Summary
In Finsland v. Phillips Petroleum Co. (1973), 57 Wis.2d 267, 204 N.W.2d 1, this court set forth the scope of employment test applicable when the plaintiff seeks to hold the master liable for negligent acts of his servant.
Summary of this case from Bituminous Cas. Corp. v. United Military SupplyOpinion
No. 304.
Argued January 3, 1973. —
Decided February 8, 1973.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Douglas county: ALLEN KINNEY, Circuit Judge. Affirmed.
For the appellants there was a brief by Borg, McGill Moodie of Superior, and oral argument by Douglas S. Moodie.
For the respondents there was a brief by Davis, Witkin, Foley Weiby of Superior, and oral argument by Harold Witkin.
Facts.
Daryle Hunter, manager of a Phillips 66 service station in Duluth, Minnesota, drove the automobile that struck Thomas Paul Finsland, a minor. Thomas, by his guardian ad litem, and his parents, Robert P. and June Finsland, brought suit against Phillips Petroleum Company, Hunter's employer, and the Hartford Accident Indemnity Company, Phillips' insurer, alleging that at the time of the accident Hunter was engaged in carrying on the business of his employer. Defendants answered, denying that at the time of the accident Hunter was acting within the scope of his employment. Defendants moved for summary judgment.
By stipulation of the parties, the adverse examination of the driver, Daryle Hunter, was used by the trial court in deciding the motion for summary judgment. According to that adverse examination, the facts, summarized, are as follows.
Daryle Hunter resided in Superior, Wisconsin. He was the manager of a Phillips 66 station located in Duluth, Minnesota, approximately 20 miles from his home. Hunter was paid a regular salary, plus a commission on sales. Additionally, he was reimbursed when he used his automobile on company business. Rate of reimbursement was: eight cents for the first 800 miles, five cents for each additional mile. To obtain reimbursement, Hunter filled out a monthly travel voucher, the form showing mileage and the purpose of each trip. Hunter was authorized to use his automobile for company business, including customer pickup and banking.
Hunter's usual working hours at the service station were from 6 a.m. to 2 p.m. He did work at other hours and, as a manager, was on call at all times. One of Hunter's duties as manager was to mail to the Phillips Petroleum Company regional office a report of total sales for the preceding day, along with the day's receipts from sales. To transmit the receipts, Hunter would purchase a money order. He testified that he purchased such money orders from a bank, post-office or the Globe News office in Superior.
On Saturday, October 21, 1967, Hunter left the service station in Duluth some time after 4 p.m. He drove to Superior to get a money order at the Globe News office. He testified that he ". . . took London Road to Lake Street, Lake to Railroad Street, Railroad to Garfield, Garfield over the High Bridge, down Hammond." When he reached the intersection of Hammond and Belknap, he did not turn right on Belknap to the Globe News office. The parties have stipulated that, if Hunter had not planned to pick up his wife at his home on the day of the accident, he would have made a right turn at the intersection of Hammond and Belknap, and proceeded directly along Belknap Street to the Globe News office.
Instead, Hunter proceeded past Belknap Street, proceeding south on Hammond Avenue to 23rd Street, then west one block to Hughitt Avenue, and north on Hughitt to his home. He stopped at his home at 2220 Hughitt Avenue, intending to pick up his wife to take her downtown. His wife was not at home. By prearrangement Hunter and his wife agreed that if she was not at home he was to go to his mother's home at 1814 Hughitt Avenue to pick up his wife there and take her downtown. On the way from his home to his mother's house, the accident occurred.
At the time of the accident Hunter had with him in the car the day's receipts and sales report. After picking up his wife at his mother's home, he intended to go to the Globe News office and purchase a money order and mail the money order and sales report to the Phillips regional office. Hunter stated that, on some occasions, he would go home before going downtown to purchase a money order. He stated he would then submit a mileage charge to Phillips for the round trip from his home to wherever he purchased the money order. On the monthly mileage voucher, he stated he would give the "Purpose of the Trip" as "Getting money order."
The motion for summary judgment was granted by the trial court. Plaintiffs appeal.
This is not an action brought by an employee against his employer for benefits provided under the Workmen's Compensation Act. It is a third-party action alleging that an employer is liable for a negligent act committed by an employee while such employee was engaged in carrying on the work of the employer.
If this were a workmen's compensation case, the test would be whether at the time of injury the employee was performing service "growing out of and incidental to his employment." This is a broader base of employer liability than the common-law test which is whether the employee was acting "within the scope of employment."
Sec. 102.03(1)(c), Stats.
