Summary
In Fairfax MK, Inc. v. City of Clarkston, 274 Ga. 520 (2002), the Georgia Supreme Court defined "zoning ordinances" as those which "`regulate by classifying property into separate districts.'"
Summary of this case from Augusta Video, Inc. v. Augusta-Richmond CountyOpinion
S01A1274.
DECIDED: NOVEMBER 30, 2001.
Zoning ordinance. DeKalb Superior Court. Before Judge Merck, pro hac vice.
Dillard Galloway, C. Douglas Dillard, Andrea C. Jones, for appellant.
Sanders, Haugen, Sears Meeker, Theodore Paul Meeker, III, Laurel E. Henderson, for appellee.
Fairfax MK, Inc. applied for a building permit to construct a gasoline service station in the City of Clarkston on property owned by Creek Pointe MK, LLC. Because the property is located near a day care center, the City Council denied the application based upon a provision of the City's Gasoline Service Station Ordinance (GSSO) which requires a minimum distance of 500 feet between a gas station and a school or other place of public assembly. Thereafter, the City amended the GSSO specifically to include day care centers within the definition of the term "school." Fairfax MK subsequently submitted a second application for a building permit, which was also denied. Fairfax MK and Creek Pointe MK (Appellants) brought suit for declaratory judgment and mandamus. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the City, based in part on the ruling that the GSSO is not a zoning ordinance subject to the Zoning Procedures Law (ZPL), OCGA §§ 36-66-1 et seq. Appellants filed an application for discretionary appeal, which we granted in order to consider what constitutes a zoning ordinance under the ZPL.
1. The ZPL "is mandatory and applies to the entire process of adopting or amending a zoning ordinance. [Cits.]" Little v. City of Lawrenceville, 272 Ga. 340, 341 (1) ( 528 S.E.2d 515) (2000). However, zoning is to be distinguished from other regulations with which a developer must comply, such as requirements for a building permit. See McClure v. Davidson, 258 Ga. 706, 711 (6) ( 373 S.E.2d 617) (1988). Each type of regulation "is independent of the other and seeks to accomplish its purpose by a different means." 8 McQuillin, Municipal Corporations § 25.12, p. 45 (3rd ed. rev. 2000).
OCGA § 36-66-3 (5) defines the term "zoning ordinance" as "an ordinance or resolution of a local government establishing procedures and zones or districts within its respective territorial boundaries which regulate the uses and development standards of property within such zones or districts." This definition encompasses only regulation of uses and development by means of zones or districts.
"Zoning" means the power of local governments to provide within their respective territorial boundaries for the zoning or districting of property for various uses and the prohibition of other or different uses within such zones or districts and for the regulation of development and the improvement of real estate within such zones or districts in accordance with the uses of property for which such zones or districts were established." (Emphasis supplied.)
OCGA § 36-66-3 (3). Thus, "zoning ordinances" are those which "regulate by classifying property into separate districts. . . ."City of Lilburn v. Sanchez, 268 Ga. 520, 521 (1) ( 491 S.E.2d 353) (1997).
Other jurisdictions hold "that compliance with statutory zoning procedures is needed only when the local law in question represents an exercise of the local government's general `zoning' powers, rather than an exercise of a more specific `police' power." Town of Islip v. Zalak, 566 N.Y.S.2d 306, 310 (Sup.Ct. 1991).
[A] zoning ordinance [is] one which involves "a comprehensive or master plan for dividing the community into zones where specified uses are permitted," as compared with licensing law which "is directed at one particular activity no matter where in the town it is carried out." [Cit.] Put more simply, licensing "regulates establishments based on the type of business they conduct," and zoning regulates them "based on their location." [Cit.]
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Dembo, 719 A.2d 1007, 1011 (Md.App. 1998).
Here, Appellants were not prevented from building a service station because of the property's zoning. The City denied a building permit because the proposed facility would be close to a day care center. The fact that a licensing ordinance somewhat concerns location does not make it a zoning ordinance. The regulation of certain types of businesses due to their inherent character is not general and comprehensive like zoning. Instead, such regulation is special and limited in scope and governed by consideration of the circumstances, at the time of application, as to the particular business under consideration, the applicant, and even the location proposed. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Dembo, supra at 1011; Primm v. City of Reno, 252 P.2d 835, 839 (Nev. 1953). The presence of lot size requirements or space restrictions does not transform a local licensing or regulatory ordinance into one governed by a zoning procedures statute where it is clear from a reading of the ordinance "as a whole that it is intended to regulate a particular occupation, rather than to regulate the general uses of land." Town of Islip v. Zalak, supra at 310. See also Bittinger v. Corporation of Bolivar, 395 S.E.2d 554, 558 (I) (W.Va. 1990). If a local ordinance applies to a particular activity wherever it is carried out in the town and does not suspend or limit the zoning ordinance, it "is not a zoning law merely because it touches the use of land." Town of Islip v. Zalak, supra at 311.
