Opinion
October 10, 1951 —
November 6, 1951.
APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Waushara county: ROLAND J. STEINLE, Circuit Judge, Presiding. Reversed.
Kenneth E. Worthing of Fond du Lac, for the appellant.
For the respondents there was a brief by Ruth E. Van Epps of Weyauwega, and Wendell McHenry of Waupaca, and oral argument by Mr. McHenry, Mrs. Van Epps, and Miss Marian Morse of Fond du Lac.
Gordon Curtis, as son and heir at law of Nellie Curtis, deceased, appealed to the circuit court for Waushara county from the order, judgment, and decree of the county court of said county admitting the will of Alice J. Holcombe to probate with the exception of the bequest to Nellie Curtis contained in paragraph 13. From a judgment of the circuit court affirming the judgment and order of the county court, Gordon Curtis appeals.
On the will, a photographic copy of which is reproduced herewith, were a number of pencil marks, both in black and in red, consisting of interlineations scratching out certain sums and adding thereto, making changes of address and additional bequests, etc. The court, in affirming the judgment of the county court of Waushara county, held that these alterations, etc., were ineffective except as to those in paragraph 13 of the will, which constituted a revocation of the legacy to Nellie Curtis. Paragraph 13 reads:
"13. All of the rest, residue, and remainder of my estate, of whatever name, title, or description, real, personal, or mixed, I give, devise, and bequeath to Nellie Curtis, of Waupaca, Wisconsin, Mabel McGaffee, of Lenora, Idaho, and Mildred Costerison, of Loomis, California, in even and equal shares, share and share alike. The last three named legatees are my first cousins."
Through the name of Nellie Curtis of Waupaca was drawn a pencil mark, and at the end of the paragraph, in pencil, was written the word "dead." However, there was no change made in the last sentence of that paragraph: "The last three named legatees are my first cousins."
This appeal by Gordon Curtis, adopted son of Nellie Curtis, deceased, is from that part of the judgment admitting the will to probate and eliminating the bequest to Nellie Curtis contained in paragraph 13.
The facts are stipulated and, as appears from the decision of the circuit court, were adopted in full from the decision of the county court. Among the facts so stipulated are: That the will of Alice J. Holcombe was properly executed on December 9, 1941; that Alice Holcombe was eighty-five years of age at the time of the execution of the will and of sound mind; that she died on May 20, 1949; that she was in good physical health up to a week before her death and was mentally competent at all times prior to her death; that a week before she died she was taken to the hospital at Berlin, Wisconsin; that Alice J. Holcombe lived with Minnie Holcombe, her sister-in-law, in the village of Redgranite, Wisconsin, and that Minnie Holcombe predeceased the said Alice Holcombe, having died on March 23, 1949; that after the death of Alice Holcombe her will was found in an unlocked trunk in a room utilized for storage purposes in her residence, by Leona Kossel and Marian June Morse; Marian Morse is a legatee of the will and attorney for the executor; that there is no indication that the contents of the trunk had been disturbed and that the will was in an unsealed envelope; that Alice J. Holcombe had informed Leona Kossel that she would find her will in the trunk, and there was no one in the household of the deceased who would be interested in making changes in the will; at the time the will was found there were interlineations and writings on the will and that those interlineations and writings were in the handwriting of the deceased; that Nellie J. Curtis was a first cousin of the deceased and she died on November 4, 1948, a resident of Weyauwega, Wisconsin; that attached to the written stipulation and made a part thereof is a certified copy of the complete record of the county court of Waushara county in connection with the adoption of Gordon Curtis by James William Curtis and Nellie Jane Curtis, his wife. Several letters are also made a part of the stipulation.
Motion was made before the court to dismiss the appeal of Gordon Curtis for the reason that Gordon Curtis was not the legally adopted son of Nellie Curtis, which motion was denied.
Respondents also brought a motion in this court to dismiss the appeal for the reason that Gordon Curtis, adopted son of Nellie Curtis, had no interest in the estate of Alice Holcombe. This motion was heard on the appeal.
