Espinoza v. City of Seattle

Full title: DANIEL ESPINOZA, Plaintiff, v. CITY OF SEATTLE, et al., Defendants.

Court: UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE

Date published: May 1, 2020

458 F. Supp. 3d 1254 (W.D. Wash. 2020)

Opinion

CASE NO. C17-1709JLR

2020-05-01

Daniel ESPINOZA, Plaintiff, v. CITY OF SEATTLE, et al., Defendants.

Matthew Z. Crotty, Crotty & Son Law Firm PLLC, Thomas G. Jarrard, The Law Office of Thomas G. Jarrard PLLC, Spokane, WA, John M. Tymczyszyn, John T. Law, PLLC, Bellevue, WA, for Plaintiff. Erika J. Evans, Rachel Seals, Sarah L. Lee, Seattle City Attorney's Office, Seattle, WA, for Defendants.

JAMES L. ROBART, United States District Judge

Matthew Z. Crotty, Crotty & Son Law Firm PLLC, Thomas G. Jarrard, The Law Office of Thomas G. Jarrard PLLC, Spokane, WA, John M. Tymczyszyn, John T. Law, PLLC, Bellevue, WA, for Plaintiff.

Erika J. Evans, Rachel Seals, Sarah L. Lee, Seattle City Attorney's Office, Seattle, WA, for Defendants.

ORDER ON DEFENDANTS’ DAUBERT MOTION AND MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

JAMES L. ROBART, United States District Judge

I. INTRODUCTION

Before the court are (1) Defendants City of Seattle and Lieutenant Thomas Mahaffey's (collectively, "Defendants") motion to exclude Plaintiff Daniel Espinoza's damages expert Erick West (MTE (Dkt. # 73)) and (2) Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (MSJ (Dkt. # 75)). Mr. Espinoza opposes both motions. (See MTE Resp. (Dkt. # 82); MSJ Resp. (Dkt. # 81).) The court has reviewed the motions, the parties’ submissions in support of and in opposition to the motions, the relevant portions of the record, and the applicable law. Being fully advised, the court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment and DENIES as moot Defendants’ motion to exclude.¹

1 Defendants request oral argument on their summary judgment motion (see MSJ at 1) but not their motion to exclude (see MTE at 1). Mr. Espinoza does not request oral argument on either motion. (See MSJ Resp. at 1; MTE Resp. at 1.) Oral argument is not necessary where the non-moving party suffers no prejudice. See Houston v. Bryan , 725 F.2d 516, 517-18 (9th Cir. 1984) ; Mahon v. Credit Bureau of Placer Cty. Inc. , 171 F.3d 1197, 1200 (9th Cir. 1999) (holding that no oral argument was warranted where "[b]oth parties provided the district court with complete memoranda of the law and evidence in support of their respective positions," and "[t]he only prejudice [the defendants] contend they suffered was the district court's adverse ruling on the motion."). "When a party has an adequate opportunity to provide the trial court with evidence and a memorandum of law, there is no prejudice [in refusing to grant oral argument]." Partridge v. Reich , 141 F.3d 920, 926 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Lake at Las Vegas Investors Grp., Inc. v. Pac. Malibu Dev. Corp. , 933 F.2d 724, 729 (9th Cir. 1991) ) (alterations in Partridge ). Here, the issues have been thoroughly briefed by the parties, and oral argument would not be of assistance to the court. See Local Rules W.D. Wash. LCR 7(b)(4). Accordingly, the court DENIES Defendants’ request for oral argument on their summary judgment motion.

II. BACKGROUND

A. Mr. Espinoza's Military and Law Enforcement Background

The gravamen of this lawsuit is Mr. Espinoza's assertion that his employer, the Seattle Police Department ("SPD"), discriminated against him based on his status as a member of the United States Marine Corps Reserve ("USMCR"). SPD hired Mr. Espinoza on March 5, 1998. (Espinoza Decl. (Dkt. # 81-1) ¶ 3.) SPD assigned Mr. Espinoza to the Patrol Operations Bureau ("Patrol Operations"), West Precinct, on the second watch, which meant that his shift was from 11:00 AM to 8:00 PM. (See 1st Seals Decl. (Dkt. # 76) ¶ 4, Ex. 3 ("Espinoza Dep."² ) at 18:13-19:8.) From the time of his hiring in 1998 until early 2020, Mr. Espinoza served as a member of the USMCR. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 5.) Mr. Espinoza informed SPD at the time of his hiring that he was a member of the USMCR. (See 1st Seals Decl. (Dkt. # 76) ¶ 15, Ex. 14.) Mr. Espinoza's duties with USMCR required that he "participate in military duty, typically one weekend a month, conduct military duty for multiple weeks for training and readiness purposes, and, from time-to-time, deploy overseas to serve in combat." (Espinoza Decl. ¶ 6.) Mr. Espinoza was called to active duty four times during his employment with SPD. (See id. ¶¶ 34-37.)

2 Portions of Mr. Espinoza's deposition are also in the record as Exhibit A to the Tymczyszyn Declaration. (See Tymczyszyn Decl. (Dkt. # 81-2) ¶ 7, Ex. A.) The court cites to Mr. Espinoza's deposition as "Espinoza Dep." wherever it appears in the record.

B. Mr. Espinoza's Allegations of "Anti-Military Animus" at SPD

Mr. Espinoza makes clear in his response to Defendants’ summary judgment motion that his claims in this lawsuit relate only to actions taken by SPD between 2012 and the present (see MSJ Resp. at 14 ("Mr. Espinoza's claims arise only from 2012 to present[.]")), and that his discrimination claims "are founded on Defendants’ failure to promote him to [SPD's] [M]otorcycle squad" on a number of different occasions (see id. at 16). However, his opposition and declaration also detail a number of instances of alleged "anti-military animus" by SPD beyond SPD's decisions on Mr. Espinoza's applications to the Motorcycle Unit. (See, e.g. , id. at 9-14; Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 6-10, 13-23, 25, 27-37.) Thus, in the interest of completeness, the court details each alleged instance of discrimination or anti-military animus Mr. Espinoza identifies.

1. 2006 Bicycle Unit Transfer Request

Mr. Espinoza alleges that he requested a transfer to SPD's Bicycle Unit in 2006 that SPD denied. (See Espinoza Dep. at 28:12-17; Espinoza Decl. ¶ 7.) Although SPD policy in place at the time required officers initiate a transfer request by submitting a written memorandum (see Espinoza Dep. at 29:3-10; 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 22, Ex. 21 at SCL-Espinoza077911), SPD has no record of Mr. Espinoza's request to transfer to the Bicycle Unit in 2006 or SPD's denial of that transfer request (see MSJ at 18). Mr. Espinoza believes that his status as a member of the USMCR negatively impacted his application based on his allegation that a SPD Bicycle Unit sergeant, Fred Ibuki, asked Mr. Espinoza if he was a member of USMCR sometime after Mr. Espinoza requested a transfer to the Bicycle unit. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 8-9.) Mr. Espinoza does not know if Mr. Ibuki was on the hiring panel for the Bicycle Unit, he does not know who was hired on to the Bicycle Unit, and he does not know why he was not selected for transfer. (Espinoza Dep. at 31:14-32:8.)

2. Homeland Security, Bomb, and Narcotics Unit Transfer Requests

Mr. Espinoza also alleges that he requested transfers to SPD's Homeland Security, Bomb, and Narcotics Units that SPD denied. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 10.) Mr. Espinoza alleges that he applied for the Homeland Security Unit in 2006, but he could not recall when he applied to the Narcotics or Bomb Units. (See Espinoza Dep. at 36:2-7 (stating that he applied for transfer to the Homeland Security Unit in 2006), 32:16-33:3 (estimating that he applied to the Bomb Unit "sometime after 2006"), 33:17-25 (stating that he "[c]ouldn't be sure" when he applied for a transfer to the Narcotics Unit).) The SPD has no record of Mr. Espinoza's transfer requests for the Bomb and Homeland Security Units (see MSJ at 18), but Mr. Mahaffey was a sergeant with the Narcotics Unit in 2006 or 2007 and he recalls Mr. Espinoza's application for transfer into that unit around that time (see 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 23, Ex. 22 ("Mahaffey Dep"³ ) at 46:23-47:12).

