Opinion
41695.
SUBMITTED JANUARY 10, 1966.
DECIDED FEBRUARY 23, 1966.
Action for damages. Richmond Superior Court. Before Judge Kennedy.
Wallace B. Pierce, Thomas S. Pierce, Cohen, Cohen Slaton, Rodney S. Cohen, for appellant.
Fulcher, Fulcher, Hagler, Harper Reed, E. D. Fulcher, for appellee.
Where three cases were tried together, one being for an infant plaintiff to whom no negligence of the others could be imputed, and the court charged on the doctrine of comparative negligence, specifically limiting and applying it to the other cases, it was not error, absent any request therefor, to fail to charge additionally that the negligence of the infant's mother, if any, was not imputable to it, there having been no contention of imputability by the defendant and no issue raised as to that.
SUBMITTED JANUARY 10, 1966 — DECIDED FEBRUARY 23, 1966.
The vehicle driven by Mrs. Stewart G. Fallaw, pregnant with child, collided with that of Mobley Hobbs. Mrs. Fallaw received injuries and the child, though unborn at the time, was also injured. Mrs. Fallaw brought suit against Hobbs to recover for her own injuries; Mr. Fallaw brought suit to recover for medical bills, loss of services of his wife and loss of consortium; and the child, Gwendolyn May Fallaw, after its birth brought suit to recover for its injuries. The three cases were tried together and in charging the jury the court charged fully on the doctrine of comparative negligence as it may have applied to the cases of Mr. and Mrs. Fallaw, but failed to instruct that the negligence of the mother, if any, could not be imputed to the child. There was a verdict for the defendant in all cases. The child appeals, enumerating as error the failure of the court so to charge.
The right of a child to maintain an action against another to recover damages for prenatal injuries negligently inflicted has been established in Tucker v. Carmichael Sons, Inc., 208 Ga. 201 ( 65 S.E.2d 909), and Hornbuckle v. Plantation Pipe Line Co., 212 Ga. 504 ( 93 S.E.2d 727).
The negligence of a parent in driving an automobile in which the child is riding cannot be imputed to the child. Code § 105-205; Herrington v. Mayor c. of Macon, 125 Ga. 58 (5) ( 54 S.E. 71); Atlanta, B. C. R. Co. v. Loftin, 67 Ga. App. 601 ( 21 S.E.2d 290). (There is a different rule when the parent sues for loss of the child's services, or the husband sues for loss of his wife's services, etc. Woodham v. Powell, 61 Ga. App. 760 ( 7 S.E.2d 573); Hightower v. Landrum, 109 Ga. App. 510, 514 ( 136 S.E.2d 425); Shapiro Packing Co. v. Landrum, 109 Ga. App. 519, 523 ( 136 S.E.2d 446)).
The question for decision here is whether the charge of the court was error requiring a new trial because of failure to include an instruction that any negligence found to exist on the part of the mother could not be imputed to the unborn child and that the doctrine of comparative negligence thus had no application in its case. The question is close, but we must keep in mind that after the verdict every presumption and inference is in favor of the verdict. We must resolve any doubt to uphold the verdict, not only as to the effect of the evidence, but, as well, the effect of the charge. Stapleton v. Amerson, 96 Ga. App. 471 (5) ( 100 S.E.2d 628); Southern R. Co. v. Brock, 132 Ga. 858, 862 ( 64 S.E. 1083). For this reason, inter alia, it has been frequently held that it is not a good assignment of error on a portion of the charge which states a correct principle of law that some other correct and appropriate principle was not given. State Hwy. Dept. v. Porter, 96 Ga. App. 142, 143 ( 99 S.E.2d 519).
Now let us examine the charge on the matter of comparative negligence and consider whether it was, by its terms, limited to the cases of Mr. and Mrs. Fallaw so that the jury should have understood that they were not to apply it in considering the child's case. If that be true, then any failure to charge that the mother's negligence was not imputable to the child could not have been harmful, for it was only when it was imputed and then compared with the negligence of the defendant that the charge could have been harmful without the additional instruction.
