Opinion
No. 2159.
Decided January 22, 1913. Rehearing Denied February 19, 1913.
1. — Contempt — Influencing Juror — Practice on Appeal.
Where, upon trial of contempt of court in corruptly attempting to influence a juror, the court found against the relator on the facts submitted, the same will not be inquired into by the Court of Criminal Appeals, although the evidence was conflicting; the court having jurisdiction over the subject matter, the person of defendant, and the authority to render the judgment. Following Ex Parte Degener, 30 Texas Crim. App., 566.
2. — Same — Illegal Juror — Practice.
Where relator was fined for contempt for attempting to corruptly influence a juror, the contention of relator that the juror was not a legal juror because he was under an indictment for assault to murder was no defense; besides, such charge against the juror had been dismissed and the action of State's counsel ratified by the court.
3. — Same — Case Stated — Disqualification of Juror no Defense.
Where the relator had attempted to improperly influence the juror who had been duly empannelled and sworn, the fact that said juror could be legally disqualified if the question had been properly raised would not prevent relator from being guilty of contempt, if he improperly approached the juror while the latter in fact was serving as a juror; although it may have been subsequently ascertained that the juror might have been disqualified. Following Florez v. State, 11 Texas Crim. App., 102, and other cases.
4. — Same — Rule Stated.
Where relator was fined for contempt for an attempt to corrupt the juror, he could not justify his conduct that such person was not a legal juror where the latter was in fact serving as a juror.
5. — Same Contempt — Corruptly Approaching Juror.
The court cannot sanction the doctrine that one can approach a person improperly as a juryman and when it is sought to punish him, permit him to escape punishment by showing that such person was improperly or illegally serving as a juror, especially where the relator had no reason to believe at the time that the juryman was not qualified to serve. Following Moseley v. State, 25 Texas Crim. App., 515, and other cases. Qualifying Moore v. State, 44 Tex. Crim. 159.
Appeal from the Criminal District Court of Harris. Tried below before the Hon. C.W. Robinson.
Appeal from a conviction of contempt; penalty, a fine of $100 and three days confinement in the county jail.
The opinion states the case.
Heidingsfelders and A.S. Phelps and O. Dickens, for relator. — On question of jurisdiction, and fining relator for contempt: Ex Parte Duncan, 42 Tex.Crim. Rep.; Ex Parte Snodgrass, 43 id, 359; Ex Parte Kearby, 35 id, 531; Ex Parte Degener, 30 Texas Crim. App., 566; Ex Parte Ogden, 63 Tex.Crim. Rep.; 140 S.W. Rep., 345; Ex Parte McRae, 45 Tex.Crim. Rep..
C.E. Lane, Assistant Attorney-General, for the State.
At the August term of the Harris County Criminal Court applicant was tried, charged with being in contempt of that court, and upon a hearing of the matter the Hon. C.W. Robinson entered up an order holding that "the court is of the opinion that the defendant should be held in contempt of this court for unduly attempting to influence a juror in the manner and by the means alleged, who had been duly summoned, sworn and impaneled as a juror for the week, in a manner that would hinder the due administration of justice, and the administration of the laws of this State, and punished by a fine of one hundred dollars and three days imprisonment in the county jail," etc. The complaint upon which relator was fined was filed by Hon. Richard G. Maury, the district attorney, and alleged, "on or about the 26th day of the month of September, A.D. 1912, in the county of Harris and State of Texas, A.S. Shepherd, did unlawfully, willfully and corruptly, and in contempt of this court, and with the purpose to influence in his action as a juror one J.F. Hill, did approach and attempt to influence the said J.F. Hill in his deliberations and determination as a juror, in this, to wit: that upon said date the said J.F. Hill was a regularly sworn juror in the Criminal District Court of Harris County, Texas, for the week, and was serving as same on the date aforesaid, and that upon said date the said A.S. Shepherd approached the said J.F. Hill and inquired of him if he was on the jury in the said court, and upon being informed by the said J.F. Hill that he was on said jury, he the said A.S. Shepherd then and there stated to him that he had a very good friend, to wit: N.A. Hughes, who was going to be tried this week, and that if he, the said Hill, could do anything for the said N.A. Hughes, he, the said A.S. Shepherd, would appreciate it."
Relator was cited to appear, and on a hearing it was shown that Mr. Hill was regularly summoned to serve on the jury for the week, and was impaneled as a juror and served as a juror for that week of the court. That on Thursday morning, after having been impaneled on the jury for the week, on Monday preceding, on his way to the courtroom, he met relator upstairs in the courthouse, and had a conversation with him. The witness testified: "I spoke to Shepherd (relator) and he said, `What are you doing up here?' I said `I am on the regular jury for the week,' and he said, `I have got a particular friend with a case coming up this week, and if you can do anything for him it will be appreciated. Try him like you would yourself.' He said his friend was Dr. Hughes."