3 Portions of Mr. Mahaffey's deposition are also in the record as Exhibit F to the Tymczyszyn Declaration. (See Tymczyszyn Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. F.) The court cites to Mr. Mahaffey's deposition as "Mahaffey Dep." wherever it appears in the record.

Mr. Espinoza's declaration alleges that the SPD filled the positions for the Bomb, Narcotics, and Homeland Security Units with "officers who were less qualified and experienced" than him. (Espinoza Decl. ¶ 10.) He also assets that he knows "a majority of the police officers who were hired into those positions and they were not members of the military reserves." (Id. ) During his deposition, however, Mr. Espinoza testified that he did not know the other officers who applied for these positions or how his qualifications measured up to those of the other applicants. (See Espinoza Dep. at 33:11-16, 35:20-36:1, 36:16-23.) He testified that he did not know who SPD hired for the homeland security or narcotics groups, but he knew an officer named "Rainford" was selected for the Bomb Unit. (Id. at 37:3-6, 40:3-15.) Mr. Espinoza testified that Mr. Rainford had "quite a bit less" seniority than he did at the time that SPD selected Mr. Rainford for the bomb squad (see id. at 37:13-15), but Mr. Espinoza does not identify any evidence the record that details Mr. Rainford's service time at SPD outside of Mr. Espinoza's own testimony. (See generally MSJ Resp.) Mr. Espinoza also does not identify any evidence showing whether or not Mr. Rainford was a member of the military at the time of his transfer to the Bomb Unit.

3. Motorcycle Unit Transfer Requests

Mr. Espinoza's unsuccessful efforts to transfer to SPD's Motorcycle Unit from 2012 to 2018 sit at the center of this lawsuit. (See MSJ Resp. at 16 ("Mr. Espinoza's USERRA and WLAD discrimination and retaliation claims are founded on Defendants’ failure to promote him to the motorcycle squad.").) SPD policy requires officers interested in the Motorcycle Unit complete a training course in order to be considered for transfer to that unit. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 24 at SCL-Espinoza001500-501; id. ¶ 26, Ex. 25.) Specifically, the policy dictates that "[u]pon successful completion of [a] two-week course of instruction, student riders are placed on an eligibility list for consideration for future assignment to a motorcycle squad." (See id. ¶ 25, Ex. 24 at SCL-Espinoza001500.) In addition to the training requirements, assignment to the Motorcycle Unit requires satisfaction of several criteria, including an acceptable work and disciplinary record. (See id. ¶ 26, Ex. 25.) Mr. Espinoza took and passed the two-week Motorcycle training course in August 2012. (Espinoza Decl. ¶ 11.)

Mr. Espinoza alleges that he first applied for a transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in August 2012. (See MSJ Resp. at 1-2; Espinoza Decl. ¶ 9.) The Motorcycle Unit is within the Special Operations Bureau ("Special Operations"), not Patrol Operations where Mr. Espinoza was stationed at the time he passed the Motorcycle Unit training course. (See Mahaffey Dep. 60:13-61:4.) To request a transfer to a different operations bureau, the officer seeking transfer submits a memorandum to the desired unit and the Assistant Chiefs of the two bureaus decide whether to approve it. (See id. ; 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 24, Ex. 23 ("Wilske Dep.") at 24:8-24; Espinoza Dep. at 64:13-65:5.) Although Mr. Espinoza asserts he submitted a memorandum to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2012 to a Special Operations lieutenant named "Mike," Mr. Espinoza acknowledges that the lieutenant informed him in 2014 that SPD had no record of his 2012 transfer request. (See Espinoza Dep. at 63:14-64:12.) Neither party has submitted the transfer memorandum Mr. Espinoza alleges he submitted in 2012 as evidence in the record.

Mr. Espinoza asserts that he requested transfer to the Motorcycle Unit for a second time in August 2014, but Mr. Mahaffey denied his request. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 12.) Neither Mr. Espinoza nor the SPD submit any written record of Mr. Espinoza's request to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. Mr. Espinoza asserts that he sent his memorandum directly to "Mike"—the same Special Operations lieutenant to whom Mr. Espinoza alleges he sent his 2012 transfer memorandum. (See Espinoza Dep. at 63:14-64:12.) Mr. Espinoza testified that he believes Mr. Mahaffey denied his 2014 transfer request because "the people" in the Motorcycle Unit kept asking Mr. Espinoza when he would join their unit, which suggested to Mr. Espinoza that Mr. Mahaffey and Patrol Operations were preventing him from transferring to the Motorcycle Unit. (See id. at 65:14-66:9.)

Mr. Mahaffey was Mr. Espinoza's indirect supervisor from May 2014 until January or February 2015. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 59:20-25.) Mr. Mahaffey testified that he did not receive notification that Mr. Espinoza wanted to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2014, did not have any conversations with anyone about Mr. Espinoza transferring to the Motorcycle Unit in 2014, and did not deny a request from Mr. Espinoza to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2014. (See id. at 66:3-20.) Regardless, Mr. Mahaffey testified that even if he had received a transfer request from Mr. Espinoza, he had "no control or say" over Mr. Espinoza's request to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit because Mr. Mahaffey was only a lieutenant at the time and the decision to transfer from one bureau to another is left to the Assistant Chiefs of Patrol Operations and Special Operations. (See id. at 60:13-61:4; see also id. at 66:13-20 ("And as I stated before, the process that we use for transfer, I would not have had that authority to deny any of his transfer requests.").)

Mr. Espinoza alleges that he requested transfer to the Motorcycle Unit again in December 2014 and Mr. Mahaffey again denied his request. (Espinoza Decl. ¶ 24.) Neither party submits any written evidence to corroborate Mr. Espinoza's assertion that he applied to the Motorcycle Unit. Mr. Mahaffey alleges that he did not receive or deny a request to transfer from Mr. Espinoza at any point in 2014. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 66:9-20.)

Mr. Espinoza asserts that he continued making attempts to transfer into the Motorcycle Unit that were rebuffed by Mr. Mahaffey in 2015. (Espinoza Decl. ¶ 26.) Unlike Mr. Espinoza's previous transfer requests, the parties submitted evidence corroborating Mr. Espinoza's assertion that he attempted to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2015 and was considered by the unit for an available opening. (See, e.g. , 1st Seals Decl. ¶¶ 40-41, Exs. 39-40.) At some point in 2015, a lieutenant from the Motorcycle Unit, Lieutenant Kuehn, asked Mr. Mahaffey if Mr. Mahaffey had any concerns about Mr. Espinoza. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 101:5-24.) Mr. Mahaffey told Mr. Kuehn about a number of disciplinary issues with Mr. Espinoza that occurred in 2014.⁴ (See id. ; see also Espinoza Decl. ¶ 26.) Ultimately, the Motorcycle Unit ranked three other officers, Gregory Rice, Eric Daylong, and Arthur Garza as the top three candidates for the 2015 vacancy. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 40, Ex. 39.) Mr. Espinoza testified that he does not know how his personnel file compared to the personnel files of these three officers.⁵ (See Espinoza Dep. at 220:20-22, 221:20-22, 222:4-6.)

4 The court addresses Mr. Espinoza's disciplinary record in detail, below. See infra § II.C.

5 The record does not indicate which officer SPD selected for the Motorcycle Unit. Defendants allege that a November 2015 email shows that SPD selected Mr. Rice for the position (see MSJ at 10 (citing 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 41, Ex. 40)), but the court finds that the cited email makes no mention of who SPD ultimately hired to fill the Motorcycle Unit vacancy. Indeed, officers in the Motorcycle Unit sent the internal SPD memorandum identifying Mr. Rice, Mr. Daylong, and Mr. Garza as the top candidates for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in December 2015—after the email that Defendants allege shows that the Motorcycle Unit hired Mr. Rice for the position. (Compare 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 40, Ex. 39 with id. ¶ 41, Ex. 40.)

