Opinion
No. 15-17382
09-02-2020
Amanda FRLEKIN; Taylor Kalin; Aaron Gregoroff; Seth Dowling; Debra Speicher, on behalf of themselves and all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. APPLE, INC., a California corporation, Defendant-Appellee.
ORDER
Appellee's Petition for Panel Rehearing is GRANTED IN PART . The opinion filed on Sept. 2, 2020, reported at 973 F.3d 947, is amended as follows.
On page 952, replace < Apple failed to raise this argument before the district court in opposing Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment; the argument is therefore forfeited. Davidson v. O'Reilly Auto Enters., LLC , 968 F.3d 955, –––– (9th Cir. 2020)> with < It is unclear whether this issue was adequately raised in the district court, and the district court did not reach it. On remand, the parties may make their respective arguments about preservation of this issue and its merits, so the district court may consider those arguments in the first instance>.
No further petitions for panel rehearing or rehearing en banc will be entertained.
MARSHALL, District Judge: Plaintiffs Amanda Frlekin, Taylor Kalin, Aaron Gregoroff, Seth Dowling, and Debra Speicher brought this wage-and-hour class action on behalf of current and former non-exempt employees who have worked in Defendant Apple, Inc.’s retail stores in California since July 25, 2009. Plaintiffs seek compensation for time spent waiting for and undergoing exit searches pursuant to Apple's "Employee Package and Bag Searches" policy (the "Policy"), which states:
Employee Package and Bag Searches
All personal packages and bags must be checked by a manager or security before leaving the store.
General Overview
All employees, including managers and Market Support employees, are subject to personal package and bag searches. Personal technology must be verified against your Personal Technology Card (see section in this document) during all bag searches.
Failure to comply with this policy may lead to disciplinary action, up to and including termination.
Do
• Find a manager or member of the security team (where applicable) to search your bags and packages before leaving the store.
Do Not
• Do not leave the store prior to having your personal package or back [sic] searched by a member of management or the security team (where applicable).
• Do not have personal packages shipped to the store. In the event that a personal package is in the store, for any reason, a member of management or security (where applicable) must search that package prior to it leaving the store premises.
Apple also provides guidelines to Apple store managers and security team members conducting the searches pursuant to the Policy, which state:
All Apple employees, including Campus employees, are subject to personal pack age [sic] checks upon exiting the store for any reason (break, lunch, end of shift). I t [sic] is the employee's responsibility to ensure all personal packages are checked b y [sic] the manager-on-duty prior to exiting the store.
When checking employee packages, follow these guidelines:
• Ask the employee to open every bag, brief case, back pack, purse, etc.
• Ask the employee to remove any type of item that Apple may sell.
Be sure to verify the serial number of the employee's personal technology against the personal technology log.
• Visually inspect the inside of the bag and view its contents. Be sure to ask the employee to unzip zippers and compartments so you can inspect the entire co ntents [sic] of the bag. If there are bags within a bag, such as a cosmetics case, be sure to ask the employee to open these bags as well.
• At no time should you remove any items inside the bag or touch the employee's personal belongings. If something looks questionable, ask the employee to move or remove items from the bag so that the bag check can be completed.
• In the event that a questionable item is found, ask the employee to remove t he [sic] item from the bag. Apple will reserve the right to hold onto the questioned i tem [sic] until it can be verified as employee owned. (This will make the employee mor e [sic] aware to log in all items at start of shift).
• If item cannot be verified by [the manager on duty], contact Loss Prevention ....
Employees estimate that the time spent waiting for and undergoing an exit search pursuant to the Policy typically ranges from five to twenty minutes, depending on the manager or security guard's availability. Some employees reported waiting up to forty-five minutes to undergo an exit search. Employees receive no compensation for the time spent waiting for and undergoing exit searches, because they must clock out before undergoing a search pursuant to the Policy.
On July 16, 2015, the district court certified a class defined as "all Apple California non-exempt employees who were subject to the bag-search policy from July 25, 2009, to the present." Because of concerns that individual issues regarding the different reasons why employees brought bags to work, "ranging from personal convenience to necessity," would predominate in a class-wide adjudication, the district court (with Plaintiffs’ consent) made clear in its certification order that "bag searches" would "be adjudicated as compensable or not based on the most common scenario, that is, an employee who voluntarily brought a bag to work purely for personal convenience." Therefore, the certified class did not include employees who were required to bring a bag or iPhone to work because of special needs (such as medication or a disability accommodation).
The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment on the issue of liability. On November 7, 2015, the district court granted Apple's motion and denied Plaintiffs’ motion. The district court ruled that time spent by class members waiting for and undergoing exit searches pursuant to the Policy is not compensable as "hours worked" under California law because such time was neither "subject to the control" of the employer nor time during which class members were "suffered or permitted to work." Plaintiffs timely appealed.
We certified to the California Supreme Court the following question of state law:
Is time spent on the employer's premises waiting for, and undergoing, required exit searches of packages or bags voluntarily brought to work purely for personal convenience by employees compensable as "hours worked" within the meaning of California Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order No. 7?
Frlekin v. Apple, Inc. , 870 F.3d 867, 869 (9th Cir. 2017). The California Supreme Court granted our request to decide the following question of California law, as reformulated by the California Supreme Court (see Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.548(f)(5) ):
Is time spent on the employer's premises waiting for, and undergoing, required exit searches of packages, bags, or personal technology devices voluntarily brought to work purely for personal convenience by employees compensable as "hours worked" within the meaning of Wage Order 7?
