Opinion
15448.
MAY 9, 1946.
Probate of will. Before Judge Pomeroy. Fulton Superior Court. December 7, 1945.
George P. Whitman, for plaintiffs in error. R. B. Pullen, contra.
1. The trial court having adjudged in this case that the caveators are such parties at interest as have a right to caveat the petition for the establishment and probate of a will, and there being no exception to this judgment, the correctness of this ruling is not before this court for decision.
2. A general demurrer to the petition having been sustained, with leave to amend, and the plaintiff having amended his petition to meet the demurrer, thus acquiescing in the ruling of the court, this ruling on demurrer conclusively adjudicated that the petition was defective for the reasons stated in the demurrer.
3. The amendment to the petition was insufficient to meet the grounds of demurrer.
No. 15448. MAY 9, 1946.
On July 31, 1940, W. W. Morgan filed in the Court of Ordinary of Fulton County his petition seeking to establish and have probated in solemn form an alleged will of L. L. Clifton. Morgan alleged, in substance: that Clifton died on July 7, 1899, a resident of Campbell County, now a part of Fulton County, after having on June 28, 1899, executed a will in which he bequeathed described land to his wife, Mrs. Elizabeth Clifton, for life, with remainder in fee simple to his two sisters, Avarilla Clifton Morgan and Katy Clifton Lee, "and their heirs;" that the will was deposited by the testator with his wife, Mrs. Elizabeth Clifton, who survived her husband and was his sole heir at law; "that the surviving widow failed and/or refused to file and/or probate said testator's will," and lost or destroyed the will after the death of the testator, all the subscribing witnesses being then deceased; that the testator's widow died on March 11, 1940, without accounting for the loss or the destruction of the will, and a diligent search by the plaintiff has failed to produce the will; that the sisters of the testator, named in the will as remaindermen, survived the testator but died prior to the death of the testator's widow; that the plaintiff and others named are the heirs at law of the two sisters. A copy of the alleged will was attached to the petition. It was prayed that the copy be established and proved in solemn form in lieu of the original.
A demurrer and motion to dismiss the application for probate, and a caveat to the same, were filed in the court of ordinary by Elizabeth Fitzgerald, Gladys Fitzgerald Whitehead, and William E. Fitzgerald, individually and in their representative capacity as executrices and executor of the will of Mrs. Elizabeth Clifton, who after her marriage was known as Mrs. Elizabeth (Clifton) Hudgins. The case as thus made was appealed by consent to the superior court.
On a hearing of the demurrer and motion to dismiss, the trial court overruled certain grounds of demurrer, but sustained the demurrer and dismissed the petition on the ground that the petition set forth no cause of action, showing on its face that the plaintiff was guilty of such laches as would bar the action. Subsequently, during the same term of court at which the original judgment dismissing the petition was passed, the court amended its judgment by providing that the judgment should be subject to the right of the plaintiff to amend his petition within fifteen days, and in the absence of a sufficient amendment, the petition would stand dismissed.
The plaintiff amended, alleging reasons for the long delay in filing the petition. To the amendment the caveators demurred on the ground, among others, that the allegations of the amendment showed such laches as would bar the plaintiff, and that the allegations were insufficient to excuse the long delay in filing the petition; and the caveators also renewed their original demurrer to the petition as amended. The trial court overruled the demurrers. The plaintiffs in error except to this judgment, and also assign error on their exceptions pendente lite to the original judgment overruling certain grounds of their demurrer and to the order amending the original judgment.
1. It is urged by the defendant in error that the plaintiffs in error are not such parties at interest as have a right to caveat the petition for the establishment and probate of the alleged will. This question is not before the court for decision, the trial court having adjudged that the caveators were such parties at interest as could caveat the petition, and there being in this court no exception to this judgment.
2. The trial court sustained the grounds of a general demurrer raising the point that the allegations of the petition showed that the plaintiff was barred by laches. The judgment sustaining the demurrer was amended, allowing the plaintiff to amend the petition within a prescribed period, and providing that if a sufficient amendment should not be filed, the petition would stand dismissed. Within the prescribed period the plaintiff amended, seeking to meet the grounds of demurrer raising the question of laches. It appears from the briefs of counsel that the plaintiff also filed exceptions pendente lite to the judgment sustaining the demurrer.
