Opinion
No. 38650.
March 2, 1953.
1. Trial — motion to exclude overruled — waiver by movant in introducing evidence on his part.
Where the defendant's motion to exclude the plaintiff's evidence has been overruled, the error, if any, was waived when the defendant subsequently introduced evidence in his own behalf.
2. Contracts — building contracts — series of successive contracts — conflicting evidence.
Where there was a series of several contracts for the construction of a grandstand for a baseball park and there was a substantial conflict in the evidence as to whether the contractor had been engaged to do the work to completion and whether he had been paid in full, the issues were properly submitted to the jury.
3. Trial — evidence received without objection.
Where in the case above mentioned one of the issues was the value of the services of the contractor in supervising the work and the contractor testified on the point without objection, although in response to leading questions, his testimony became a part of the record proper to be considered by the jury.
4. Trial — pleading — variance.
In the case above mentioned the contention, that one contract was declared in the declaration while the proof referred to other and different supposed contracts and therefore constituted a variance, was not maintainable when there was no such variance as could have misled the defendant to his prejudice in making his defense on the merits.
5. Trial — instructions — when not too broad.
An instruction that the jury may find for the plaintiff if they believe by a preponderance of the evidence in this case that defendant is indebted to the plaintiff, was not subject to the objection that it was so broad as to allow a recovery for an indebtedness from any source or for any purpose, especially so, in the light of other clarifying instructions.
Headnotes as approved by Holmes, J.
APPEAL from the circuit court of Washington County; ARTHUR JORDAN, Judge.
E.B. Taylor and Creekmore Beacham, for appellant.
Presented and argued four points as follows:
I. There is no evidence in the record to support the jury verdict and judgment of the court, and the jury verdict is against the overwhelming weight of the evidence.
II. The court erred in refusing to exclude appellee's evidence and direct verdict for appellant.
III. The court erred in granting appellee's instruction.
IV. The court erred in overruling demurrer to the declaration.
And cited in support thereof the following:
Secs. 1464, 1469, 1475, 9484, Code 1942; Fultz v. House, 6 S. M. 404; Drake v. Surget, 36 Miss. 458; Wolff v. Hopkins, 145 Miss. 827, 111 So. 290; Gregory, et al. v. Williams, 203 Miss. 455, 34 So.2d 448; St. Louis San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Dyson, 207 Miss. 639, 43 So.2d 95; Upton v. Adcock, 145 Miss. 372, 110 So. 774; Wilson v. Blanton, 139 Miss. 390, 94 So. 214; Ryals v. Douglas, 205 Miss. 695, 39 So.2d 311; Rearden v. Hansen, 29 So. 764; Puckett v. Fore, 77 Miss. 891.
Jos. E. Wroten, for appellee.
I. The jury is sole judge of the facts where there is a conflict in evidence. C. R. Stores, Inc. v. Scarborough, 189 Miss. 872, 196 So. 650; Universal Truck Loading Co. v. Taylor, et al., 178 Miss. 143; Lefere v. Krohn, et al., 127 Miss. 305, 90 So. 12; National Life Accident Ins. Co. v. De Vance, 110 Miss. 196, 70 So. 83.
II. An instruction to the jury in a civil suit in the following form is proper. "The court instructs the jury for the plaintiff that if you believe by a preponderance of the evidence in this case that defendant is indebted to plaintiff, you will return a verdict for plaintiff."
The rule on the burden of proof is that a party must establish the requisite facts by a preponderance of the evidence. St. Louis-San Francisco Ry. Co. v. Dyson, 207 Miss. 639, 43 So.2d 95. To the same effect is Gregory, et al. v. Williams, 203 Miss. 455, 35 So.2d 451. Appellant in his argument on this point contends that this instruction simply tells the jury if they believe the appellee is indebted to the appellant from whatever source or for whatever purpose, it is their duty to return a verdict for appellee.
A careful perusal of the subject instruction reveals that the jury is instructed that if they believe by a preponderance of evidence in this case (not in some other case or in some other matter) that defendant is indebted to plaintiff, they should return a verdict for the plaintiff. In Gregory v. Williams, supra, the Court said: "The two instructions told the jurors their verdict must be drawn from the evidence, not from speculation, or imagination, individual opinions, or anything outside the evidence introduced between them. The verdict was their conclusion upon the comparative weight and value of the evidence. That question was necessarily inherent in their deliberations."
III. Appellant cannot argue in the Supreme Court an error not distinctly assigned except upon request of the Court. Par. 2, Rule 6, Rules of Supreme Court of Mississippi.
IV. If the Court should permit argument on the foregoing point without prior request, appellee submits the following: Point Four of appellant's argument cannot raise an error not assigned as error on appeal from the county court to the circuit court.
Said point four was not raised as an assignment of error on appeal from the county court to the circuit court.
A question not raised by assignment of error in the circuit court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal to the Supreme Court. Richardson, et al. v. Flowers, 194 Miss. 105, 11 So.2d 808.
V. No objection as to vagueness, indefiniteness, or conflict in a declaration can be raised after judgment is entered.
Appellant's assignment of error number one raises an objection as to the form of the declaration in the instant case.
It is clear that the question cannot now be raised under the statute of jeofails which provides, among other things, that no judgment shall be reversed after verdict for any defect of form in the declaration, or because of any insufficient statement of the cause of action in the declaration. Anderson v. Daniel, 136 Miss. 456, 101 So. 498, (citing Y. M.V.R.R. Co. v. Schraag, 84 Miss. 125, 36 So. 193).
