Summary
In Fagnan v. Knox (66 N.Y. 525, 528) the court said: "The question of what constitutes probable cause does not depend upon whether the offense has been committed in fact, nor whether the accused is guilty or innocent, but upon the prosecutor's belief, based upon reasonable grounds.
Summary of this case from Dachs v. Delite Realty Co.Opinion
Argued May 22, 1876
Decided September 19, 1876
Edmund Randolph Robinson for the appellant. John D. Townsend for the respondent.
This action is for malicious prosecution of the plaintiff for embezzlement. In such an action it is incumbent on the plaintiff to prove that the prosecution was instituted without probable cause, and maliciously. The question of probable cause is a question of law and not of fact. It is sometimes said to be a mixed question of law and fact. This only means that when the facts adduced to prove a want of probable cause are controverted, or conflicting evidence is to be weighed, or the credibility of witnesses is to be passed upon, it must be submitted to the jury to find the facts under proper instructions as to the law. ( 10 N Y, 240.)
It is true, as claimed by the counsel for the defendant, that if the facts which the plaintiff's evidence tends to prove, would not establish a want of probable cause, although there may be a conflict of evidence, it is the duty of the court to withdraw the question from the jury because a finding in favor of the plaintiffs would not avail him in law upon the point. The question of what constitutes probable cause does not depend upon whether the offense has been committed in fact, nor whether the accused is guilty or innocent, but upon the prosecutor's belief, based upon reasonable grounds. (4 Cush., 288.) The prosecutor may act upon appearances, and if the apparent facts are such that a discreet and prudent person would be led to the belief that the accused had committed a crime, he will not be liable in this action, although it may turn out that the accused was innocent. ( 53 N.Y., 17.) If there is an honest belief of guilt, and there exist reasonable grounds for such belief, the party will be justified. But however suspicious the appearances may be from existing circumstances, if the prosecutor has knowledge of facts which will explain the suspicious appearances and exonerate the accused from a criminal charge, he cannot justify a prosecution by putting forth the prima facie circumstances, and excluding those within his knowledge which tend to prove innocence.
While it is important for the public security to protect persons who in good faith institute criminal prosecutions against offenders, it is equally important to protect individuals from injury by unfounded and malicious prosecutions. It is not always easy to apply these general and familiar rules to the facts of a given case. The learned counsel for the defendant insisted that the plaintiff failed to establish a want of probable cause and that the court should have granted a nonsuit. A brief reference to the principal facts proved or claimed to have been proved will be most conducive to a proper understanding of this question as presented to the court. The plaintiff had been for more than twenty years, prior to 1872, the confidential managing clerk and book-keeper for the defendant, who was engaged in the business of a hatter. In 1872 the plaintiff was sick for a few weeks, during which the defendant employed another book-keeper whom he concluded to retain permanently, and upon the return of the plaintiff he was relieved from the duties of book-keeper and assigned to those of managing clerk in the store, and his salary was reduced. In making up his account it was discovered that some items charged to him upon a petty cash-book kept by the cashier had not been transferred to the cash-book kept by the plaintiff, and a larger number of charges upon the latter had not been posted upon the ledger. There was also one erasure at least, and some false additions in favor of the plaintiff upon the ledger, which, with the items not posted, amounted to about $2,500, all of which occurred in about three years. There was evidence tending to show that the plaintiff admitted the correctness of the account, and it appeared that after some negotiation, a settlement was had, the plaintiff and his wife conveying to the defendant real estate which the latter accepted in full satisfaction, and gave a general release. The plaintiff had access to, and charge of, the money drawer, and control and supervision over the employes, including the cashier. Upon these facts unexplained it is manifest that the defendant had ample cause for the prosecution. The plaintiff, however, claimed and testified in substance, that he kept a private memorandum-book which would explain these apparent discrepancies, and would show that he lent sums of money from time to time to the defendant, which he deducted from the sums charged to himself on the cash-books, and carried the balance only into the ledger account, and that these accounts for money lent were adjusted once a year between them; that when he was sick the defendant called upon him, and mentioned the discrepancies appearing on the book sagainst him, when he produced his memorandum-book, and told the defendant that it would satisfactorily explain the accounts. That the defendant examined the memorandum-book, and requested to take it away to which he consented, and that he had never seen it since, the defendant refusing to produce it, and denying all knowledge of it. The evidence of the plaintiff as to the defendant's taking the book was corroborated to some extent by his wife, and the plaintiff claimed in effect, that he was induced to settle with the defendant through fear of a criminal prosecution, believing that the defendant had suppressed his only evidence, and had the advantage of him. This explanation was denied and controverted by the defendant and other witnesses.