Although Mr. Espinoza does not allege that he attempted to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2016 (see generally Espinoza Decl.), the evidence shows that the Motorcycle Unit continued to consider him for vacancies during that time (see id. ¶¶ 44, 46, Exs. 43, 45). In September 2016, Captain Eric Sano, captain of the Motorcycle Unit at the time, asked Assistant Chief for Patrol Operations Steve Wilske to release Mr. Garza and Gary Davenport from Patrol Operations and approve their transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. (See id. ¶ 44, Ex. 43.) Mr. Garza was also a top candidate from the 2015 transfer process. (See id. ¶ 40, Ex. 39.) Mr. Sano ranked the other officers who qualified for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit, including Mr. Espinoza. (See id. ¶ 44, Ex. 43.) Mr. Espinoza ranked seventh of thirteen because he did not volunteer frequently, and Mr. Sano had "concerns due to recent [Office of Professional Accountability] findings." (See id. ) Mr. Sano's email made no mention of any of the candidates’ positions in the military reserves and did not indicate that reserve status, if any, impacted the selection process. (See id. ) In fact, although Mr. Sano did not mention the candidates’ military status in his email, Mr. Garza was an active member of the U.S. Army National Guard at some point during his employment with SPD and received leave for deployment in 2004 and 2005.⁶ (See id. ¶ 45, Ex. 44.)

6 The record does not indicate whether Mr. Garza was a member of the U.S. Army National Guard in 2015 or 2016 when he was a top candidate for the Motorcycle Unit.

On June 10, 2018—after Mr. Espinoza filed this lawsuit—Mr. Sano requested that the Assistant Chiefs of Special Operations and Patrol Operations approve Mr. Espinoza for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. (See id. ¶ 50, Ex. 49.) Mr. Espinoza was officially transferred to the Motorcycle Unit on August 8, 2018. (See id. ¶ 51, Ex. 50.) His transfer confirmation notice indicated that he was transferred due to a "[s]taffing [n]eed" and that he was selected because he was "[number] 1 on [the] traffic list (motors) to come in." (See id. )

4. SPD Service Credits Dispute

Mr. Espinoza asserts that the SPD "denied him the opportunity to make contributions or apply service credits to [his] retirement account" for periods during which Mr. Espinoza was deployed on active duty with USMCR in 2003, 2005, 2011, and 2012. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 34-37.) Mr. Espinoza is a vested participant in the Law Enforcement Officers and Fire Fighters ("LEOFF 2") retirement plan. (See id. ¶ 33.) The LEOFF 2 plan is a retirement system for Washington law enforcement officers and fire fighters, administered by the State of Washington Department of Retirement Systems ("DRS"). See RCW 41.26.040 (creating LEOFF 2 retirement plan); RCW 41.50.055 (stating that LEOFF 2 retirement plan shall be administered by DRS).

Mr. Espinoza ultimately received service credits for his military absences, but not until June 2018. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 14, Ex. 13.) Although Mr. Espinoza alleges SPD "denied" him the right to receive service credits (see Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 34-37), SPD informed Mr. Espinoza in 2012 that he could be eligible for service credits for his military duty, but that he needed to contact LEOFF 2 membership services to determine whether he was eligible for the additional service credits (1st Seals Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. 4). Despite receiving this information from SPD, Mr. Espinoza did not request service credit from SPD or DRS for these periods of military leave until June 2017. (See Espinoza Dep. at 165:3-16.) In June 2017, Mr. Espinoza called DRS to inquire about service credit for time spent on active duty and submitted proof of his military duty. (See id. ; 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 9, Ex. 8.) After Mr. Espinoza contacted DRS to request service credits, DRS notified SPD and asked for information to process his request. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 10 Ex. 9; id. ¶ 11, Ex. 10 ("DiCione Dep.") at 53:4-17.) SPD sent DRS the requested information the day after it received the request. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 12, Ex. 11.) Once DRS received the necessary information from both Mr. Espinoza and SPD, SPD had to wait for DRS to submit an invoice to SPD so that SPD could submit the appropriate employer contribution to DRS. (See DiCione Dep. at 54:19-55:6.) SPD received an invoice for contributions for Mr. Espinoza on May 1, 2018 (see 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 13, Ex. 12) and paid the invoice on June 14, 2018 (see id. ¶ 14, Ex. 13). DRS then updated Mr. Espinoza's retirement account to reflect service credit for his military absences in 2003, 2005, 2011 and 2012. (See id. ¶ 7, Ex. 6.) Mr. Espinoza acknowledges that he now has received full service credit for his military duty. (Espinoza Dep. at 173:24-174:2.)

5. Military Leave

Mr. Espinoza asserts that SPD expressed frustration with the amount of military leave that Mr. Espinoza took to perform his military obligations as a member of USMCR. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 14-17.) The specific SPD policy that Mr. Espinoza takes issue with is known as "circling furloughs." SPD refers to regular days off as "furlough days." (See Espinoza Dep. at 73:11-12.) Pursuant to SPD policy, officers may work on a furlough day by "circling" the furlough day on the watch calendar. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 52, Ex. 51 at § 4.010(12); Espinoza Dep. at 76:21-77:4.) Although SPD officers accrue regular furlough time that they are entitled to use at their discretion, circling furlough days allows officers to "trade" a regularly scheduled day off for a scheduled work day without spending any accrued furlough time. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 32, Ex. 31 ("Zwaschka Dep."⁷ ) at 23:21-24:19.) SPD policy requires officers to have supervisor approval to circle furlough days. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 52, Ex. 51 at § 4.010(12); Espinoza Dep. at 126:21-127:7.)

7 Portions of Mr. Zwaschka's deposition are also in the record as Exhibit G to the Tymczyszyn Declaration. (See Tymczyszyn Decl. ¶ 13, Ex. G.) The court cites to Mr. Zwaschka's deposition as "Zwaschka Dep." wherever it appears in the record.

Mr. Espinoza alleges that the SPD made it difficult for him to circle furlough days to perform his military duties beginning in September 2014, when SPD assigned him to a new supervisor, Sergeant Andrew Zwaschka. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 13-15.) Mr. Espinoza does not submit any evidence that SPD ever interfered with his attendance at a military obligation or refused to grant him leave to attend a military obligation. (See generally MSJ Resp.; Espinoza Decl.) However, according to Mr. Espinoza, he informed Mr. Zwaschka that he designated his military reserve obligations on the calendar by circling his military reserve days as furlough days and explained to Mr. Zwaschka that his obligations with USMCR required him to be gone "regardless of whether or not [he] designated that leave as a furlough." (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 14-15.) Mr. Espinoza alleges that Mr. Zwaschka "negatively reacted" to the news that Mr. Espinoza circled furlough days for his military duties in a way that led Mr. Espinoza to believe that SPD was "frustrated with the amount of military leave that [he] was taking." (See id. ¶ 14.) Mr. Espinoza said that Mr. Zwaschka instructed him to talk to Mr. Mahaffey about circling furlough days. (See id. ¶ 16.) According to Mr. Espinoza, he told Mr. Mahaffey that SPD was discriminating against him based on his military status and showed Mr. Mahaffey a copy of the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act ("USERRA" or "the Act"). (See id. ) After that conversation, Mr. Espinoza asserts that he was allowed to circle furlough days for military obligations, but that he believed Mr. Mahaffey was "not pleased" with him. (See id. )

The parties’ deposition testimony tells slightly different stories about Mr. Espinoza's efforts to circle furlough days. Mr. Espinoza testified that he showed Mr. Zwaschka and Mr. Mahaffey a copy of "a couple lines" from USERRA, instead of the entire Act. (See Espinoza Dep. at 81:1-82:9.) Mr. Mahaffey contends that Mr. Espinoza never discussed circling furlough days with him, brought a military discrimination complaint to him, or showed him a copy of USERRA. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 67:8-68:14.) In fact, Mr. Mahaffey testified that he was not aware of the USERRA's parameters until after he was served in this lawsuit. (See id. at 68:15-25.) Mr. Mahaffey also testified that SPD granted its officers 21 days of paid military leave per year and officer could also use their discretionary furlough days to cover military obligations once paid military time ran out. (See id. at 68:24-69:6.) He testified that he had a number of officers under his command with military obligations, and that his direction to the supervisors under his command was to "do everything we could to make sure people could meet their military obligations." (See id. at 69:7-22.)

