Neder , 527 U.S. at 18, 119 S.Ct. 1827 (emphasis added); accord United States v. Garcia–Lagunas , 835 F.3d 479, 488 (4th Cir. 2016), cert. denied , ––– U.S. ––––, 137 S.Ct. 713, 196 L.Ed.2d 573 (2017) ; United States v. McFadden , 823 F.3d 217, 224 (4th Cir. 2016), cert. denied , ––– U.S. ––––, 137 S.Ct. 1434, 197 L.Ed.2d 647 (2017). If so, the constitutional error should be disregarded as harmless.