The court charged, in this respect: "Now gentlemen of the jury, I charge you the principle of comparative negligence. If you should find that the plaintiff Mrs. Fallaw, was negligent and that her negligence contributed to the occurrence, and that the defendant was negligent and that his negligence contributed to the occurrence, it would be your duty to determine the degree of that plaintiff's negligence contributing to the occurrence and the degree of the defendant's negligence contributing to the occurrence. And if, in so doing, you should find that the degree of negligence attributable to the defendant causing the injury to the plaintiff, and that the plaintiff's negligence was a part of the proximate cause of the injury sustained, then neither the plaintiff, Mrs. Fallaw nor Mr. Fallaw would be entitled to recover. If you should find that the degree of negligence attributable to Mrs. Fallaw was less than that attributable to the defendant, and that the defendant's negligence was the proximate cause of the injury sustained, the plaintiff Mrs. Fallaw and Mr. Fallaw would be entitled to recover, but not the full amount of his or her damages. Those damages, when ascertained, should be reduced by you in proportion to the degree of negligence attributable to Mrs. Fallaw." (Emphasis supplied).
It is obvious from this charge that it was directed to the cases of Mr. and Mrs. Fallaw only. They were specifically named as the plaintiffs to whose cases it should be applied. It is equally significant that neither the child's name (Gwendolyn May Fallaw) nor its case was in any way referred to or mentioned in connection with this charge on comparative negligence, and that it had already been directed to the jury's attention that they were considering three cases for three separate plaintiffs.
Applicable to the child's case, as well as to the others, it was charged that "to be the proximate cause of an occurrence the injury must be the natural and probable consequence of the act or acts of negligence; must be such a consequence as under the surrounding circumstances of the case might and ought to have been foreseen by the wrongdoer as likely to flow from that act," and that "the burden is upon the plaintiff in each of these cases of showing that the defendant was guilty of ordinary negligence in one or more of the ways alleged in the petition and that such act or acts of negligence was the proximate cause of the plaintiff's injury and damage."
It was further charged: "Now the minor child which was unborn at the time of this occurrence, the plaintiff's attorney and next friend bringing this suit for her contends that she has a disfigurement — her eyes, and that her body is not as fully developed and will not be as fully developed as it should because of the premature birth. Now if you find that the minor child is entitled to recover, then I charge you that as a part of pain and suffering she would be entitled to recover for any disfigurement of her body or person. That would be an item of pain and suffering and the measure of damages, the rule, is the enlightened conscience of impartial and upright jurors under the sanctity of their oaths as jurors."
At no time or place in the charge did the court suggest that the rule of comparative negligence should or could have application to the child's case.
While it is true that the court did not specifically instruct that the doctrine was not to be applied against the child, it does not seem likely that the jury could have misunderstood. "We should not assume that the jury paid no attention to some portions of the charge; but on the contrary the presumption is that the jury pays attention to and correctly applies all of the charge." Stanley v. Squadrito, 107 Ga. App. 651, 658 ( 131 S.E.2d 227). "Jurors are required by law to be selected for their uprightness and intelligence. Code § 59-106. They are expected to bring into the box, not only uprightness, but also intelligence, and there ought to be a presumption that jurors, through the use of the intelligence which they are required to have in order to be qualified to be jurors, are able to correctly analyze the evidence and determine the facts, shown by such evidence, to have occurred. Mathews v. Caldwell, 5 Ga. App. 336 (2) ( 63 S.E. 250). Accordingly, where the court gives to the jurors a legally correct statement of an abstract proposition of law, leaving them to apply it to the facts of the case as disclosed by the evidence, there should be some presumption that, through the use of their intellect, the jurors will be able to differentiate between the parties and ascertain from a consideration and an analysis of the evidence to which of the parties the proposition charged by the court is applicable. Therefore, in the absence of a written request it would not seem to be error to fail to instruct the jury that the proposition must be limited in its application to one party or the other." Purcell v. Hill, 111 Ga. App. 256, 259 ( 141 S.E.2d 153). (Emphasis supplied.) There was no request here.
At no time in the trial of these cases did the defendant suggest or contend that the negligence of Mrs. Fallaw was imputable to her unborn child. It was not an issue in the case.
Judgment affirmed. Bell, P. J., and Jordan, J., concur.