Mr. Zwaschka testified that he does not recall his exact conversation with Mr. Espinoza regarding circling furloughs for military leave, but he does remember that ensuring that Mr. Espinoza came to work on the days he was scheduled to work became an issue. (See Zwaschka Dep. at 19:1-15.) According to Mr. Zwaschka, circling furlough days was a privilege that needed to be approved by a supervisor so that the supervisor could ensure that the officer's proposal for trading work days did not result in unbalanced staffing. (See id. at 17:15-19:25, 25:19-26:19.) Moreover, Mr. Zwaschka testified that when Mr. Espinoza circled furlough days and came to work on days on which Mr. Zwaschka was not there to supervise him, other sergeants in the department gave Mr. Espinoza poor performance reviews. (See id. at 25:19-26:19.) These reviews made Mr. Zwaschka wary of allowing Mr. Espinoza to work on days that Mr. Zwaschka was not on duty. (See id. )

Mr. Zwaschka further testified that circling furlough days was not Mr. Espinoza's only option for attending to a military obligation on a day SPD scheduled him to work. Mr. Espinoza could also use one of his 21 days of paid military leave, he could use discretionary furlough time, or he could seek to take unpaid leave and rely solely on his military salary for the unpaid leave dates. (See id. at 23:6-25:2.) Mr. Zwaschka echoed Mr. Mahaffey's contention that, although he preferred that officers work on the days that they are scheduled to work, he would have ensured that Mr. Espinoza received time off to attend to his military obligations. (See id. 25:3-18.) Like Mr. Mahaffey, Mr. Zwaschka testified that he did not know what USERRA was and did not speak to Mr. Espinoza about USERRA. (See id. at 20:19-21:2.)

6. Southwest Precinct Transfer Request

Mr. Espinoza argues that SPD unfairly denied his request to transfer from the West Precinct to the Southwest Precinct in July 2015. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 27; Espinoza Dep. at 127:18-25.) Mr. Espinoza asserts that he submitted his transfer request on the same day that another officer, Mike Sudduth, submitted a transfer request. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 27.) According to Mr. Espinoza, SPD approved Mr. Sudduth's transfer request and requests from a number of other officers, but denied Mr. Espinoza's request. (See id. ) However, unbeknownst to Mr. Espinoza, the Assistant Chief of Patrol Operations approved Mr. Espinoza's transfer request and included him on a list of transfer candidates, but Mr. Espinoza was not transferred because the Southwest Precinct wanted an officer for the third watch and Mr. Espinoza wanted to stay on the second watch. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 38, Ex. 37; Espinoza Dep. at 127:18-128:3.)

7. Harassment Complaints

Mr. Espinoza declares that he complained to two of Mr. Mahaffey's superiors, Chris Fowler and Steve Wilske, about his belief that Mr. Mahaffey was harassing him on account of his status with the military reserves. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 22-23, 28.) However, Mr. Espinoza's memorandum to Mr. Fowler requesting a transfer makes no mention of Mr. Espinoza's military status—even though Mr. Fowler was himself a member of the reserves at the time of Mr. Espinoza's request. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 53, Ex. 52; Espinoza Decl. ¶ 23.) Further, although Mr. Espinoza alleges that he "understood" that Mr. Fowler told Mr. Mahaffey about Mr. Espinoza's complaint, which allegedly led Mr. Mahaffey to begin targeting him (see Espinoza Decl. ¶ 23), Mr. Espinoza admitted that he had no proof that Mr. Fowler relayed any information to Mr. Mahaffey about his complaint or his military status (see Espinoza Dep. at 120:7-121:13). Mr. Mahaffey testified that he never had any conversations with Mr. Fowler regarding Mr. Espinoza's military service or about discrimination against Mr. Espinoza on the basis of his military service. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 96:1-14.)

Mr. Espinoza declares that he complained to Mr. Wilske about Mr. Mahaffey's discrimination against him on the basis of his reservist status in July 2015. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 28.) Mr. Wilske recalls that Mr. Espinoza complained that Mr. Mahaffey did not like him and would not approve his transfer request, but he testified that Mr. Espinoza did not speak to him about harassment. (Wilske Dep. at 14:13-20.) Mr. Mahaffey testified that he never had any conversations with Mr. Wilske regarding Mr. Espinoza's military service or about discrimination against Mr. Espinoza on the basis of his military service. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 108:7-17.)

8. Ride the Ducks Accident

Mr. Espinoza alleges that Mr. Mahaffey unfairly removed him from the scene of a major traffic accident involving a "Ride the Ducks" vehicle on September 24, 2015, which potentially cost him overtime hours. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 29.) Mr. Mahaffey was the incident commander at the scene of that accident. (See Mahaffey Decl. (Dkt. # 77) ¶ 7.) He asserts that several officers, including Mr. Espinoza, were released from the scene to ensure that SPD properly allocated public safety resources across the West Precinct. (See id. ) Mr. Espinoza did not speak to Mr. Mahaffey that day and admitted he does not know why he was released from the scene. (See Espinoza Dep. at 210:4-211:4.)

9. Captain Sackman's Case

Mr. Espinoza alleges that another case filed by a different SPD officer against SPD regarding anti-military animus shows that SPD fosters a "corporate atmosphere of discrimination" against members of the military. (See MSJ Resp. at 3.) SPD Captain Gregory Sackman filed a lawsuit against SPD for military status discrimination in 2016. (See Tymczyszyn Decl. ¶ 9, Ex. C ("Sackman Decl.") ¶ 4.) Mr. Sackman's case settled before trial. (See id. ) Mr. Sackman contends that he knows Mr. Espinoza and that he believes Mr. Espinoza's claims of anti-military reservist discrimination are consistent with the culture he has experienced with the SPD. (See id. ¶ 10.) Mr. Sackman's declaration does not provide any details on the depth of his relationship with Mr. Espinoza or his knowledge of Mr. Espinoza's circumstances. (See generally id. ) For example, Mr. Sackman does not indicate whether he has ever worked directly with Mr. Espinoza, whether he had the same supervisors as Mr. Espinoza, or whether Mr. Espinoza and Mr. Sackman were assigned to the same precinct. (See generally id. )

Mr. Espinoza relies heavily on one email chain about Mr. Sackman in support of his argument that SPD discriminates against military reservists. (See Tymczyszyn Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. H.) David Emerick and Lesley Cordner exchanged emails about Mr. Sackman's request to attend community events on behalf of SPD. (See id. at 1-3.) In one email, Mr. Emerick opined that "military guys" use the SPD to pad their military resumes while also using the military to pad their SPD resumes and stated his belief that "[i]t is all about them not us." (See id. at 2.) Ms. Cordner responded "Agreed" before changing the subject. (See id. at 1.) Ms. Cordner and Mr. Emerick were assigned to the North Precinct at the time Ms. Cordner sent this email. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 54, Ex. 53 ("Cordner Dep.") at 23:2-12.) As such, these officers were never in Mr. Espinoza's chain of command. (See id. ¶ 6, Ex. 5 at RFA Nos. 16-17.)

C. Mr. Espinoza's Disciplinary Record at SPD

Mr. Espinoza and Defendants assert that Mr. Espinoza's disciplinary record at SPD is relevant to this lawsuit, but for different reasons. Defendants aver that Mr. Espinoza's poor disciplinary record at SPD explains why SPD passed over Mr. Espinoza for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit (see, e.g. , MSJ at 2 ("The undisputed evidence demonstrates that [Mr. Espinoza's] own performance deficiencies and SPD's internal staffing needs were the reasons [Mr. Espinoza's] alleged transfer requests were not approved.")), while Mr. Espinoza contends that a number of SPD's disciplinary actions against him were evidence of SPD's discriminatory animus against military reservists (see, e.g. , MSJ Resp. at 18-20).