Relator testified denying this entire conversation, and reciting an entirely innocent conversation he claims he had with the juror. The court, however, by his judgment finds the facts to be as testified to by the juryman ,and with this issue of fact we have no right to inquire into in a habeas corpus proceeding, if the facts as testified to, under any legitimate conclusion of fact found by the court, would authorize the court to adjudge relator guilty. This court, in the case of Ex parte Degener, 30 Texas Crim. App. 566, quotes extensively from the authorities and discusses the question at length and this rule in habeas corpus cases is approved: "There are three essential elements necessary to render a conviction valid. These are, that the court may have jurisdiction over the subject matter, the person of the defendant, and the authority to render the particular judgment. If either of these elements are lacking, the judgment is fatally defective." Thus we can examine the facts only insofar as to enable us to determine if the court had authority in law to render the judgment he did render. If he did, we have no right to substitute our finding on the facts in place of his finding, where the evidence is contradictory. If under all the evidence no legitimate deduction could be drawn therefrom, which in law would authorize the judgment rendered, then we will discharge. As before stated, the evidence offered by the State would support a finding that the language used was contemptuous, and we would not be authorized to review that finding of fact. However, relator insists that the evidence conclusively shows that J.F. Hill was not a legal juror, and for this reason, even if Mr. Hill was approached in the manner testified to by him and as found by the court, as he was not a legal juror, the court, as a matter of law, "had no authority to render the judgment," and cites us to subdivision 4 of Art. 673 and Art. 676 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, wherein it is declared to be the law of this State that a person under indictment or other legal accusation for theft or any felony is not a qualified juror, and that no such person shall be impaneled as a juror, although the parties may consent.
The evidence would show that the grand jury of Harris County, some time prior to the August term of the court, had indicted Mr. Hill, charging him with assault to murder. While examining Mr. Hill, as a witness, relator's counsel asked him the question: "It is a fact that you are under indictment pending in this court charged with assault to murder one Neil McCay?" To which the witness answered: "I am not now." The real facts would show that on Saturday before the district attorney had instructed his assistant to file a dismissal of the case against Mr. Hill, and later, and prior to the time the question was raised, Mr. Kendall, assistant district attorney, had filed with the clerk a nolle prosequi, but the same had not been called to the attention of the presiding judge and he had entered no order thereon; however, he must at least have given his assent thereto then, for it appears affirmatively by the record that the juror continued to serve on the jury for the remainder of the week, and in the case then on trial the juror was not held disqualified by the court, but was excused by the consent of the parties from that case. The juror was impaneled on Monday, served on the jury Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday; this question was raised on Thursday; he was excused by the consent of the parties from serving in that case, and then continued to serve on the jury Thursday, Friday and Saturday, being allowed his per diem as juryman for the entire week. Thus it would seem clear that when the court's attention was called to the nolle prosequi on file, he ratified or rather gave his consent to the action of the district attorney in dismissing the case, although he may not have formally entered an order to that effect. Again, it appears from the record, as hereinbefore stated, the juror was impaneled on Monday and had served on the jury three days when approached by relator, and the question of his being a legally qualified juror had not been raised. It was subsequent to the time of the conversation between the juror and relator that the question of his qualification as a legal juror was raised in the Dr. Hughes case, and if, at the time he was approached, it should be held that the juror was not a legal juror by reason of the fact that the court had not formally entered up an order approving the action of the district attorney in dismissing the case, yet he was in fact serving as a juror, being duly impaneled and sworn, and continued to do so, and the fact that he could be legally disqualified if the question was raised, would not prevent relator being guilty of contempt if he improperly approached him while he was in fact serving on the jury as a juryman. We do not think the question of whether or not he could have been disqualified as a juror, if the question had been raised, can avail relator. He approached him while he in fact was serving as a juror in a court of this State with improper proposals, and the fact that it was subsequently ascertained that he was not legally doing so, cannot avail relator as a justification for his offense, nor in mitigation thereof. In the case of Florez v. State, 11 Texas Crim. App. 102, Florez was being prosecuted for offering to bribe an officer, and one of his defenses was that the officer was not a legal officer, and Judge Hurt, in deciding the case, says: "To hold that deputy sheriffs, constables and jailors, who have the custody of prisoners charged in a great many cases with capital felonies, can be bribed to discharge the felons, and when those guilty of the bribing are sought to be brought to justice and punishment, that they can plead that the custodians of prisoners were not in every particular legally appointed, would be a terrible doctrine indeed. Moral obliquity obtains in the one case as well as the other. The injury to public justice being the same, the defense, if one at all, is strictly technical, without foundation as we think in principle, and evidently against justice."
