General Code).
In State, ex rel., v. Carpenter, 51 Ohio St. 83, 37 N.E. 261, 46 Am. St. Rep., 556, Judge Williams, at page 89, made the following comment:
"Mandamus is not well adapted to the trial of questions of fact, or the determination of controversies of a strictly private nature. Its office is rather to command and enforce the performance of those duties in which the public has some concern, and where the right is clear, and does not depend upon a complication of disputed facts which must be settled from the conflicting testimony of witnesses." (Italics supplied.)
In the Allied Wheel Products case, supra, this court held that "the Supreme Court, in the exercise of its discretion, will ordinarily refuse to issue the extraordinary writ of mandamus where the purpose of the relator is primarily the enforcement or protection of purely private rights."
This court in State, ex rel. Stine, v. McCaw, 136 Ohio St. 41, 23 N.E.2d 631, held also that mandatory injunctive relief will not be granted by the Supreme Court through an action in mandamus, because it has no original jurisdiction in injunction.
The writ of mandamus will not be issued in a case where there is a plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law. The phrase, "in the ordinary course of the law," is not synonymous with the term, "actions at law," but embraces both actions in law and equity. See State, ex rel., v. Carpenter, supra; Freon v. Carriage Co., 42 Ohio St. 30, 51 Am. Rep., 794; State, ex rel. Shively, v. Nicholas, Judge, 151 Ohio St. 179, 84 N.E.2d 918.
A careful review of the decisions of this court indicates that the following principles are to be applied in considering whether the Supreme Court in the exercise of its discretion should grant the extraordinary writ of mandamus under its constitutional powers.
1. The relator must be the party beneficially interested.
2. Before the writ may issue, it must appear affirmatively that there is no plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law, including equitable remedies.
3. The extraordinary writ of mandamus may not be used as a substitute for a mandatory injunction.
4. It may not be used where the purpose of the relator is primarily the enforcement or protection of purely private rights.
Thus mandamus may not be used to control the discretion of an inferior court, board or officer, but it may be used to compel the exercise of discretion. A mere abuse of discretion does not authorize the use of the writ of mandamus. Arbitrary, unreasonable and unlawful orders of an inferior tribunal may properly be attacked in the Supreme Court in an action in mandamus if there is no other adequate remedy in law or equity, but relief will ordinarily be refused unless the relator shows that there has been a gross abuse of discretion and that the relief sought is not merely to determine a controversy of a strictly private nature.
In the instant case, the relator contends that if the commission's order, granting the claimant a "review" by a "Medical Board of Review," is allowed to stand, its premiums to the Occupational Disease Fund may be increased. We feel that this contention is primarily for the enforcement or protection of a purely private right. The general public is not concerned, as the controversy is of a strictly private nature.
Except for the provision in Section 1465-44 a, General Code (Section 4123.14, Revised Code), which authorizes an employer who is dissatisfied with an award, order, or decision of a Board of Claims to file with the commission an application for reconsideration, review or modification, no statute has been called to our attention which expressly authorizes an employer to intervene in a proceeding before the Industrial Commission in a claim against the Occupational Disease Fund.
In our opinion, the action of the commission in this case was not such as to be considered arbitrary, unreasonable or unlawful and did not constitute a gross abuse of discretion. In effect, the relief sought by the relator is in the nature of a mandatory injunction and is primarily intended to enforce or protect an alleged purely private right. On the authority of State, ex rel. Coen, v. Industrial Commission, 126 Ohio St. 550, 186 N.E. 398, Copperweld Steel Co. v. Industrial Commission, 142 Ohio St. 439, 52 N.E.2d 735, State, ex rel. Wilms, v. Blake et al., Industrial Commission, 144 Ohio St. 619, 60 N.E.2d 308, State, ex rel. Bevis, v. Coffinberry et al., Industrial Commission, 151 Ohio St. 293, 85 N.E.2d 519, and State, ex rel. Allied Wheel Products, Inc., v. Industrial Commission, supra, the writ is denied.
Writ denied.
MIDDLETON, TAFT, HART and ZIMMERMAN, JJ., concur.
WEYGANDT, C.J., and STEWART, J., dissent.