There are two questions involved here for our consideration, the first, whether or not the appellant Gordon Curtis has an interest in this estate and, second, whether the ruling of the circuit court admitting the will to probate and excluding the bequest to Nellie Curtis can be sustained.
In Will of Griffiths (1920), 172 Wis. 630, 179 N.W. 768, this court held that under sec. 2289 (now sec. 238.13), Stats., on the death of a legatee during the lifetime of a testator, the legatee's children are entitled to her share. See also Will of Vedder (1943), 244 Wis. 134, 11 N.W.2d 642.
As to adopted children, sec. 322.07, Stats., provides:
"(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the effect of the order of adoption is to completely change the legal status of the adopted person from that of a child of the natural parents to that of a child of the adoptive parents; . . ."
This language is clear and unambiguous, and the only rule of construction applicable is that words be given their natural meaning. If the appellant here were the natural son of Nellie Curtis, no question would arise but that he would be entitled to the share of his mother. It is evident that under this section, so far as the adoptive parents are concerned, the child is in the same status as is a natural-born child, and under Will of Griffiths, supra, is entitled to take from its adoptive mother. See also Estate of Ries, ante, p. 453, 49 N.W.2d 483; 24 Marquette Law Review, 225.
Gordon Curtis is the legal heir of his adoptive mother, Nellie Curtis, to whom the bequest was made. We see nothing to be gained by belaboring the question. He does not inherit except through his deceased mother Nellie Curtis.
We come now to the question whether the trial court should be sustained in admitting the will to probate with the exception of the bequest to Nellie Curtis.
The rule that findings of the trial court cannot be set aside unless against the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence does not apply in a case such as this where the interpretation of a will rests upon the application of legal principles or rules of construction to known facts. Under such circumstances the trial court is in no better position to reach a correct conclusion than is the appellate court. Will of Mechler (1944), 246 Wis. 45, 16 N.W.2d 373.
We find no fault with the conclusion of the trial court that other interlineations and insertions were made with a view of "dependent relative revocation;" that testatrix contemplated changes in her will. However, we cannot agree that these "contemplated changes" are consistent with the finding that in paragraph 13 there was a revocation as to the bequest to Nellie Curtis.
Sec. 238.14, Stats., provides:
"No will nor any part thereof shall be revoked unless by burning, tearing, canceling, or obliterating the same, with the intention of revoking it, by the testator or by some person in his presence and by his direction, or by some other will or codicil in writing, executed as prescribed in this chapter, or by some other writing, signed, attested, and subscribed in the manner provided in this chapter for the execution of a will; excepting only that nothing contained in this section shall prevent the revocation implied by law from subsequent changes in the condition or circumstances of the testator. The power to make a will implies the power to revoke the same."
Unless the intention of the testatrix to revoke the bequest to Nellie Curtis in her will is established by clear and satisfactory evidence, paragraph 13 must stand and be given effect.
The same sort of pencil lines, additions, interlineations, etc., were made in other paragraphs of the will to make additional bequests, to increase amounts of certain bequests, and the like. The fact that there was a line drawn through the name of Nellie Curtis and the word "dead" penciled in after the paragraph, does not show by clear and satisfactory evidence an intent to revoke that part of paragraph 13. It would have been more convincing had the testatrix drawn a line through the word "three" in the last sentence of that paragraph, "The last three named legatees are my first cousins."
The cases cited by respondents all have some other significant facts in addition to the interlineations, etc.
"In the case at bar it appears that when Frank Rauchfuss, Sr., executed the will of October 28, 1931, he had an estate of about $25,000, which thereafter depreciated to about $11,000. By the clear preponderance of the evidence, including the physical facts apparent upon the face of the instrument in question, it is established that the testator made the cancellations and obliterations and cut off substantial portions of the original will at various times as his estate depreciated in value; and that by finally striking out the paragraphs designated as `First,' `Second,' `Fourth,' and `Fifth,' and cutting off all of the sixth and part of the seventh paragraphs, — leaving intact only inconsequential provisions appointing an executor and disposing of household effects, which he declared to be of no value, — it was his intention to unconditionally cancel and revoke the will in its entirety." Estate of Rauchfuss (1939), 232 Wis. 266, 271, 287 N.W. 173.