Butler v. Industrial Comm. (1953), 265 Wis. 380, 384, 61 N.W.2d 490, stating: "Workmen's compensation is not confined by common-law conceptions of scope of employment," citing with approval Edwards v. Louisiana Forestry Comm. (1952), 221 La. 818, 826, 60 So.2d 449, 451, referring to ". . . the modern judicial concept of compensation legislation, which is based on the premise that the phrase `arising out of the employment' does not have the same connotation as the common-law `scope of employment,' the interpretation earlier attributed to it, but means, instead, the employment viewed from any aspect — its nature, conditions, obligations and incidents. . . ."
Since this is a third-party action against an employer for an employee's act of negligence, the statutorily prescribed broader test does not apply. Rather, the test of respondeat superior applies. Thus, in this type of action, to prevail the plaintiff must establish that the employee was acting "within the scope of his employment" at the point in time and place involved in plaintiff's claim.
Kamp v. Curtis (1970), 46 Wis.2d 423, 431, 175 N.W.2d 267, stating: ". . . This court, as early as Butler v. Industrial Comm. (1953), 265 Wis. 380, 383, 384, 61 N.W.2d 490, recognized that the principles of the common-law doctrine of respondeat superior were different from those applicable to workmen's compensation cases." See also: cited case of Butler v. Industrial Comm., supra, stating at page 384: ". . . Whether an employee is acting within the scope or course of his employment is usually determinative of the issue of whether his employer should be held liable in damages for his employee's wrongful act, but is not necessarily controlling in determining whether an employer should be held liable under the Workmen's Compensation Act if the employee is injured. . . ."
Wuorinen v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co. (1972), 56 Wis.2d 44, 52, 53, 201 N.W.2d 521, stating: ". . . The appellants' position is that the `broader tests' and the `dual purpose test' adopted in workmen's compensation cases are the controlling law. . . .
"This is not a workmen's compensation case so neither the broader test of employment nor the dual purpose doctrine are controlling. Rather, the principles of the common-law doctrine of respondeat superior apply. . . ."
Gewanski v. Ellsworth (1917), 166 Wis. 250, 253, 164 N.W. 996, stating: ". . . In order to create a liability for the use of the automobile of the master by the servant two things must appear: first, the use must be with the knowledge and consent of the master, and second, it must be used within the scope of the employment and to facilitate the master's business. . . ."
While it seems a long way to go to get a money order, the twenty-mile trip from the service station in Duluth to the Globe News office in Superior, clearly was a trip made by the employee acting "within the scope of his employment." However, the problem arises because the employee deviated or detoured from the trip to the news office in order to go to his home and pick up his wife.
Plaintiff's brief concedes that ". . . It is true that there was a `physical and geographical deviation' from the most direct route from the station in Duluth to the Globe News where the money order was to be purchased. . . ." It is clear that there was. It is equally clear that the physical deviation was entirely for the employee's own purpose. It is not claimed that deviation to pick up the wife in any way served the employer's interest or was within the scope of employment. The general rule as to such deviation for a purely personal purpose has been stated to be:
"The general rule is that if an employee who is delegated to perform certain work for his employer steps or turns aside from his master's work or business to serve some purpose of his own, not connected with the employer's business, or, as it is often expressed, deviates or departs from his work to accomplish some purpose of his own not connected with his employment, the relation of master and servant is thereby temporarily suspended, and the master is not liable for his acts during the period of such suspension. The employee is then acting upon his own volition, obeying his own will, not as a servant, but as an independent person, even though he intends to and does return to his employer's business after he has accomplished the purpose of his detour from duty. . . ."
53 Am. Jur. 2d, Master and Servant, p. 449, sec. 430, Deviation or departure from master's business for employee's own purpose, also stating: ". . . The test of the employer's liability for the act of an employee who departs from the employer's business for purposes of his own is whether he was engaged in his employer's business at the time of the accident, and not whether he proposed to resume it. The employee is, so long as he is engaged in affairs of his own or is pursuing some purpose unrelated to his master's business, acting as much outside the scope of his employment as he would be were his working day ended, or his task completed, and thus his employer is relieved from liability for consequence of any tortious conduct committed by the employee during that period, however short it may be."
We concur with the trial court's finding that, as a matter of law, at the time of the accident, when Hunter was proceeding from his home to his mother's home to pick up his wife, the employee in this case had deviated and was not acting within the scope of his employment as service station manager. Where an employee thus steps aside and proceeds to serve some purpose of his own, the rule is that the employer is not liable for the employee's acts of negligence during the detour.
See: Kosteczko v. Industrial Comm. (1953), 265 Wis. 29, 31, 60 N.W.2d 355, stating: ". . . By such action he [the employee] deviated from the course of his employment. . . ." See also: Eckel v. Richter (1926), 191 Wis. 409, 412, 211 N.W. 258, stating: ". . . if the servant steps aside and proceeds to serve some purpose of his own, the master is not liable." (Citing Firemen's Fund Ins. Co. v. Schreiber (1912), 150 Wis. 42, 135 N.W. 507.)