The court denied the motion for a nonsuit, and charged that if the plaintiff gave to the defendant a memorandum-book containing memoranda of sums of money paid to the defendant by the plaintiff which would explain the apparent errors and discrepancies in the books of the defendant kept by the plaintiff in a way consistent with the plaintiff's innocence of the charge of embezzlement then the defendant had no probable cause for charging the plaintiff with embezzlement. To the refusal to nonsuit and to the charge, there was an exception. It is urged that the plaintiff's explanation is incredible, that it was contradicted by overwhelming evidence, that the fact of a settlement, and other circumstances were sufficient to establish a want of probable cause. The answer to these views is, that they were for the jury to decide. Conceding, as the defendant claims, that the explanation was improbable, that many circumstances tended to show it untrue, yet it cannot be affirmed that the circumstances might not have existed. The leading fact was the procurement of the memorandum-book, and its suppression. That question was fairly submitted to the jury. It would have been error for the court to have withdrawn that question from the jury. It depended mainly upon the credibility of witnesses, and was peculiarly a fit question for the jury. If true, it tended very strongly, if not conclusively, to show bad faith on the part of the defendant. If the book was of the character claimed and was suppressed, under the circumstances it is difficult to see how the defendant could relieve himself from the charge of malicious prosecution. Neither mistake nor misapprehension is alleged. The defendant denied all knowledge of the existence of the book and claimed that the story of the plaintiff in respect to it was untrue. The jury may have found that he was guilty of suppressing evidence against himself, and of falsehood as a witness in denying it. It is not our province to review the facts. We must take them as found by the jury. There was no error in law therefore in denying the motion for a nonsuit, or in the charge above referred to.
The court upon request charged among others the following: "If you find that the defendant prior to the complaint against the plaintiff charging him with embezzlement, settled with the plaintiff for the moneys the defendant afterwards charged the plaintiff with having embezzled as and for a debt on contract expressed or implied, such fact would be evidence that the defendant did not believe the plaintiff had embezzled the said moneys," to which there was an exception. It is urged by the counsel for the plaintiff in answer to this exception, that the moneys received by the plaintiff were paid to him by the defendant's cashier, and that they were not intrusted to him as agent or clerk, and hence that a charge of embezzlement could not be made. It is undisputed that the plaintiff had the management and control of the establishment and its employes. He had unlimited access to the money drawer and the cashier acted under his direction. Money paid over by the cashier to the plaintiff and by his direction, was the same as if taken from the safe or money drawer by himself. He had charge of all the money in the establishment, both in fact and in law; and if he manipulated the books so as to conceal the real amount received, with intent to cheat his employer, it would make no difference whether the money came through the cashier's hands or was taken directly by the plaintiff. But the charge does not embrace the point of the argument. The judge did not charge, nor was he requested to charge, that the transaction would not constitute embezzlement for the reason now claimed, nor was it submitted to the jury to say whether the defendant treated the amount of the discrepany as an ordinary debt or over-draft; but the jury were instructed that if the defendant settled as and for a debt, express or implied, it was evidence of a want of probable cause. The charge was calculated to produce an erroneous impression. The effect of it was to convey the idea that the settlement and payment of the amount claimed by the defendant was evidence that no crime had been committed, and that the defendant did not believe that there had been. The qualifying words "as and for a debt or contract, express or implied," do not relieve it. An action for money had and received will lie for money obtained by fraud or embezzlement. In all such cases the law implies a promise to pay. ( 15 Mass., 336; 3 J.R., 183; 1 Abb. Ct. of Appeals, 333.) The defendant had a legal right to settle with the plaintiff, and receive payment for the amount abstracted as and for a debt upon an implied contract, and such settlement was no bar to a criminal prosecution, nor did it furnish evidence that the defendant did not believe that the money had been embezzled. The mere fact of settlement had no legitimate bearing on that question, certainly not against the defendant, and was equally consistent with a belief of guilt or innocence. The evidence is undisputed that throughout the negotiations for a settlement the defendant claimed that he had been criminally defrauded by the plaintiff, and there is no foundation for an inference that he regarded the demand as an ordinary debt. The inference is much more reasonable that he intended by the settlement to compound what he claimed was a crime. However this may be, we think that the charge gave undue prominence to the settlement against the defendant upon the question of probable cause. There are numerous questions raised upon the admission of evidence, which we do not deem it necessary to consider. The points may not arise on another trial; and, as to some of them, it is difficult to determine, from the general character of the objections, the precise point which was intended to be decided.
For the error in the charge, the judgment must be reversed and a new trial ordered, costs to abide the event.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.