Opinion
Docket No. 46110.
Decided May 20, 1980. Leave to appeal applied for.
Scholl, Theut, Robinson, Steig Schellig, for plaintiffs.
Conklin, Benham, McLeod, Ducey Ottaway, P.C. (by Martin L. Critchell), for defendant.
Before: M.J. KELLY, P.J., and D.F. WALSH and BEASLEY, JJ.
Plaintiffs are builders who carry comprehensive general liability insurance policies with defendant. When a lawsuit for damages was brought against plaintiffs by William Harding and Delphine Harding, as purchasers, arising out of a building contract for the construction and sale of a new house, a dispute arose between plaintiffs and defendant concerning coverage under the insurance policy. Defendant undertook the defense under a reservation of rights understanding. During trial, this claim against plaintiffs was settled for $50,000, one-half of which was contributed by each, i.e., by plaintiffs and by defendant. Plaintiffs then brought this action for a declaratory judgment that defendant was obligated under the insurance policy to defend the lawsuit brought against plaintiffs and to pay any judgments rendered against plaintiffs. Both the plaintiffs and the defendant sought summary judgment. The trial judge filed a written opinion, holding in favor of plaintiffs and against defendant. Defendant appeals as of right.
The facts are that in 1970, after the Hardings moved into the new house built by plaintiffs, they began to experience problems. Water began to accumulate on the basement floor, there was recurrent flooding of the basement and the foundation and walls began to deteriorate. This situation continued, and plaintiffs embarked on a program of repairs until March, 1976.
According to the parties' stipulation of facts, the cause of the problem was an opening in the drainage system which allowed sand to flow into the system and be carried away. Some of this sand came from under the footings, causing a corner of the house and a basement wall to drop and buckle. This problem was accentuated by the installation of standard drain tile material in an abnormal ground condition. The drain tile allowed entry of sand into the system.
This case hinges upon the interpretation to be given the following exclusionary provision in the policy issued by the defendant:
Both sides agree that the policy does not grant coverage unless there is an express exception to its exclusion.
"This insurance does not apply:
"(a) To liability assumed by the insured under any contract or agreement, except an incidental contract; but this exclusion does not apply to a warranty of fitness or quality of the named insured's products or a warranty that work performed by or on behalf of the named insured will be done in a workmanlike manner;
* * *
"(i) to property damage to
"(1) property owned or occupied by or rented to the insured,
"(2) property used by the insured, or
"(3) property in the care, custody or control of the insured or as to which the insured is for any purpose exercising physical control;
* * *
"(j) to property damage to premises alienated by the named insured arising out of such premises or any part thereof;
"(k) to bodily injury or property damage resulting from the failure of the named insured's products or work completed by or for the named insured to perform the function or serve the purpose intended by the named insured, if such failure is due to a mistake or deficiency in any design, formula, plan, specifications, advertising material or printed instructions prepared or developed by the insured; but this exclusion does not apply to bodily injury or property damage resulting from the active malfunctioning of such products or work;
"(1) to property damage to the named insured's products arising out of such products or any part of such products;
"(m) to property damage to work performed by or on behalf of the named insured arising out of the work or any portion thereof, or out of materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection therewith".
Defendant argues that plaintiffs are seeking to recover property damage to the completed building, which was work performed by them, that the damage arose out of the work and that, therefore, there is no coverage under exclusion paragraph (m).
Plaintiffs argue, however, that paragraph (a) specifically excepts from exclusion damages caused by breach of warranty that the work performed by the insured is done in a workmanlike manner. Plaintiffs reason that, since the Hardings brought suit based on breach of warranty, the exception to exclusion (a) applies and would grant coverage.
This is a case of first impression in Michigan. In such event, we give consideration to cases in other jurisdictions which have construed insurance policy clauses identical to the ones here.
An often cited South Dakota case, relied upon by defendant, is Haugan v Home Indemnity Co. In that case, the plaintiff designed and constructed an aircraft hanger with adjoining office building. After construction, the building separated from its foundation and was damaged. The court, in construing a policy with exclusion clauses identical to those in this case, held that coverage was excluded under paragraph (m). The court, in Haugan, reasoned as follows:
86 S.D. 406, 413; 197 N.W.2d 18 (1972).
"Exclusion (a) does not extend or grant coverage. To the contrary it is a limitation or restriction on the insuring clause. The exception to exclusion (a) merely removes breach of implied warranty of fitness, quality, or workmanship from the specific exclusion relating to contractual liability. The exception remains subject to and limited by all other related exclusions contained in the policy. When considered with exclusion (m) it clearly appears that property damage claims of third persons resulting from the insured's breach of an implied warranty are covered unless the claimed loss is confined to the insured's own work or work product."