Under the law, as announced in State, ex rel. Allied Wheel Products, Inc., v. Industrial Commission, 161 Ohio St. 555, 120 N.E.2d 421, and State, ex rel. D.L. Auld Co., Inc., v. Morse et al., Industrial Commission, 161 Ohio St. 561, 120 N.E.2d 424, is anyone "prevented," within the meaning of the last sentence of Section 2 of Article IV of the Ohio Constitution, "from invoking the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court" in mandamus? Certainly, the law, as announced in those cases, may require the denial by the Supreme Court of a writ of mandamus requested by a party instituting an original action in mandamus in the Supreme Court. However, if, under the law relating to an action, a party is not entitled to any relief in the action, he is not prevented from invoking the jurisdiction of a court with respect to such action merely because the court denies him the relief which he seeks. For example, a plaintiff may not be entitled to specific performance of a contract for the sale of an ordinary chattel because a court of equity determines that he has an adequate remedy at law. In such an instance, can it be said that he is "prevented * * * from invoking the equity jurisdiction of the court?"
To use the words of Chief Justice Weygandt ( State, ex rel. Shively, v. Nicholas, Judge, 151 Ohio St. 179, 181, 84 N.E.2d 918), "it is * * * elementary that to entitle a relator to a writ of mandamus, the record must disclose affirmatively that there is no plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law, and in the absence of such showing the writ will be denied." See for example State, ex rel. Bassichis, v. Zangerle, Aud., 126 Ohio St. 118, 184 N.E. 289 (paragraph one of the syllabus); State, ex rel. Phelps, v. Gearhart, Supt., 104 Ohio St. 422, 135 N.E. 606 (paragraph one of the syllabus); State, ex rel. Tax Commission, v. Mills, Aud., 103 Ohio St. 172, 132 N.E. 727 (paragraph one of the syllabus); State, ex rel. Stanley, v. Cook, Supt., 146 Ohio St. 348, 66 N.E.2d 207 (paragraph three of the syllabus); State, ex rel. First National Bank, v. Village of Botkins, 141 Ohio St. 437, 48 N.E.2d 865, 148 A.L.R., 205 (paragraph one of the syllabus); State, ex rel. White, v. City of Cleveland, 132 Ohio St. 111, 5 N.E.2d 331 (paragraph one of the syllabus); State, ex rel. Cope, v. Cooper, Governor, 121 Ohio St. 519, 169 N.E. 701 (paragraph one of the syllabus).
Can it be said that this court, in refusing such a writ for such a reason, prevents the relator from invoking the original jurisdiction of this court? See also State, ex rel. Harrison, a Taxpayer, v. Perry, Coroner, 113 Ohio St. 641, 150 N.E. 78; State, ex rel. Carmody, v. Justice, Judge, 114 Ohio St. 94, 150 N.E. 430; State, ex rel. MacDiarmid, v. Eastman, Judge, 118 Ohio St. 121, 160 N.E. 626, involving the original jurisdiction of this court in prohibition; and State, ex rel. Lindley, v. Maccabees, 109 Ohio St. 454, 142 N.E. 888, involving the original jurisdiction of this court in quo warranto.
As said in the court's opinion in the latter case (page 459) by Jones, J.:
"However, counsel urge the invalidity of any statute that now deprives relator of power to institute any suit in quo warranto in this court. They rest their argument upon the final clause of Section 2, Article IV of the Constitution, as amended in 1912. That section, after a grant to this court of original jurisdiction in quo warranto provides:
"`No law shall be passed or rule made whereby any person shall be prevented from invoking the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.'
"* * * Section 2, Art. IV of our Constitution, as amended in 1912, merely confers original jurisdiction in quo warranto upon this court; it confers no grant of power for the invocation of that remedy, but safeguards the remedy only where the law empowers its exercise. * * * Our quo warranto statutes do not prevent a private litigant from invoking the original jurisdiction of this court, nor does the above-quoted constitutional clause grant the individual the right to employ such remedy in all cases; his only right in that respect is that given him by law, and a more comprehensive one has not been granted him by such constitutional provision. * * * In the adoption of this provision it was undoubtedly the purpose of the constitutional clause to make ineffective the rule of this court theretofore adhered to, which required its leave before its original jurisdiction could be invoked."
Likewise, paragraph two of the syllabus in that case reads:
"Section 2, Article IV, of our Constitution, as amended in 1912, merely confers original jurisdiction in quo warranto upon this court; it grants no power of invocation, but safeguards the remedy only where the law empowers its exercise."
Section 2731.01 et seq., Revised Code, provide for what the Code classifies as a "special remedy" called "mandamus" and confer jurisdiction upon the Common Pleas Court with respect to that remedy and state the requirements for allowance of that remedy. If, instead of calling that remedy "mandamus," that remedy had been called "mandatory order," probably no one would question a decision of this court refusing to allow a writ of mandamus on the ground that the relief which would be afforded thereby could as readily be secured by such an action in the Common Pleas Court for a mandatory order.