Adams v. Quality Service Laundry Dry Cleaners (1948), 253 Wis. 334, 336, 34 N.W.2d 148, stating: ". . . We think it perfectly clear from the record that at the time of the accident Skaar was not acting within the scope of his employment with the Laundry Company. . . ." (where driver was using laundry truck to secure spare parts for the repair of his own car). See also: Eckel v. Richter, supra, page 412, stating: "The departure the servant from the scope of his employment may as measured in terms of time or space be very slight, nevertheless if the act performed be one in furtherance of his own purposes and without the scope of his employment the master is not liable." (Citing Seidl v. Knop (1921), 174 Wis. 397, 182 N.W. 980.)
Barragar v. Industrial Comm. (1931), 205 Wis. 550, 553, 238 N.W. 368, stating: ". . . In case . . . there are any detours for purely personal objectives, such detours must be separated from the main trip and the employee held to be outside the scope of his employment during such detour. . . ."
Conceding a "physical and geographical deviation," plaintiff's counsel argues that there is here "no mental or intentional deviation from the intent to serve his master." The driver, plaintiff's brief submits, "had a `dual purpose' combining business with a personal errand." This is not a case, we are told, where an employee on a prefixed route, "part way through such fixed route decided suddenly to go some place for an errand of his own unconnected with the master's service."
The invitation is to define detour or deviation as necessarily a spur-of-the-moment proposition. If one intended from the outset to make the detour on a personal mission, the claim is there can be no deviation because the trip had two purposes — one for the employer and one personal — from its beginning. Whether the deviation was for a drink or a visit or, as here, to pick up the wife, what he did and why he did it would become inconsequential. The important consideration would be when he made up his mind to do it. All joyrides on one's own would no longer be detours — at least not such if they were in mind when the trip began. Going off-route for a few beers would be no detour if one had planned at the outset to get thirsty at that exact juncture in the journey.
To begin with, this court has recently held that the "dual purpose doctrine" is not to be "controlling" in third-party actions against an employer for acts of negligence of his employee. Even if it were, the double purpose concept, in this state, has not been stretched as far as counsel would stretch it. The Wisconsin case plaintiff relies upon, Eckel v. Richter, involved a situation where an employee used the employer's car to go home for lunch and also to deliver meat ordered by his family from the employer. This court noted that ". . . had Ohlson not gone to his home for his noon meal he would have been compelled to make the trip to deliver the meat. . . ." In finding a double purpose to the single trip made, this court stated the test to be:
See: footnote 4, citing Wuorinen v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., holding: "This is not a workmen's compensation case so neither the broader test of employment nor the dual purpose doctrine are controlling." (p. 53)
(1926), 191 Wis. 409, 211 N.W. 158.
"Being engaged in the use of the defendant's automobile for a double purpose and having done or performed no act inconsistent with the prosecution of his employer's business, which was one of the purposes for which the automobile was taken, he was at the time of the accident acting within the scope of his employment and in furtherance of the master's business." (Emphasis supplied.)
Id. at page 413.
Whether viewed as a single purpose or dual purpose trip, we see in Eckel no substantial departure from serving the employer's purpose of having the meat delivered to the family that had ordered it. Long ago, in this state, it was held that, to constitute a deviation from the employer-serving purpose of a trip, the detour ". . . must be so substantial as to amount to a departure therefrom and for purposes entirely personal to the servant. . . ." In the case before us, when the station manager detoured the eight blocks to his home and had an accident on the way from his home to his mother's home, where he intended to pick up his wife, there was a substantial enough detour — and a departure from any purpose related to the employer. The purpose served by the deviation was entirely personal to the employee.
Thomas v. Lockwood Oil Co. (1921), 174 Wis. 486, 492, 182 N.W. 841.
Recently, in Wuorinen, this court reaffirmed what it earlier stated in Strack v. Strack, to wit, that the "controlling principle" in defining "within the scope of employment" can be stated as follows:
Wuorinen v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., supra, at page 54.
(1961), 12 Wis.2d 537, 541, 107 N.W.2d 632.
"Conduct of a servant is not within the scope of employment if it is different in kind from that authorized, far beyond the authorized time or space limits, or too little actuated by a purpose to serve the master."
Restatement, 1 Agency 2d, p. 504, sec. 228(2), cited and quoted in Wuorinen v. State Farm Mut. Automobile Ins. Co., supra, at page 54, and Strack v. Strack, supra, at page 541.
In Strack, the court concluded: ". . . Not only is there `little' actuation by a purpose to serve the master — there is no such purpose at all." When the driver here deviated or detoured eight blocks to go to his home, and, at the time of the accident, was on his way from his home to his mother's house to pick up his wife, we agree with the trial court that no purpose of the employer — no purpose at all — was being served. For an act of negligence of the employee occurring during such substantial detour for a purely personal purpose, the employer is not liable.
Strack v. Strack, supra, at page 541.
By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.