Summary
holding that court had no jurisdiction to hear appellant's claim of ineffective assistance of counsel relating to events at adjudication hearing
Summary of this case from Ingram v. StateOpinion
No. 2-94-505-CR.
May 30, 1996.
Appeal from the Sixteenth District Court, Denton County, John Narsutis, J.
D. Keith Orsburn, Denton, for Appellant.
Bruce Isaacks, Criminal District Attorney; Yolanda M. Joosten, Paige Miller, Assistant Criminal District Attorneys, Denton, for Appellee.
Before CAYCE, C.J., and LIVINGSTON and DAUPHINOT, JJ.
OPINION
In 1992, James Gareau pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea bargain agreement to the offense of indecency with a child, and the trial court placed him on deferred adjudication for eight years. In 1994, the State moved to proceed to an adjudication of guilt because Gareau had failed to comply with the terms of his probation. He pleaded true to the allegations in the motion to proceed to adjudication of guilt, and the court adjudicated his guilt and sentenced him to ten years in the Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice.
In his sole point of error, Gareau claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel at the proceeding to adjudicate guilt and that because of this ineffective assistance, his plea of true was involuntary. Although not argued by the State, article 42.12, section 5 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure states that a determination to adjudicate guilt may not be appealed. TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 42.12, § 5 (Vernon Supp. 1996); Phynes v. State, 828 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (holding that defendant could not appeal the determination to adjudicate guilt even though his counsel was not present at the adjudication hearing); Olowosuko v. State, 826 S.W.2d 940, 941-42 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992); Edwards v. State, 835 S.W.2d 660, 663 (Tex.App. — Dallas 1992, no pet.). We dismiss his point of error for want of jurisdiction.
DAUPHINOT, J., concurs with opinion.
In the case before us, the majority holds that we do not have jurisdiction to review Gareau's contention that he was denied his constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel at the adjudication hearing. As I understand current law, I am constrained to concur.
I have previously voiced these concerns in my concurrence in Jarour v. State, 923 S.W.2d 174 (Tex.App. — Fort Worth, 1996, no pet. h.) (Dauphinot, J., concurring).
Article 42.12, section 5(b) has created a veritable Gordian Knot for the intermediate appellate courts. It provides that a defendant is entitled to a hearing limited to the determination by the court of whether to proceed to an adjudication of guilt on the original charge. Yet, it further provides that no appeal may be taken from this determination.
See TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 42.12, § 5(b) (Vernon Supp. 1996).
Section 5(b) also establishes that the defendant may be arrested and detained as provided in section 21 of article 42.12. Section 21 states that a warrant may issue for violation of any of the conditions of community supervision. After a hearing, the judge may either continue, extend, modify, or revoke community supervision. Section 21 presupposes the filing of a motion alleging violations of the conditions of community supervision.
Id.
Id. § 21(a).
Id. § 21(b).
The United States Supreme Court has enunciated the minimum requirements of due process that must be observed in probation revocation hearings. They include: written notice of the claimed violations of probation, disclosure to the probationer of the evidence against him, the opportunity to be heard in person, and by counsel, and to present witnesses, the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses, a "neutral and detached" hearing body, and a written statement by the fact finder as to the evidence relied on and the reasons for revoking probation.
Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 786, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 1761-62, 36 L.Ed.2d 656, 664 (1973); Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 487-90, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 2603-05, 33 L.Ed.2d 484, 498-99 (1972); Ruedas v. State, 586 S.W.2d 520, 523 (Tex.Crim.App. [Panel Op.] 1979).
Although case law tells us that the right to appeal a criminal conviction is legislatively created, article V, sections 5 and 6 of the Texas Constitution vest the authority to hear the appeal of nondeath penalty criminal cases in the courts of appeals, unless an exception to the right to appeal is legislatively created. The constitution, therefore, creates an absolute right to appeal criminal convictions and denial of such right must be legislatively created as a clear exception. It should be noted that we are instructed to consider even unassigned constitutional issues in the interest of justice.
Phynes v. State, 828 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992).
TEX. CONST. art. V, §§ 5, 6.
See Carter v. State, 656 S.W.2d 468, 469 (Tex.Crim.App. 1983); Smith v. State, 513 S.W.2d 823, 829 (Tex.Crim.App. 1974).
When the legislature initially created the deferred adjudication probation, it prohibited appeal of pretrial error before the adjudication of guilt. In Dillehey v. State, the Court of Criminal Appeals traced the legislative discussion of the deferred adjudication statute. Senators Washington and Montford expressed their concerns over the denial of the right to appeal legitimate pretrial issues. Senator Washington stated, "The courts have interpreted provisions of the law now as to now allow a person to be able to appeal on a deferred adjudication where they can appeal from a regular probation and I think the amendment is acceptable."
See McDougal v. State, 610 S.W.2d 509 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981).
815 S.W.2d 623 (Tex.Crim.App. 1991).
Id. at 624-25.
Id. at 625.
But Senator Washington was mistaken. Although the amendment now allows for appeal before adjudication, unlike appeal from a "regular probation," it still does not allow for review of the adjudicative procedure.
Phynes, 828 S.W.2d at 2.
The question, then, is how to insure the minimal due process guarantees mandated by the Supreme Court in Gagnon, when no review is permitted. Although article 42.12, section 21 requires the allegation of a violation of a condition of community supervision, article 42.12, section 5(b) permits no review. We find ourselves, then, assuring a defendant on deferred adjudication community supervision that he or she is entitled to the fundamental protections of fair play and due process, but we deprive that same defendant of any vehicle for lodging a complaint that such guarantee has been violated.
Judge Overstreet suggests in his concurring opinion in Olowosuko v. State that the only avenue for redress of the denial of a fundamental, constitutionally guaranteed right is through a post-conviction writ to the Court of Criminal Appeals. We are left with many questions: Is this the position of the Court as a whole? Is direct appeal required before a defendant may resort to a post-conviction writ? If a defendant appeals the original plea, should the direct appeal proceed simultaneously with the request for habeas relief? How does a defendant pursue redress for denial of fundamental due process and due course of law guarantees? And, finally, do the intermediate appellate courts share the burden of reviewing fundamental due process errors in the interest of justice or does the entire burden rest on the shoulders of the Court of Criminal Appeals?
826 S.W.2d 940, 942 n. 2 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992) (Overstreet, J., concurring).
As an intermediate court, we must follow the dictates of the highest criminal court of the state. But we must understand our role in the administration of justice. Currently, we are confused, as is attested by the fact that some intermediate courts deal with constitutional errors in article 42.12, section 5 adjudications, while other courts simply do not.
See, e.g., Gilbert v. State, 852 S.W.2d 623 (Tex.App. — Amarillo 1993, no pet.); De Leon v. State, 797 S.W.2d 186 (Tex.App. — Corpus Christi 1990, no pet.); Eldridge v. State, 731 S.W.2d 618 (Tex.App. — Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no pet.); Dahlkoetter v. State, 628 S.W.2d 255 (Tex.App. — Amarillo 1982, no pet.).
See, e.g., Collins v. State, 912 S.W.2d 864 (Tex.App. — Beaumont 1995, no pet.); Osborne v. State, 845 S.W.2d 319 (Tex.App. — Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref'd); Ballard v. State, 628 S.W.2d 236 (Tex.App. — Amarillo 1982, pet. ref'd).
We may not ignore the mandates of the Court of Criminal Appeals, but we may beg for guidance.