Whether or not exceptions pendente lite were preserved to the judgment of the court sustaining the demurrer is immaterial. The court having sustained the demurrer, and the plaintiff having amended to meet the demurrer, he thereby consented to and acquiesced in the ruling of the court on demurrer, and is now precluded from availing himself of his exceptions pendente lite. The effect of the order sustaining the demurrer, as thus acquiesced in by the plaintiff, was to adjudicate that the petition as it then stood was defective for the reasons stated in such demurrer. Rivers v. Key, 189 Ga. 832 ( 7 S.E.2d 732); Sherling v. Continental Trust Co., 175 Ga. 672 ( 165 S.E. 560); McConnell v. Frank E. Block Co., 26 Ga. App. 550 ( 106 S.E. 617). "Whether that ruling was right or wrong it is the law of the case, and is conclusive upon all parties thereto, and under it the petition . . at that time alleged no cause of action." Darling Stores Corp. v. Beatus, 197 Ga. 125 ( 28 S.E.2d 124). Accordingly, whether or not the equitable defense of laches can be interposed in a case such as this one in a court of ordinary, and whether, if such defense can be raised, the petition was subject to the demurrer in that respect, are questions with which it is unnecessary to deal.
3. The question for decision is whether the amendment offered was sufficient to meet the demurrer.
The amendment alleges: "The reason for not offering the will for probate immediately after the death of L. L. Clifton and in failing to do so prior to the date of filing the original petition was due to the fact that the will was in the custody of Mrs. Elizabeth (Clifton) Hudgins, and that the deceased, L. L. Clifton, had obtained a pledge from the devisees not to disturb said Mrs. (Clifton) Hudgins in the full and complete use and enjoyment of the property; that because of the ignorance of law on the part of Mrs. (Clifton) Hudgins and the remaindermen and their heirs, it was believed that legal action was unnecessary so long as Mrs. (Clifton) Hudgins lived, and that legal action to fix the rights of the parties would be a violation of the pledge not to disturb the said Mrs. Hudgins' life estate in said property." It was further alleged that during her lifetime Mrs. Hudgins fully recognized the extent of her interest in the property until 1936 or 1937, when "the caveators came upon the scene;" that the remaindermen had no notice or knowledge of an adverse claim until the death of Mrs. Hudgins; that, as a part of a fraudulent scheme, the caveators induced Mrs. Hudgins to devise to them the property in question, and the caveators destroyed the will of L. L. Clifton; that Mrs. Hudgins "did not know she was required by law to probate said will, and the remaindermen and the heirs of the remaindermen did not know it was their duty or privilege to cite Mrs. Hudgins in the ordinary's court and require the probate of same; that all parties thereto were ignorant of the legal effect of not probating the will, and that their mistake with reference thereto was mutual."
As an excuse for a delay of more than forty years in probating the will, it is alleged only that the parties were ignorant of the law. A mistake of law is not alleged. The distinction between a mistake of law and ignorance of law is that mistake implies action under a misapprehension of the law, while ignorance implies inactivity for want of knowledge of the law. "Ignorance implies passiveness; mistake implies action. Ignorance does not pretend to knowledge, but mistake assumes to know. Ignorance may be the result of laches, which is criminal; mistake argues diligence, which is commendable. Mere Ignorance is no mistake, but a mistake always involves ignorance, yet not that alone." Culbreath v. Culbreath, 7 Ga. 64, 70 (50 Am. D. 375).
In Adams v. Guerard, 29 Ga. 651, 673 (76 Am. D. 624), the court held: "It was said that equity will relieve from a mistake of law as well as from a mistake of fact, and that the statute (of limitations) does not begin to run till the discovery of the mistake. It is too late to deny in this court that there are mistakes of law as well as mistakes of fact, which will be relieved in equity; but I apprehend relief was never granted from such a mistake as this. Those mistakes from which relief has been granted were mistakes which occurred in doing something, not in doing nothing; they were mistakes of action, not of mere inaction. When one has contracted or acted on a false assumption of fact or of law, equity may relieve him from the effects of the action, and will not begin to count time against him until the discovery of the mistake; but where he has simply lain still, under a mistaken assumption of either fact or law, without having ever acted at all, it is not a question when time will begin to be counted against his relief, but it is a case where no relief will be granted at any time from the effects of his inaction."
Though in the case last cited the court was dealing with the statute of limitations, the same principle is applicable on the question of laches; and the language quoted is peculiarly applicable to the instant case. Here there are no allegations of misplaced confidence, artifice, deception, or fraud inducing the ignorance of the law, or debarring the plaintiff from sooner bringing the action. The excuse offered is solely an ignorance of the law. If this be an excuse sufficient to vindicate the plaintiff's negligence, would not the result be that in all cases involving the statute of limitations or laches, the negligent party might avoid the effect of his negligence by simply saying: though the facts were within my knowledge, I did not act sooner because I was ignorant of the law? Such an attempted avoidance shows nothing more than negligence itself. Certainly it shows no excuse for a party's failure to pursue his remedy diligently.
For the reasons stated, the amendment was insufficient to meet the demurrer; and the trial court erred in overruling the demurrers to the amendment and to the petition as amended.
Judgment reversed. All the Justices concur.