In considering whether a party has an adequate remedy, this court should consider what remedies he has and not merely the names by which they are called.
Thus in Regina v. Lambourn Valley Ry. Co., 22 Q.B.D., 463, 16 Engl. R. Cas., 788, decided in 1888, it was said in the opinion by Pollock, B.:
"There is no doubt that the granting of a prerogative writ of mandamus is discretionary, and the rule by which we ought to be governed is well established. In Blackstone's Commentaries, Volume iii, page 110, it is stated that a mandamus is `a high prerogative writ, of a most * * * remedial nature,' and `issues in all cases where the party hath a right to have anything done, and hath no other specific means of compelling its performance.' In Rex v. Bank of England, 2 Doug., 524, at page 526, Lord Mansfield said: `When there is no specific remedy the court will grant a mandamus that justice may be done.' These words were amplified by Lord Esher, M.R., in the recent case of In re Nathan, 12 Q.B.D., at page 473, where he said that they meant, `where there is no specific remedy, and by reason of the want of that specific remedy justice cannot be done unless a mandamus is to go, then a mandamus will go.'
"Until the year 1854 no specific remedy existed whereby the registry of a transfer of shares in a public company could be enforced; and it being considered that the proper registration of such transfers was a duty of a public, or quasi-public character this court from time to time has directed that a peremptory writ of mandamus shall issue to enforce its discharge.
"* * *
"The Common Law Procedure Act, 1854, by Section 68, enables a plaintiff to claim in any action a writ of mandamus `commanding the defendant to fulfil any duty in the fulfilment of which the plaintiff is personally interested.' * * * in substance it is re-enacted by the Judicature Act, 1873 * * *.
"This does not take away from the court a jurisdiction which it has long possessed, but the effect of it ought to be taken into consideration when the discretion of the court comes to be exercised. Since the passing of this act it cannot be said that the plaintiff has no specific remedy to enforce the right which he says has been denied to him in the present case."
In the opinion by Manisty, J., it is said:
"Numerous authorities establish the proposition that the Queen's Bench Division, which alone has power to grant the writ, ought not to grant it if the applicant has another and sufficient remedy by action.
"For more than a century the authorities have been uniform on the subject. In Rex v. Bishop of Chester, 1 T.R., 396, it was laid down as an invariable rule; see also Blackstone's Commentaries, 7th Ed., page 631, note (k); Regina v. Powell, 1 Q.B., 352, and the judgments of Brett, M.R., and Bowen, L.J., in In re Nathan, 12 Q.B.D., 461, in which it was held that a petition of right was a sufficient remedy.
"In 1854, a remedy which did not exist before was given by the Legislature, viz., an action of mandamus, which is in fact for a decree ordering the performance of the duty which the court thinks ought to be done, and is a more convenient proceeding than by the prerogative writ. On that ground only, and without entering into the question whether the secretary of the company was bound to register the transfer — for that is the question to be tried — I am of the opinion that this rule should be discharged with costs." See also Regina v. St. Giles, 66 L.J.Q.B., 337. Cf. Rex v. Wilts Berks Canal Co., 82 L.J.K.B., 3.
It is suggested that, if this court can refuse to issue the writ because the relator has an adequate remedy in the Common Pleas Court, the Court of Appeals can do so likewise. Undoubtedly it can and probably in an instance such as that involved in the instant case it should, in the exercise of its discretion, do so. It is then suggested that the Common Pleas Court can refuse to issue the writ leaving the relator without any remedy. If it did, such error could be corrected on appeal. This court has frequently held that its original jurisdiction should not be exercised where it will merely provide a relator with a substitute for his adequate remedy by way of appeal. Shelby v. Hoffman, 7 Ohio St. 450; State, ex rel. Horvitz Co., v. Sours, Dir., 142 Ohio St. 591, 53 N.E.2d 498; State, ex rel. Sidell, v. Cole, Dir., 147 Ohio St. 203, 70 N.E.2d 451; State, ex rel. Stein, v. Sohngen, Dir., 147 Ohio St. 359, 71 N.E.2d 483; State, ex rel. Blackburn, v. Court of Appeals, 154 Ohio St. 237, 95 N.E.2d 273; State, ex rel. Blackburn, v. Court of Appeals, 154 Ohio St. 464, 96 N.E.2d 297; State, ex rel. City of Cincinnati, v. Moulton et al., Public Utilities Commission, 160 Ohio St. 397, 116 N.E.2d 445.