The lines drawn through certain inconsequential material in Will of Mechler, supra, were definite lines, and showed intent to revoke such portions. The words that were deleted and others that were added evidenced a consistent intent to revoke.
In Will of Byrne (1937), 223 Wis. 503, 271 N.W. 48, the testatrix drew lines through the names of her brothers, George and Patrick, where they appeared in two paragraphs of her will. A codicil was added naming another executor. There was pinned to the codicil a letter to her attorney asking that her estate be divided into four equal parts, the attorney to have one part and each of three sisters named in the will to have one part. It was contended that the cancellation marks could not be made effective because the will and the letter were dependent upon each other. The court held that her intent to strike out the provisions for her brothers was apparent from an inspection of the instrument.
It might be mentioned that in paragraph 4 of the will, in which a one-half interest was left to Minnie Holcombe, a sister-in-law who predeceased the testatrix by two months, parenthesis marks were drawn around her name. The stipulation is to the effect that the testatrix was active and in good mental and physical health until her death. If the marks were evidence of her intention to revoke that provision of the will upon the death of Minnie Holcombe, it is significant that she did nothing to accomplish it although she had two months' time in which to do so.
Miss Holcombe was a good business woman and had accumulated a large estate. She had her will drawn by competent attorneys. She would hardly have expected to change her will by the various lightly drawn pencil notations which she made on the instrument. The marks do not indicate a finality of decision. Such notations, however, are perfectly consistent with an intention to revise her will at some future time. The notation as to Nellie Curtis may have been part of a plan to revise her will in all the respects noted thereon, but the marks in paragraph 13 are no more proof of an intention to revoke than the marks around Minnie Holcombe's name in paragraph 4.
Respondents cite 57 Am. Jur., Wills, p. 378, sec. 550, where it is stated that, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, when a' will is found among testator's effects after his death in such a state of mutilation, obliteration, or cancellation as represents a sufficient act of revocation within the meaning of the applicable statute, it will be presumed to be revoked. We might here state that the original will of Alice Holcombe was in a good state of preservation. It was designated by the testatrix as her will and was found where she said it was. One will conclude from an examination of the 1941 will that it had been handled carefully and treated as a formal instrument. From these observations it appears to us that the testatrix at all times considered this her will and intended it to be her will until such time as she decided to make the changes apparently contemplated.
It is our opinion that all pencil alterations and interlineations on the will are ineffective, Paragraph 13 which makes the bequest to Nellie Curtis should be admitted to probate, as part of the will.
By the Court. — Judgment reversed and cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
There is no question about the right of the deceased to revoke her will, any part of it, or any bequest contained in it, if she decided so to do.
The situation now under consideration is so circumstanced as to clearly show that when Alice J. Holcombe knew that her cousin, Nellie Curtis, had died, she revoked the bequest under which Nellie Curtis was to share in the residue and remainder of her estate. This revocation was made because she did not care to have that portion of her estate descend in that particular channel.
She believed the revocation was effective, as she intended it to be, for she declared the instrument as it then existed expressed her will. She told Mrs. Kossel, the wife of the executor of the will, that her will was in the trunk. It was found there, and it is not disputed that Alice Holcombe struck out the name of Nellie Curtis as a beneficiary, and that, as a reason for so doing, she also wrote the word "dead."
The revocation was complete. It was not dependent on how the surplus or residue thus created was to be disposed of. She struck out that portion of the will by revocation which provided for an inheritance for Nellie Curtis.
I am of the opinion that the trial court correctly held that the marks striking out the name of Nellie Curtis indicate that the testatrix intended to strike out that provision of her will which made provision for Nellie Curtis. We may well observe, as was suggested in Will of Byrne, 223 Wis. 503, 271 N.W. 48, a great deal of speculative comment may be developed by ingenious minds, but the fact remains that the testatrix intended to do something to her will, and that was to revoke the bequest to Nellie Curtis, because Nellie Curtis had died. We are not concerned with the failure to draw a new will. That failure does not affect or overcome the effective cancellation of the devise to Nellie Curtis.
The judgment of the circuit court which affirmed the judgment of the county court should be affirmed.