Accordingly, the trial court correctly concluded that the GSSO is not a zoning ordinance and, therefore, the procedural requirements of the ZPL do not apply.
2. Appellants also urge that the trial court erred in failing to strike the amendments to the GSSO for noncompliance with the requirement of § 2-26 of the City Code. They contend that that ordinance provides that the order of business at City Council meetings be as specified on the agenda prepared beforehand, but the record does not contain any copy of § 2-26. "The superior and appellate courts of this state do not take judicial notice of a municipal ordinance. [Cits.]" Police Benevolent Assn. v. Brown, 268 Ga. 26, 27 (2) ( 486 S.E.2d 28) (1997). See also Childers v. Richmond County, 266 Ga. 276, 277 ( 467 S.E.2d 176) (1996); Hernandez v. Bd. of Commissioners, 242 Ga. 76, 77 ( 247 S.E.2d 870) (1978). Moreover, although it is within the province of courts to inquire into compliance with statutory charter provisions, the observance of parliamentary and other procedural rules enacted by a municipal corporation is not a matter of judicial concern. Ellis v. Stokes, 207 Ga. 423, 429-430 (2) ( 61 S.E.2d 806) (1950); South Georgia Power Co. v. Baumann, 169 Ga. 649, 654-655 (2) ( 151 S.E. 513) (1929).
3. Appellants further contend that the trial court erred in failing to find that the day care center is illegally operating in an Office-Institutional district, which does not include a school as a permitted use. However, Appellants waived this objection by failing to raise it before the City Council. See Trend Development Corp. v. Douglas County, 259 Ga. 425, 427 (2) ( 383 S.E.2d 123) (1989); Hyman v. Pruitt, 226 Ga. 625-626 (1) ( 176 S.E.2d 707) (1970); Soerries v. City of Columbus, 222 Ga. App. 745, 746 ( 476 S.E.2d 64) (1996) (failure to raise statutory issues before the City Council precluded raising them for the first time in court).
4. Appellants urge that the trial court applied an incorrect standard, because it found that the distance requirements of the GSSO are not arbitrary or capricious.
The proper standard is whether the distance requirement is rationally related to a legitimate government purpose. Bradshaw v. Dayton, 270 Ga. 884 (1) ( 514 S.E.2d 831) (1999); City of Lilburn v. Sanchez, supra at 521 (1); Cannon v. Coweta County, 260 Ga. 56, 57 (2) ( 389 S.E.2d 329) (1990). Compare Gradous v. Bd. of Commissioners, 256 Ga. 469 ( 349 S.E.2d 707) (1986).
Stated another way, an ordinance satisfies this substantive-due-process test if the ordinance serves some public purpose and if the means adopted by the ordinance are reasonably necessary for the accomplishment of the purpose, and are not unduly oppressive upon the persons regulated, [cits.].
Cannon v. Coweta County, supra at 58 (2). This test includes the requirement that the regulation be neither arbitrary nor capricious. Hayward v. Ramick, 248 Ga. 841, 843 (1) ( 285 S.E.2d 697) (1982); Rockdale County v. Mitchell's Used Auto Parts, 243 Ga. 465 ( 254 S.E.2d 846) (1979). However, the prohibition against arbitrary or capricious regulation is also a relevant consideration in a challenge to the constitutionality of a zoning ordinance as applied, under Gradous v. Bd. of Commissioners, supra. The substantive due process, rather than the Gradous standard, applies here. Cannon v. Coweta County, supra at 58 (2). Other than its finding that the distance requirements are not arbitrary and capricious, the trial court did not expressly mention or apply any standard in its order. Because it is unclear which standard was relied upon by the trial court, we remand this case for a determination of the constitutionality of the distance requirements of the GSSO under the correct substantive due process test set out above. See In re R.L.L., 258 Ga. 628 ( 373 S.E.2d 363) (1988).
Case remanded with direction. All the Justices concur.
DECIDED NOVEMBER 30, 2001.