If this court did allow a writ of mandamus in an instance where the purpose of the relator was primarily the enforcement or protection of purely private rights and where the relator had an adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law, it could well be charged with extending its jurisdiction in mandamus beyond the scope of the original jurisdiction granted to it by the Ohio Constitution. This was recognized by Shauck, J., when he observed in Fraternal Mystic Circle v. State, ex rel. Fritter, 61 Ohio St. 628, 663, 48 N.E. 940, 76 Am. St. Rep., 446:
"Although both remedies are administered in the same court, it has generally been held, that a suit to enjoin cannot be maintained where an action for damages would afford adequate relief. But the distinction in this respect, between mandamus and remedies in the ordinary course of the law, is obviously of much greater importance, since by the allowance of the writ of mandamus in forbidden cases [ i. e., where relator has a plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law] the Circuit Court and this court would in effect extend their original jurisdiction beyond the constitutional grant upon that subject."
In State, ex rel. Moyer, v. Baldwin, 77 Ohio St. 532, 83 N.E. 907, 19 L.R.A. (N.S.), 49, it is said on page 537 et seq. in the court's opinion by Summers, J.:
"The remedy by writ of mandamus did not originate with the Legislature but with the courts * * *.
"The Constitution of 1851 confers original jurisdiction in mandamus on the Supreme Court * * *.
" The jurisdiction in mandamus that is conferred by the Constitution is the common law jurisdiction as it then was exercised in this state, and it is not in the power of the Legislature either to add to or take from it. The provisions of the statutes must be regarded as merely regulating the practice. * * *
"* * *
"The purpose in defining mandamus was not to limit the jurisdiction, but merely to describe the writ, and it is still necessary to recur to the cases to learn the occasions when it may issue.
"* * *
"The allowance of the writ always was in the discretion of the court and its discretion sometimes was controlled by the existence of a remedy in equity, but respecting the jurisdiction of the court such a remedy never was a remedy at law. However, Section 2, Article XIV, of the Constitution, provides for the abolition of the distinct forms of action at law and for the administration of justice by a uniform mode of proceeding, without reference to any distinction between law and equity, and if there is a remedy under the Code it is in the ordinary course of the law." (Emphasis added.) See State, ex rel. Irish, v. Oviatt et al., Commrs., 83 Ohio St. 460, 94 N.E. 1117; State, ex rel. Juhlman, v. Conners, 122 Ohio St. 355, 171 N.E. 589; State, ex rel. Stanley, v. Cook, Supr., supra (paragraph four of the syllabus); State, ex rel. Phelps, v. Gearhart, Supt., supra.
As hereinbefore pointed out, "there is a remedy under the Code," i. e., the "special remedy" called "mandamus," with respect to which jurisdiction is conferred upon the Common Pleas Court by Section 2731.01 et seq., Revised Code. It follows that that remedy "is in the ordinary course of the law." Although the statutes providing for that "special remedy" also purport to confer jurisdiction with respect thereto on the Supreme Court, they cannot have any effect in doing that because the original jurisdiction of this court is conferred only by the Constitution. See State v. Mansfield, 89 Ohio St. 20, 104 N.E. 1001; Kent v. Mahaffy, 2 Ohio St. 498, 499.
Under the common-law jurisdiction, which is the original jurisdiction of this court in mandamus, a court ordinarily will, in the exercise of its discretion, refuse to issue the writ of mandamus where the relator has a plain and adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law, especially where the purpose of the relator is "primarily the enforcement or protection of purely private rights."
The decision of the majority seems to be based on the theory that the jurisdiction of this court in mandamus is narrower than that of the Court of Common Pleas. Great reliance is placed on the decision of this court in the case of State, ex rel. Moyer, v. Baldwin, 77 Ohio St. 532, 83 N.E. 907, 19 L.R.A. (N.S.), 49. However, an examination of the controlling syllabus in that case discloses no such pronouncement.
It would seem that the instant case involves no question of jurisdiction. Concededly it is provided in Section 2 of Article IV of the Constitution of Ohio that this court "shall have original jurisdiction in quo warranto, mandamus, habeas corpus, prohibition and procedendo." However, the Constitution contains no definition of any of these writs. Hence, this deficiency has been supplied by the General Assembly in providing a code of civil procedure supplanting the common law and providing a statutory definition of mandamus which is general in its terms and contains no intimation that the remedy is of different scope in the different courts having jurisdiction to issue the writ. To hold the definition in the statute applicable to some courts and not to others is certain to cause endless confusion in the matter.
STEWART, J., concurs in the foregoing dissenting opinion.