Frlekin v. Apple Inc. , 8 Cal.5th 1038, 258 Cal.Rptr.3d 392, 457 P.3d 526, 529 (2020). The California Supreme Court concluded the answer to the question certified, as reformulated, is yes. Id .
Following the California Supreme Court's decision, the parties filed supplemental briefs addressing whether there are factual disputes that would preclude summary judgment for Plaintiffs on remand.
Plaintiffs request that we take judicial notice of the following records of the California Supreme Court: (1) Answer Brief on the Merits filed March 19, 2018 (relevant excerpt); (2) Defendant and Respondent Apple Inc.’s Petition for Rehearing filed Feb. 28, 2020 (relevant excerpt); (3) Answer to Petition for Rehearing filed March 9, 2020 (relevant excerpt); (4) Order Denying Rehearing filed May 13, 2020; and (5) Letter from the Supreme Court of California filed May 14, 2020. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Judicial Notice is granted because these documents are court filings in the California Supreme Court proceeding regarding the question we certified. See Fed. R. Evid. 201(d) ; Reyn's Pasta Bella, LLC v. Visa USA, Inc. , 442 F.3d 741, 746 n.6 (9th Cir. 2006) (observing that the court "may take judicial notice of court filings and other matters of public record").
I.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
II.
We review a district court's order granting summary judgment de novo . Mayes v. WinCo Holdings, Inc. , 846 F.3d 1274, 1277 (9th Cir. 2017). "A grant of summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The evidence is viewed "in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." Albino v. Baca , 747 F.3d 1162, 1168 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc).
III.
California Industrial Welfare Commission Wage Order No. 7 provides: "Every employer shall pay to each employee ... not less than the applicable minimum wage for all hours worked in the payroll period ...." Cal. Code Regs. tit. 8, § 11070(4)(B). The Wage Order further provides: " ‘Hours worked’ means the time during which an employee is subject to the control of an employer, and includes all the time the employee is suffered or permitted to work, whether or not required to do so." Id. § 11070(2)(G). The California Supreme Court has explained that the two parts of the definition—"time during which an employee is subject to the control of an employer" and "time the employee is suffered or permitted to work, whether or not required to do so"—establish "independent factors, each of which defines whether certain time spent is compensable as ‘hours worked.’ " Morillion v. Royal Packing Co. , 22 Cal.4th 575, 94 Cal.Rptr.2d 3, 995 P.2d 139, 143 (2000).
In answering the question certified, as reformulated, the California Supreme Court held that Apple's employees "are subject to Apple's control while awaiting, and during, Apple's exit searches," and therefore Apple "must compensate those employees ... for the time spent waiting for and undergoing" the exit searches pursuant to the Policy. Frlekin , 258 Cal.Rptr.3d 392, 457 P.3d at 538. The California Supreme Court reasoned: "Apple's exit searches are required as a practical matter, occur at the workplace, involve a significant degree of control, are imposed primarily for Apple's benefit, and are enforced through threat of discipline. Thus, according to the ‘hours worked’ control clause, plaintiffs ‘must be paid.’ " Id .
The California Supreme Court declined to consider whether the time spent waiting for and undergoing exit searches pursuant to the Policy is compensable under the "suffered or permitted to work" clause. Frlekin , 258 Cal.Rptr.3d 392, 457 P.3d at 538.
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The district court had held to the contrary in granting summary judgment to Apple. Accordingly, the court erred in granting summary judgment to Apple.
Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment had similarly sought a ruling solely on what the district court characterized as the "main issue of compensability": whether "time spent pursuant to Apple's bag-search policy is compensable without regard to any special reason any employee brought a bag to work." The California Supreme Court's holding is equally dispositive of that motion and, therefore, Plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment on the main issue of compensability.
In its supplemental briefing, Apple contends that disputed, material facts preclude summary judgment in favor of Plaintiffs because some class members "did not bring bags or devices to work," "were never required to participate in checks," or "worked in stores with remote break rooms where they stored their belongings," and because it is disputed whether the Policy was enforced through discipline. Those purported disputed facts pertain solely to individual remedies, not to the main legal question as to class-wide relief. As Apple itself recognized in opposing summary judgment, those purported disputed facts are irrelevant to whether time spent by class members waiting for and undergoing exit searches pursuant to the Policy is compensable as "hours worked" under California law. On remand, the district court shall resolve any relevant factual disputes as part of its ordinary determination of individual remedies, such as by requiring sworn claim forms.
Apple also argues that there are disputed facts regarding whether time spent by class members undergoing a search is de minimis . It is unclear whether this issue was adequately raised in the district court, and the district court did not reach it. On remand, the parties may make their respective arguments about preservation of this issue and its merits, so the district court may consider those arguments in the first instance.
Because no material facts are in dispute as to whether time spent by class members waiting for and undergoing exit searches pursuant to the Policy is compensable as "hours worked" under California law, Plaintiffs are entitled to summary judgment on that legal question.
IV.
We reverse the district court's grant of Apple's motion for summary judgment and denial of Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, and we remand for further proceedings with instructions to (1) grant Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on the issue of whether time spent by class members waiting for and undergoing exit searches pursuant to the Policy is compensable as "hours worked" under California law, and (2) determine the remedy to be afforded to individual class members. REVERSED and REMANDED with instructions.