Summary
finding that grant recipients are the only ones who can be held liable under Title IX
Summary of this case from Weissenbach v. Tuscaloosa Cnty. Sch. Sys.Opinion
No. 94-8667
DECIDED April 5, 1999
Sandra J. Popson, Brown, Katz, Flatau Hasty, Macon, GA, for Plaintiffs-Appellants, Cross-Appellees.
Jerry A. Lumley, Wallace Warren Plowden, Jr., Macon, GA, for Waiters, Booker, Bronson, Nicholson, Hagler, Massey and John Doe Security.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia, D.C. Docket No. 91-CV-47-2-MAC (WDO).
ON REMAND FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Before EDMONDSON and COX, Circuit Judges, and FAY, Senior Circuit Judge.
We earlier decided this case in Floyd v. Waiters, 133 F.3d 786 (11th Cir. 1998). The Supreme Court vacated our judgment and instructed us to reconsider the case in the light of its decision in Gebser v. Lago Vista Indep. Sch. Dist., 118 S.Ct. 1989 (1998). We have done so. We reinstate our prior decision and opinion.
Briefly stated, in Floyd, we wrote that a Title IX plaintiff must establish two things to survive summary judgment in a cause of action against a school district like Bibb County's for the discriminatory acts of its employees. First, some supervisor with authority to take corrective action was placed on notice of the bad conduct. See id. at 792 n. 13. Second, the supervisor possessing this authority was a school official high enough up the chain-of-command that his acts constitute an official decision by the school district itself not to remedy the misconduct. See id. at 790-792. Given the circumstances of this case, we held that there could be no Title IX liability.
In Gebser, the Supreme Court faced a sexual-harassment-by-a-teacher case under Title IX. The Court pointed out the contractual nature of Title IX and rejected school district liability based on either respondeat superior or constructive notice. See Gebser, 118 S.Ct. at 1997. Then the Court tied school district liability to an official decision by the school district not to remedy a known act of misconduct. For school district liability, the Court stressed that some "appropriate person" in the school district must have actual notice of the misconduct. See id. at 1999.
The Court did not go into detail about who would be an appropriate person; it did not need to do so to decide Gebser: inGebser no one in the pertinent school district other than the offending teacher himself knew of his misconduct. See id. at 1993. The Court did say, however, that the appropriate person must necessarily be an "official" of the school district and must have the authority to end the discrimination. See id. at 1999. But these preconditions were set out in the context of "at a minimum" — a minimum which was not met in Gebser — and not set out as a fully developed, complete standard.
By the way we, given the record before us, also conclude as a matter of law that Mr. Waiters and Mr. Tinker (the two district employees who have been especially singled-out by plaintiffs) were not school district school officials and that they also lacked authority to end the pertinent discrimination.
In our view, our decision in this case is consistent with the Supreme Court's decision (and reasoning) in Gebser. The judgment of the district court is again AFFIRMED.