So in this case we think it immaterial whether or not Hill was a legal juror. He had been duly summoned, impaneled and sworn as a juror, and he was approached in that capacity, and as said by Judge Hurt, it would be a terrible doctrine indeed that would permit a person to approach one serving his country as a juryman and endeavor to corrupt him, and when tried for that offense, permit him to justify his conduct that such person was not a legal juror.
This court again in the case of Moseley v. State, 25 Texas Crim. App. 515, held such a defense not a valid defense. In that case Moseley had arrested a prisoner and accepted a bribe to release him, and when tried offered evidence that the arrest was an illegal one. The court says: "It is insisted by counsel for defendant that the arrest and custody of John Gable by the defendant was without authority of law, and that, therefore, it was no offense for the defendant to accept a bribe to release him. We do not so understand the law. It was by virtue of his official authority that the defendant arrested and held John Gable. It matters not whether the arrest and custody were legal or illegal, the said Gable was a prisoner in the custody of the defendant, a peace officer, and was permitted by the defendant to escape, in consideration of money paid him to effect such escape. We are of the opinion that, in a prosecution for this offense, it is not permissible for the defendant to question the legality of his custody of the prisoner. Such an issue is irrelevant and immaterial. The moral obliquity of this offense is the same where the custody of the prisoner is illegal as where it is legal, and the injury to public justice is the same."
As said in that case, the law abhors official corruption, and we can not sanction the doctrine that one can approach a person serving as a juryman improperly, and when it is sought to punish him for such an act, he can escape the due punishment for his act by showing that such person was improperly or illegally serving in that capacity. It is not attempted to be shown that relator at the time he approached the juror knew or had any reason to believe that the juryman was not qualified to serve, but his whole acts and conduct would show that he was seeking to influence a man who had been impaneled on the jury for the week, and who, so far as respondent knew at the time, was a legal juror, and whom he thought might be selected on the jury to try his friend, Dr. Hughes. It is his acts for which he is being punished, and his conduct is as reprehensible in the one instance as the other, and he will not be permitted to say that he subsequently learned the juror was not a legal juror.
Our attention has been called to the case of Moore v. State, 44 Tex. Crim. 159, in which an officer had arrested Moore without warrant, and Moore had offered to pay him $50 "to be released if the officer would say nothing about the matter." In that case it is sought to distinguish it from the Florez and Moseley cases, supra, and it is held that as "Moore had nothing to do with the illegality of the arrest, except that he was suffering an injury to his personal rights by reason thereof," he would not be guilty of any wrong. We are left in doubt as to whether the opinion is based on the fact that Moore was guilty of no crime, and therefore suffering illegal detention, or whether it was the mere fact he had been arrested without a warrant. If the latter proposition is the one asserted in the opinion, we do not think it is the law, and while as said by Judge Hurt in the Florez case, supra, there are some cases to be found so holding, yet the great weight of authority holds otherwise. And the same learned judge who wrote the opinion in the Moore case, in a later opinion (Johnson v. State, 49 Tex.Crim. Rep.) held that as the officer did not have time to obtain a warrant, the arrest was legal, and the person offering such an officer a bribe to be released under such conditions was guilty. A long list of decisions from other states approve the decision of Judge Hurt in the Florez case, and the decision of Judge Willson in the Moseley case, among which might be cited: State v. Ellis, 33 N.J.L. 102; People v. McGarry, 136 Mich. 316; State v. Lehman, 182 Mo. 424; State v. Campbell, 73 Kans. 688; Murphy v. State, 124 Wis. 635; State v. Polks, 78 Iowa 656; Diggs v. State, 49 Ala. 311; State v. Wynne, 118 N.C. 1206; State v. Duncan, 153 Ind. 318; State v. Gardner, 54 Ohio 24; State v. Goss, 69 Me. 22; Meachum Pub. Off., sec. 336, and cases cited in these opinions. While all these cases may be said to be prosecutions for bribery, yet the principle of the law therein announced is applicable to the question here involved. In this case, as hereinbefore stated, the relator approaches a man who has been regularly summoned, impaneled and sworn, and who is serving as a juror, and whom relator, so far as this record discloses, had no reason to believe was not legally doing so, and seeks to influence his action in a particular case. That it may have been subsequently discovered that such person was not a legal juror would not be available as a defense to his wrongful conduct, and as the trial judge found on hearing the case that relator was guilty of unduly attempting to influence a juror as alleged in the complaint, the relator is remanded.
Remanded to custody.
[Rehearing denied February 19, 1913. — Reporter.]