1. Patronizing a Prostitute

On October 14, 2004, an officer with the Lakewood Police Department arrested Mr. Espinoza for patronizing a prostitute. (1st Seals Decl. ¶ 16, Ex. 15.) As a result, SPD placed him on administrative leave pending the completion of an investigation by the Office of Professional Accountability ("OPA"). (See id. ¶ 17, Ex. 16.) After completion of the OPA investigation in December 2005, SPD imposed a 10-day unpaid suspension based on sustained findings of misconduct and a violation of SPD Policy 1.029(III), which states police officers are expected to obey the law. (See id. ¶¶ 18-19, Exs. 17-18.) Mr. Mahaffey alleges that this arrest and the damage it caused to Mr. Espinoza's credibility contributed to the Narcotics Unit's decision not to select Mr. Espinoza for the Narcotics Unit. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 46:23-48:16.)

2. Issues With the Public

Mr. Espinoza's interactions with the public have yielded a handful of disciplinary actions against him. On October 24, 2006, Plaintiff received a written reprimand for failing to follow arrest procedures when he released a handcuffed suspect without notifying his supervisor, in violation of SPD Policy 2.001. (See id. ¶ 20, Ex. 19 at SCL-Espinoza000298; id. ¶ 21, Ex. 20 at SCL-Espinoza008503.) On August 14, 2016, Plaintiff received a three-day unpaid suspension for failing to assist a woman who claimed she was assaulted by a man who was still in the store where Mr. Espinoza worked off-duty as a security officer. (1st Seals Decl. ¶ 20, Ex. 19 at SCL-Espinoza 000291-92.) Instead of assisting the alleged assault victim, Mr. Espinoza escorted her out of the store, where she had to borrow a cell phone from a civilian to call 911. (See id. ) OPA determined that the woman had been assaulted and Mr. Espinoza's actions allowed her assailant to flee the scene. (See id. ) OPA concluded that Mr. Espinoza violated SPD policy and suspended Mr. Espinoza for three days without pay. (See id. )

In 2016 and 2017, OPA referred Mr. Espinoza for additional training due to complaints about his police conduct. On December 31, 2016, OPA recommended that Mr. Espinoza receive additional training on Terry stops and detentions following a civilian complaint that Mr. Espinoza illegally detained him and behaved physically and aggressively with him. (See id. ¶ 47, Ex. 46.) On January 28, 2017, OPA recommended that Plaintiff receive additional training on listening to reporting parties and potential victims and explaining enforcement actions after two security guards filed complaints against Mr. Espinoza for failing to take enforcement action against an individual who kicked and punched at the security guards. (See id. ¶ 48, Ex. 47.)

3. Tardiness Violations

In September 2014, Mr. Zwaschka coached Mr. Espinoza for his failure to abide by SPD's policy requiring that officers remain on duty until their shift ends unless excused by a supervisor. (See id. ¶ 22, Ex. 21 at SCL-Espinoza077908; id. ¶ 31, Ex. 30; id. ¶ 36, Ex. 35; Mahaffey Decl. ¶ 4.) On September 22, 23, and 24, 2014, Mr. Zwaschka and another sergeant observed Mr. Espinoza leaving work early without approval despite being reminded repeatedly to stay in service and ready to respond to 911 calls until the end of his shift. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 31, Ex. 30; id. ¶ 36, Ex. 35.) SPD policy requires supervisors to address officer tardiness. (See Mahaffey Decl. ¶ 4.) Accordingly, SPD coached Mr. Espinoza and several other officers in Mr. Mahaffey's chain of command for leaving work early in violation of SPD Policy in September 2014. (See id. )

4. In-Car Video Violations

Mr. Espinoza received a number of reprimands for failure to properly use his in-car-video ("ICV") system in violation of SPD policy. In October 2014, Mr. Zwaschka coached Mr. Espinoza for failing to perform a function check on his in-car-video system in violation of SPD Policy 16.090. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 31, Ex. 30; Espinoza Dep. at 125:20-126:5; 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 33, Ex. 32; id. at ¶ 36, Ex. 35.) In March 2015, Mr. Espinoza received a written reprimand for failing to use his ICV system to record his interactions with a car prowl victim in violation of SPD Policy 16.090(4). (See id. ¶ 20, Ex. 19 at SCL-Espinoza000294-95.) On May 31, 2015, SPD coached Mr. Espinoza for failing to follow ICV procedures before leaving the precinct. (See Espinoza Dep. at 144:3-18; 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 37, Ex. 36.) In January 2016, while reviewing a use of force investigation, Mr. Mahaffey was unable to hear the ICV audio because Mr. Espinoza did not sync his microphone with his ICV as required by SPD Policy 16.090. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 112:1-15, 113:2-24, 114:5-115:22.) Mr. Mahaffey reported Mr. Espinoza's violation to OPA pursuant to SPD Policy 5.002(5)(6), which required reporting of ICV violations. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 30, Ex. 29; id. ¶ 33, Ex. 32; Mahaffey Decl. ¶ 6.) OPA found that Plaintiff violated SPD Policy 16.090 and issued Mr. Espinoza a one-day unpaid suspension. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 20, Ex. 19 at SCL-Espinoza000285-86.)

5. Departure From Precinct Boundaries

In October 2014, Mr. Mahaffey reassigned Mr. Espinoza from the Queen Sector to the Mary Sector within the West Precinct after discovering that Mr. Espinoza had traveled outside the Queen Sector while on duty without authorization. (See id. ¶ 36, Ex. 35.) SPD Policy 5.100(I) requires patrol officers to "[r]emain in [their] area (district/beat) as much as possible." (See id. ¶ 34, Ex. 33.) On October 27, 2014, one of the sergeants under Mr. Mahaffey's command informed Mr. Mahaffey that he had received information from another officer that Mr. Espinoza was frequently not in Queen Sector and was rarely available to back up other officers. (See id. ¶ 36, Ex. 35.) The sergeant checked Mr. Espinoza's location the following day and determined that Mr. Espinoza was in the Ballard neighborhood, outside his assigned sector. (See id. ) Mr. Espinoza alleges that he wound up in Ballard outside his sector after he followed a truck with an unsecured load across the Ballard Bridge. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 18.) Mr. Espinoza acknowledged that he did not return to his assigned precinct once he realized the load was secure but instead drove around Ballard for approximately 14 minutes to look for a "guy" who "hangs out" there because he wanted him to work on his motorcycle. (See id. ; Espinoza Dep. at 87:4-88:24.)

After Mr. Espinoza admitted to Mr. Mahaffey that he went to Ballard to visit a friend and that he was frequently in Ballard even though he was supposed to stay in his assigned area (see id. at 102:4-5, 102:6-20), Mr. Mahaffey reassigned Plaintiff to the Mary Sector, which covers the downtown Seattle area within the West Precinct. (See id. at 128:4-9; Mahaffey Dep. at 65:7-14.) Mr. Mahaffey asserts that he decided on the reassignment in hopes that Mr. Espinoza would benefit from a more experienced sergeant and being away from the temptation to leave his precinct. (See id. at 121:5-122:8.) Mr. Espinoza asserts that he spoke to a sergeant in the Mary Sector immediately after his meeting with Mr. Mahaffey and the sergeant informed Mr. Espinoza that he "already knew" that SPD planned to transfer Mr. Espinoza. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 20.) This conversation led Mr. Espinoza to conclude that his fate was "pre-determined" and his meeting with Mr. Mahaffey was merely pretext to punish him for exercising his USERRA rights. (See id. ) Mr. Espinoza alleges that he has never heard of another instance in which Mr. Mahaffey reassigned another officer without warning for leaving the officer's sector without permission. (See id. ¶ 21.) Mr. Mahaffey states that he has not reassigned another officer for leaving an assigned sector without permission because he is not aware of any other officer in his chain of command who frequently left their assigned sector without authorization. (See Mahaffey Decl. ¶ 5.)