In a nutshell, Haugan found that there was no direct conflict between clauses (a) and (m) and that, applying exclusion (m), the only claims for breach of warranty based on property damage covered under the policy were those which resulted in property damage beyond the insured's own work or work product.
The dissenting opinion in Haugan reasoned that the effect of the majority opinion was to subordinate exclusion (a) to that of (m). It was argued that the two clauses were of equal rank and should have been read together with the specific clause (a) prevailing over the general clause (m). The result would then be an interpretation that the policy would not cover property damage to work performed by the insured arising out of that work with the exception of damage to the work resulting from breach of warranty.
In Fontainebleau Hotel Corp v United Filigree Corp, the court reached the same result as the Haugan dissent. There, the court concluded that exclusion (m) was repugnant to exclusion (a). They reasoned that (a) was the more specific clause and that, therefore, the terms of (a) governed. Additionally, the court noted:
298 So.2d 455 (Fla App, 1974).
"Exclusion (m) * * * take[s] away the coverage granted by Exclusion (a). The law does not allow such a situation. A policy may not give a right in one paragraph and retract it in another unless the limitation is clearly expressed. We do not have an expression of any kind in the case at bar."
Id., 460.
The same reasoning was employed to find that coverage existed in Federal Insurance Co v PAT Homes, Inc.
113 Ariz. 136; 547 P.2d 1050 (1976).
We find that the rationale in Fontainebleau and Federal Insurance Co is more persuasive than that in Haugan. Further, such a rationale is in keeping with the general rules regarding construction of insurance policies in Michigan.
When there is an ambiguity, insurance policies drafted by the insurer must be construed in favor of the insured to uphold coverage. An insurer has a duty to clearly express the limitations in its policy. A technical construction of policy language which would defeat an expectation of coverage is not favored.
Shepard Marine Construction Co v Maryland Casualty Co, 73 Mich. App. 62, 64; 250 N.W.2d 541 (1976), Francis v Scheper, 326 Mich. 441; 40 N.W.2d 214 (1949).
Ornamental Iron Stair Co v General Accident Life Assurance Corp, Ltd, 68 Mich. App. 259; 242 N.W.2d 544 (1976).
Crowell v Federal Life Casualty Co, 397 Mich. 614; 247 N.W.2d 503 (1976), State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co v Ruuska, 90 Mich. App. 767; 282 N.W.2d 472 (1979).
We find that if the defendant intended to exclude all property damage to the work product of the insured arising out of that work, including damage for breach of warranty, that limitation must be clearly expressed in the policy. Here, it was not. On the contrary, under the clear wording of the policy, an expectation of coverage was created for claims arising from property damage to the insured's work product grounded on breach of warranty.
Therefore, we interpret the exclusion in paragraph (m) to exclude coverage for property damage to the insured's work product arising out of that work only in cases other than those grounded in breach of warranty. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not err in finding coverage was not excluded under paragraph (m).
Defendant's next argument is that coverage is denied plaintiffs by paragraph (k), supra, the "active malfunctioning" provision. Defendant argues that the trial court erred in finding that the water drainage system installed by the plaintiffs "actively malfunctioned" so as to come within the exception to the exclusion in the policy. We do not agree.
The active malfunctioning exception to exclusion (k) is defined in American Employer's Ins Co v Maryland Casualty Co as follows:
509 F.2d 128 (CA 1, 1975).
"Design errors resulting in mere `passive' failure to discharge an intended function are regarded as the insured's normal business risk and are excluded from coverage, while design errors themselves causing some positive or `active' harm deemed extraordinary in the insured's business are covered. Thus, to recite some of the hypotheticals appearing in commentaries dealing with the clause, the policy is not intended to cover liability resulting from the faulty design of an insecticide which fails to kill insects, a hair tonic which fails to prevent baldness, or a rust inhibitor which fails to inhibit rust. On the other hand, the active malfunctioning exception would apply to provide coverage for liability resulting from an insecticide which harms crops to which it is applied, a hair tonic which causes a scalp rash, or a rust inhibitor which corrodes a radiator to which it is added." (Footnotes omitted.)
Id., 130.
In this case, the water drainage system originally employed by the plaintiffs did carry away the water from the house foundation, which was its intended purpose. However, the parties' stipulated statement of facts indicates that the drainage system also allowed entry of sand, thereby draining away sand along with the water, damaging the house.
Accordingly, the design error in the water drainage system used by plaintiffs caused the positive or "active" harm of drawing sand away. Such an "active malfunctioning" comes within the exception to exclusion (k) and, therefore, results in coverage to plaintiffs. The trial judge did not err in so finding.
Affirmed.