The appellee sued the appellant in the County Court of Washington County for $2,916.16, alleged to be due him for advances for labor costs and supervisory services in connection with the construction of a grandstand for a baseball park for Negro patrons in or near Greenville, Mississippi. It was alleged in the declaration that on or about September 9, 1949, the parties entered into a verbal agreement whereby the appellee was to employ the labor for the project and supervise the work, and the appellant was to pay for all labor and materials and pay the appellee a reasonable sum for his services; that appellee performed the contract on his part but that appellant failed on demand to reimburse appellee for advances for labor costs in the sum of $1,341.16, and to pay the appellee a reasonable sum for his supervisory services alleged to be in the amount of $1,575.00. The appellant in his answer denied the alleged agreement and averred that he had fully paid the appellee all sums to which he was entitled. At the conclusion of the appellee's evidence, the appellant moved to exclude the evidence and direct a verdict for the appellant. This motion was overruled and the appellant proceeded to introduce his evidence. No peremptory instruction was requested by the appellant at the close of all of the evidence, and the case was submitted to the jury under instructions granted by the court, and resulted in a verdict for appellee in the sum of $2,004.00, and judgment was entered accordingly. The appellant appealed to the circuit court where the judgment of the county court was affirmed, and appellant prosecutes this appeal from the judgment of the circuit court.
Appellant assigns as error (1) that the court erred in overruling his motion to exclude the evidence at the close of appellee's evidence and direct a verdict for the appellant, and (2) that the evidence is insufficient to support the judgment, and (3) that there was error in one of the instructions granted to appellee.
We think that the court was correct under the evidence in overruling appellant's motion to exclude and direct a verdict at the close of appellee's evidence (Hn 1), but even if there had been error in so doing, the same was waived by appellant's subsequent introduction of evidence. Chase National Bank v. Chapman, 173 Miss. 333, 160 So. 286; Nebhan v. Mansour, 162 Miss. 418, 139 So. 166; Alabama and Vicksburg Ry. Co. v. Kelly, 126 Miss. 276, 88 So. 707; Aponaugh Manufacturing Co. v. Collins, 207 Miss. 460, 42 So.2d 431.
(Hn 2) We have carefully reviewed the evidence and are of the opinion that it was conflicting and created an issue of fact for the jury, and that it amply supports the jury's verdict. It is manifest from appellee's evidence that there was a series of agreements made by the parties in connection with the construction of the grandstand. One of these was in writing and obligated the appellant to pay to the appellee the sum of $650.00 for welding, less the sum of $100.00 to be deducted for the use of appellant's machine. Another was in writing and obligated the appellant to pay to the appellee $500.00 for labor in pouring concrete and to make adjustments for cost incurred in the work on a basis of cost plus a fixed fee. Another and the final agreement was that appellee was to proceed with the work of building the grandstand with the understanding that appellant would pay for the labor and material and pay appellee a reasonable sum for his supervisory service. The appellee testified that the work was completed according to the agreement and that appellant was indebted to him in the sum of $1,341.16 for advances for labor, and in the sum of $1,575.00 as the reasonable value of his supervisory services. The appellant denied the agreement and testified that the appellee had been fully paid all sums to which he was entitled. Nevertheless, there was introduced in evidence thirty checks of the appellant aggregating $3,722.50, payable to the appellee, covering payments for labor, and extending over a period from October, 1949, to and including March, 1950, and these checks clearly corroborated the testimony of appellee that he was continuing on the job with the approval of the appellant, to the completion of the grandstand on March 18, 1950, in accordance with the agreement which he claimed to have made with the appellant. We think that the evidence as a whole was conflicting and presented an issue of fact for the determination of the jury, and that the jury was warranted in resolving this issue in favor of the appellee.
(Hn 3) It is argued by the appellant, however, that there was no proof of the reasonable value of appellee's services. The appellee himself testified that the appellant was indebted to him in the sum of $1,575.00 as the reasonable value of his services. It is true that this evidence was elicited by leading questions, but there was no objection by the appellant and the evidence became a part of the record and proper to be considered by the jury. On the other hand, no proof was introduced by appellant in contradiction of the aforesaid evidence of appellee as to the value of his services.
(Hn 4) Appellant also argues that one contract was declared on in the declaration and that the proof related to other and different supposed contracts, and that this constituted a fatal variance between the allegations and the proof. In other words, it is the position of appellant that the proof fails to establish the liability as alleged in the declaration. We do not think this position is tenable under the facts of this case for the reason that the record discloses no such material variance as could have misled the appellant to his prejudice in maintaining his defense upon the merits. Sec. 1512, Miss. Code of 1942.
(Hn 5) The appellant further complains that the trial court erred in granting the following instruction for the appellee: "The court instructs the jury for the plaintiff that if you believe by a preponderance of the evidence in this case that defendant is indebted to plaintiff, you will return a verdict for the plaintiff." It is argued that this instruction is too broad in that it tells the jury that if they believe from a preponderance of the evidence that the appellant is indebted to the appellee from any source or for any purpose, they should return a verdict for the appellee. We do not think that the instruction is susceptible of this interpretation. It confines the question of indebtedness to the facts of this case. In no event, however, could the jury have been misled by this instruction in view of the instruction granted to appellee on the form of the verdict, since it was made manifest to the jury from this latter instruction that the question of the amount to be awarded under the facts of this case was a question for the determination of the jury.
It follows from what has been said that the judgment of the court below should be and it is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Roberds, P.J., and Kyle, Ethridge, and Lotterhos, JJ., concur.