6. Failure to Provide Backup

On May 31, 2015, Mr. Espinoza received coaching for failing to respond to an in-progress fight when he was only one block away from the arrest scene, and failing to respond to a call for back up to an in-progress disturbance with a knife. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 37, Ex. 36.) As a result of Mr. Espinoza's failure to respond to the back-up call for the knife incident, the lieutenant involved with the call asked that Mr. Espinoza not be assigned as a backfill officer. (See id. )

D. Procedural History

Mr. Espinoza filed his tort claim with the City of Seattle on September 13, 2017, (see id. ¶ 55, Ex. 54), and filed this action on November 13, 2017 (see Compl. (Dkt. # 1) at 16). Mr. Espinoza alleges six claims against Defendants: (1) discrimination in violation of the Washington Law Against Discrimination ("WLAD"), RCW ch. 46.90; (2) discrimination in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4311 of USERRA; (3) retaliation in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4311 of USERRA; (4) denial of seniority benefits in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4316 of USERRA; (5) failure to contribute to a pension plan in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4318 of USERRA; and (6) willful violation of USERRA in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4323. (See Am. Compl. (Dkt. # 32) at 14-16.)

III. ANALYSIS

Defendants move for summary judgment on all of Mr. Espinoza's claims (see MSJ at 1-2) and move to exclude Mr. Espinoza's damages expert, Mr. West (see MTE at 1-2). The court first details the applicable legal standards for Defendants’ motions before turning to the merits of the parties’ arguments.⁸

8 In their reply brief in support of their motion for summary judgment, Defendants also move to strike (1) Mr. Sackman's declaration and the exhibits attached to that declaration, and (2) portions of Mr. Espinoza's declaration. (See MSJ Reply (Dkt. # 85) at 2-4.) Mr. Espinoza filed a surreply in opposition to Defendants’ motion to strike. (See Surreply (Dkt. # 87).) As noted below, the court disregards Mr. Sackman's declaration and the complaint and settlement agreement from his case against SPD because those documents are either not relevant to Mr. Espinoza's discrimination claim or based on Mr. Sackman's lack of personal knowledge about Mr. Espinoza's circumstances. See infra § III.B.1.b.iii. Similarly, although the court agrees with Defendants that portions of Mr. Espinoza's declaration are improper or inadmissible, the court is capable of merely disregarding those portions of the declaration. See, e.g. , Tighe v. King Cty. , Case No. 17-1875BAT, 2019 WL 117998, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Jan. 7, 2019) (rejecting motion to strike improper declaration testimony on the grounds that the court was capable of rejecting improper testimony rather than striking the declaration). Thus, the court DENIES as moot Defendants’ motion to strike.

A. Legal Standard

Summary judgment is appropriate if the evidence shows "that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) ; see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) ; Galen v. Cty. of L.A. , 477 F.3d 652, 658 (9th Cir. 2007). A fact is "material" if it might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc. , 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). A factual dispute is " ‘genuine’ only if there is sufficient evidence for a reasonable fact finder to find for the non-moving party." Far Out Prods., Inc. v. Oskar , 247 F.3d 986, 992 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Anderson , 477 U.S. at 248-49, 106 S.Ct. 2505 ). The moving party bears the initial burden of showing there is no genuine dispute of material fact and that it is entitled to prevail as a matter of law. Celotex , 477 U.S. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548. If the moving party does not bear the ultimate burden of persuasion at trial, it can show the absence of such a dispute in two ways: (1) by producing evidence negating an essential element of the nonmoving party's case, or (2) by showing that the nonmoving party lacks evidence of an essential element of its claim or defense. Nissan Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Fritz Cos. , 210 F.3d 1099, 1106 (9th Cir. 2000). If the moving party meets its burden of production, the burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to identify specific facts from which a factfinder could reasonably find in the nonmoving party's favor. Celotex , 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. 2548 ; Anderson , 477 U.S. at 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505.

The court is "required to view the facts and draw reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the [nonmoving] party." Scott v. Harris , 550 U.S. 372, 378, 127 S.Ct. 1769, 167 L.Ed.2d 686 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The court may not weigh evidence or make credibility determinations in analyzing a motion for summary judgment because those are "jury functions, not those of a judge." Anderson , 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. However, the nonmoving party "must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts .... Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue for trial." Scott , 550 U.S. at 380, 127 S.Ct. 1769 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp. , 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) ).

B. Defendants’ Summary Judgment Motion

1. Mr. Espinoza's USERRA Discrimination and Retaliation Claims

"USERRA forbids employment discrimination on the basis of membership in the armed forces." Townsend v. Univ. of Alaska , 543 F.3d 478, 482 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing 38 U.S.C. §§ 4301(a)(3), 4311(a) ). USERRA recognizes claims for discrimination and retaliation. See Huhmann v. Fed. Express Corp. , 874 F.3d 1102, 1105 (9th Cir. 2017) (outlining standard for USERRA discrimination claims); Wallace v. City of San Diego , 479 F.3d 616, 624-25 n.1 (9th Cir. 2007) (outlining standard for USERRA retaliation claims). The first step in a USERRA discrimination or retaliation claim requires courts to determine whether the employee suffered an adverse employment action. See Posin v. Cty. of Orange , No. SACV150120AGJCGX, 2016 WL 5858706, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 18, 2016). If the employee suffered an adverse employment action, then a claim of discrimination under USERRA proceeds under a burden-shifting approach where the employee "first has the burden of showing, by a preponderance of the evidence, that his or her protected status was a substantial or motivating factor in the adverse employment action; the employer may then avoid liability only by showing, as an affirmative defense, that the employer would have taken the same action without regard to the employee's protected status." Huhmann , 874 F.3d at 1105 (quoting Wallace , 479 F.3d at 624 ). Although a retaliation claim requires an additional threshold showing that the employee exercised his or her USERRA rights, see Wallace , 479 F.3d at 624, the burden-shifting framework for discrimination and retaliation claims under USERRA is identical, compare Wallace , 479 F.3d at 624 with Huhmann , 874 F.3d at 1105. a. Adverse Employment Action

Although Mr. Espinoza's complaint and declaration in this action include a laundry list of Defendants’ alleged bad acts and anti-military animus (see generally Am. Compl.; Espinoza Decl.), his response to Defendants’ summary judgment motion unequivocally states that his discrimination and retaliation claims are based on SPD's delay in transferring him to the Motorcycle Unit. (See MSJ Resp. at 16 ("Mr. Espinoza's USERRA and WLAD discrimination and retaliation claims are founded on Defendants’ failure to promote him to the motorcycle squad."⁹ ).) Thus, the court first addresses whether SPD's delay in transferring Mr. Espinoza to the Motorcycle Unit constitutes an adverse employment action under USERRA.

9 Although Mr. Espinoza repeatedly labels SPD's actions as a "failure" to transfer him to the Motorcycle Unit, it is undisputed that SPD eventually transferred Mr. Espinoza to the unit in 2018. (Espinoza Decl. ¶ 40.) Thus, the court refers to the SPD's actions as a "delay" in transferring Mr. Espinoza to the Motorcycle Unit.

Although the Ninth Circuit has yet to weigh in on this issue, a number of other courts have concluded that a USERRA plaintiff must establish he or she suffered a "materially adverse" employment action to sustain a discrimination or retaliation claim under USERRA. See, e.g. , McConnell v. Anixter, Inc. , 944 F.3d 985, 988 (8th Cir. 2019) ("In protecting employees from ‘any adverse employment action,’ ... USERRA does not ‘provide a remedy for trivial harms.’ Rather, the employment action must be materially adverse to be actionable under the statute.") (quoting 38 U.S.C. § 4311(b) & Lisdahl v. Mayo Found. , 633 F.3d 712, 721 (8th Cir. 2011) ); Crews v. City of Mt. Vernon , 567 F.3d 860, 869 (7th Cir. 2009) (reviewing the materiality requirement in Title VII retaliation actions and holding that "[t]here is no reason to understand ‘adverse employment action’ differently in the USERRA context"); Posin , 2016 WL 5858706, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 18, 2016) ; Maya v. Leprino Foods Co. , No. 1:12-CV-1479 AWI GSA, 2014 WL 1091251, at *21 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 2014). "A materially adverse action is one that ‘significantly alters the terms and conditions of an employee's job,’ such as ‘termination, demotion accompanied by a decrease in pay, or a material loss of benefits or responsibilities.’ " Spann v. City of Los Angeles , No. CV141751ABCAGRX, 2014 WL 12703994, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 3, 2014) (quoting Crews , 567 F.3d at 869 ).

Mr. Espinoza labels SPD's delay in transferring him to the Motorcycle Unit as a "materially adverse action" because a transfer would have yielded an increase in his compensation. (See MSJ Resp. at 16.) But Mr. Espinoza's proposed damages expert, Eric West, opines that Mr. Espinoza's hourly wage would have decreased upon transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. (See Lee Decl. (Dkt. 74) ¶ 6, Ex. 5 ("1/3/19 West Rpt.") at 3.) Mr. West's conclusion that Mr. Espinoza would have earned additional compensation upon transfer to the Motorcycle Unit rests entirely on the assumption that Mr. Espinoza would have worked an additional 70 to 76 hours of overtime per month upon transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. (See id. at 1-4.) Although Defendants allege that a transfer to the Motorcycle Unit was merely a different lateral "assignment" to a different unit—not a "promotion"—that would not have impacted Mr. Espinoza's position or rank (see MSJ Reply at 9 n.1), Defendants do not dispute that SPD's delayed transfer to the Motorcycle Unit qualifies as a material adverse employment action under USERRA (see generally MSJ; MSJ Reply).

Because Defendants do not respond to Mr. Espinoza's argument that SPD's delay in transferring him to the Motorcycle Unit is a materially adverse employment action under USERRA, the court concludes that Mr. Espinoza has provided sufficient evidence to establish a genuine dispute of material fact on this threshold requirement.

b. Motivating Factor

To establish a discrimination or retaliation claim under USERRA, a plaintiff must first establish that the plaintiff's military status was a "motivating factor" behind the adverse employment action. 38 U.S.C. § 4311(c)(1)-(2) ; see also Huhmann , 874 F.3d at 1105 (quoting Wallace , 479 F.3d at 624 ). "Under USERRA, military status is a motivating factor if the defendant relied on, took into account, considered, or conditioned its decision on that consideration." Campbell v. Catholic Cmty. Servs. of W. Wash. No. C10-1579-JCC, 2012 WL 13020051, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 1, 2012) (citations and internal quotations omitted). The Ninth Circuit instructs that courts may consider a "variety of factors" in determining whether an employer had discriminatory motivation, including:

proximity in time between the employee's military activity and the adverse employment action, inconsistencies between the proffered reason and other actions of the employer, an employer's expressed hostility towards members protected by the statute together with knowledge of the employee's military activity, and disparate treatment of certain employees compared to other employees with similar work records or offenses.

See Leisek v. Brightwood Corp. , 278 F.3d 895, 900 (9th Cir. 2002) (citations omitted).

Mr. Espinoza alleges that the court may infer that Defendants acted with anti-military animus for the following reasons: (1) the proximity in time between the incident where Mr. Espinoza asserts he "challenged" Mr. Mahaffey on circling furlough dates by showing him a copy of USERRA and Mr. Mahaffey's decision to "discipline Mr. Espinoza and block Mr. Espinoza's transfer requests"; (2) the "inconsistencies" presented by SPD's decision to allow Mr. Espinoza to take the Motorcycle Unit training and then delay his transfer to the unit; (3) the "corporate atmosphere of discrimination" at SPD; (4) Defendants’ dissimilar treatment of the "similarly situated" individuals in his Motorcycle Unit; (5) SPD's other violations of USERRA, including SPD's alleged failures to provide Mr. Espinoza with service credits and its requirement that Mr. Espinoza obtain pre-approval for military leave; and (6) "[r]elated anti-military animus" including Mr. Espinoza's decision to "stand[ ] up" to Mr. Mahaffey and "others expressing frustration with [Mr.] Espinoza's military service." (See MSJ Resp. at 18-19.) The court addresses each of these alleged sources of evidence of discriminatory motive in turn.

i. Proximity in Time

There are at least three problems with Mr. Espinoza's argument that the court can infer discriminatory motivation on Defendants’ behalf based on the proximity in time between Mr. Espinoza allegedly "challenging" Mr. Mahaffey with a copy of USERRA and Defendants’ delay in transferring Mr. Espinoza to the Motorcycle Unit.¹⁰ First, Mr. Espinoza asserts that he filed applications for the Motorcycle Unit in 2012 and in August 2014, but the alleged "challenge" to Mr. Mahaffey did not occur until after "the September 2014 timeframe" when SPD assigned Mr. Zwaschka as Mr. Espinoza's new supervisor.¹¹ (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 11-16.) The fact that the relevant adverse employment actions began occurring before Mr. Espinoza challenged Mr. Mahaffey significantly undermines Mr. Espinoza's temporal proximity argument. See Francis v. Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. , 452 F.3d 299, 309 (4th Cir. 2006) (affirming the trial court's decision to grant summary judgment on a USERRA claim because plaintiff's temporal proximity argument failed to account for the fact that adverse employment actions began before military activity); Slattery v. Swiss Reinsurance Am. Corp. , 248 F.3d 87, 95 (2d Cir. 2001) ("Where timing is the only basis for a claim of retaliation, and gradual adverse job actions began well before the plaintiff had ever engaged in any protected activity, an inference of retaliation does not arise.").

10 The court recognizes that Mr. Mahaffey and Mr. Zwaschka dispute Mr. Espinoza's allegation that Mr. Espinoza raised concerns about military discrimination and showed them a copy of USERRA. (See Zwaschka Dep. at 20:19-21:2; Mahaffey Dep. at 67:8-68:14.) For purposes of summary judgment, however, the court must weigh the available evidence in the light most favorable to Mr. Espinoza. See Scott , 550 U.S. at 378, 127 S.Ct. 1769. Thus, solely for purposes of this summary judgment motion, the court credits Mr. Espinoza's assertion that he raised complaints with Mr. Mahaffey and Mr. Zwaschka.

11 Although the court notes that there is scant documentary evidence corroborating Mr. Espinoza's assertions that he applied to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2012 and 2014, the court must weigh the evidence in the light most favorable to Mr. Espinoza. See Scott , 550 U.S. at 378, 127 S.Ct. 1769. The testimony in the record establishes only that an SPD lieutenant in the Motorcycle Unit was unaware that Mr. Espinoza had submitted a transfer application in 2012 and that Mr. Mahaffey had no knowledge of 2014 transfer requests from Mr. Espinoza. (See Espinoza Dep. at 63:14-64:12; Mahaffey Dep. at 66:3-20.) That testimony does not definitively rebut Mr. Espinoza's allegations that he submitted applications to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2012 and 2014. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 11-12.) Thus, for purposes of this summary judgment motion, the court credits Mr. Espinoza's testimony that he applied to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2012 and 2014.

Second, Mr. Espinoza hinges his discrimination claims on Mr. Mahaffey's alleged anti-military bias (see Espinoza Dep. at 212:18-25), but Mr. Espinoza has failed to show that Mr. Mahaffey had any control over his application to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit.¹² See Tridico v. D.C. , 130 F. Supp. 3d 17, 26 (D.D.C. 2015) (granting a summary judgment motion in a USERRA case because "there [was] no evidence that the individuals who made the decision to transfer [the] plaintiff had any contact with [the supervisor the plaintiff alleged harbored anti-military animus] before transferring the plaintiff"). Multiple SPD witnesses testified that approval of transfer requests from one bureau to another—such as a transfer from Patrol Operations to Special Operations—had to be approved by the Assistant Chiefs of both bureaus. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 66:13-20 ("I never received a request for [Mr. Espinoza] to go to the Motorcycle Unit. And as I stated before, the process that we use for transfer, I would not have had that authority to deny any of his transfer requests."); see also id. at 60:13-61:4; Wilske Dep. at 24:8-24; Espinoza Dep. at 64:13-65:5.) Mr. Espinoza offers no evidence that the Assistant Chiefs of Patrol Operations and Special Operations acted with anti-military animus when they failed to select him for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit prior to 2018. (See generally MSJ Resp.; Espinoza Decl.) In fact, Mr. Espinoza testified that he does not believe that the Assistant Chief of Patrol Operations at the time of Mr. Espinoza's transfer requests, Mr. Wilske, harbored animosity toward USMCR members. (See Espinoza Dep. at 146:1-5.)

12 Although the court accepts Mr. Espinoza's allegation that he applied for transfers to the Motorcycle Unit, Mr. Espinoza cannot identify any evidence showing that Mr. Mahaffey received or denied his transfer requests in 2014, and Mr. Espinoza does not rebut Mr. Mahaffey's testimony that Mr. Mahaffey had no knowledge of Mr. Espinoza's 2014 transfer requests. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 66:3-20.) Thus, the undisputed evidence shows that Mr. Mahaffey was not aware that Mr. Espinoza wanted to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2014.

Finally, even if Mr. Mahaffey could have influenced the results of Mr. Espinoza's transfer requests, Mr. Espinoza submits no evidence that Mr. Mahaffey harbored anti-military animus. An employer may be liable for discrimination under USERRA "if a supervisor performs an act motivated by antimilitary animus that is intended by the supervisor to cause an adverse employment action, and if that act is a proximate cause of the ultimate employment action." Staub v. Proctor Hosp. , 562 U.S. 411, 422, 131 S.Ct. 1186, 179 L.Ed.2d 144 (2011). Although the parties appear to agree that Mr. Mahaffey discussed Mr. Espinoza's performance history with a lieutenant in the Motorcycle Unit—Mr. Kuehn—in 2015 (see Mahaffey Dep. at 101:5-24; Espinoza Decl. ¶ 26), Mr. Espinoza submits no evidence that Mr. Mahaffey's informal performance review or any of his other actions had any causal impact on the Motorcycle Unit's decision to select another officer for transfer to the unit in 2015. See Durant v. MillerCoors, LLC , 415 F. App'x. 927, 930-31 (10th Cir. 2011) (granting summary judgment to the defendant when the plaintiff offered no evidence to establish that his employer was influenced by another supervisor's alleged "antimilitary animus" in firing the plaintiff).

But even if the court were to infer that Mr. Mahaffey proximately caused Mr. Espinoza's delayed transfer, Mr. Espinoza still fails to show that Mr. Mahaffey's actions were motivated by anti-military animus. Mr. Espinoza attempts to support his allegation that Mr. Mahaffey harbored anti-military animus based on his perception of Mr. Mahaffey's reaction to Mr. Espinoza showing him a copy of USERRA. Specifically, Mr. Espinoza alleges that he "could tell" that Mr. Mahaffey "was not pleased with [Mr. Espinoza] at that moment" that Mr. Espinoza showed Mr. Mahaffey a copy of USERRA. (See Espinoza Decl. at ¶ 16.) But Mr. Espinoza's subjective guess about Mr. Mahaffey's state of mind is speculative and inadmissible. See, e.g. , United States v. Kupau , 781 F.2d 740, 745 (9th Cir. 1986) ("Since Chang's opinion of Kupau's state of mind would have constituted speculation, the judge did not plainly err in excluding it."). Mr. Espinoza cannot identify a single comment, document, or objective action from Mr. Mahaffey that suggests that Mr. Mahaffey harbored anti-military animus. (See generally MSJ Resp.) Moreover, Mr. Espinoza asserts that the impetus for his decision to challenge Mr. Mahaffey with a copy of USERRA was to ensure that he was entitled to take leave for his military service (see Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 16-17), but Mr. Espinoza does not point to a single instance in which Mr. Mahaffey or SPD denied a request for leave to perform military service (see generally id. ; MSJ Resp.).

Mr. Espinoza also points to the fact that Mr. Mahaffey disciplined Mr. Espinoza for a number of violations of SPD policy after Mr. Espinoza "challenged" Mr. Mahaffey with USERRA as circumstantial evidence of Mr. Mahaffey's anti-military animus. (See MSJ Resp. at 18.) The first issue with this argument is that it is a red-herring. SPD's disciplinary actions against Mr. Espinoza are not the adverse employment actions at issue in this case. (See id. at 16.) Instead, SPD's delay in transferring Mr. Espinoza to the Motorcycle Unit is the adverse employment action at issue (see id. ), meaning the relevant question is whether the court may infer anti-military animus based on the timing of Mr. Espinoza's "military activity"—challenging Mr. Mahaffey—and SPD's decisions to delay his transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. See Leisek , 278 F.3d at 900 (listing "proximity in time between the employee's military activity and the adverse employment action" as a factor courts may consider in inferring discriminatory intent under USERRA). Mr. Espinoza's disciplinary actions are relevant to his USERRA claim only insofar as those actions show that Mr. Mahaffey exhibited anti-military animus against Mr. Espinoza that proximately caused his delayed transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. See Staub , 562 U.S. at 422, 131 S.Ct. 1186.

The disciplinary violations do not establish that Mr. Mahaffey exhibited anti-military animus for a number of reasons. First, Mr. Mahaffey was only responsible for one of Mr. Espinoza's disciplinary actions around the time that Mr. Espinoza challenged Mr. Mahaffey with a copy of USERRA—the decision to transfer Mr. Espinoza in October 2014 for leaving his assigned sector without approval. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 19-20; Mahaffey Decl. ¶ 5.) Mr. Zwaschka, not Mr. Mahaffey, documented Mr. Espinoza's violations for leaving watch early and improperly operating his ICV and coached Mr. Espinoza for those violations. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 31, Ex. 30; id. ¶ 36, Ex. 35; Mahaffey Decl. ¶ 4.) Mr. Zwaschka was Mr. Espinoza's acting sergeant for no more than two months. (See Zwaschka Dep. at 15:4-7 (noting that Mr. Zwaschka was assigned to supervise Mr. Espinoza in September 2014); 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 36, Ex. 35 (noting that Mr. Mahaffey transferred Mr. Espinoza to Mary Sector and assigned him a new supervisor in October 2014).) Thus, Mr. Zwaschka is even further removed from the Motorcycle Unit's decisions to delay Mr. Espinoza's transfer than Mr. Mahaffey. Indeed, Mr. Espinoza does not allege that Mr. Zwaschka had any impact on the Motorcycle Unit's decision on his transfer requests. (See generally MSJ Resp.) Moreover, Mr. Espinoza testified that he does not believe that Mr. Zwaschka, who served in the military for 24 years (see Zwaschka Dep. at 15:13-17), harbored animosity toward members of the military reserves (see Espinoza Dep. at 72:7-24).

Mr. Espinoza also does not dispute the legitimacy of the disciplinary actions taken against him in 2014—near the time he challenged Mr. Mahaffey—for failing to properly use his ICV, leaving work early, or leaving his assigned sector without approval. (See generally MSJ Resp.; Espinoza Dep. at 98:13-25, 123:1-127:7.) Defendants submitted evidence showing that Mr. Espinoza did, in fact, violate SPD policy, and Mr. Espinoza does not rebut that evidence. (See Mahaffey Decl. ¶¶ 3-6 (detailing the SPD policies that Mr. Espinoza violated); 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 36, Ex. 35; id. ¶ 22, Ex. 21 at SCL-Espinoza077908 (requiring that patrol officers remain on duty for entire watch period); id. ¶ 33, Ex. 32 at SCL-Espinoza078346-49 (setting for SPD policy for ICV use); id. ¶ 34, Ex. 33 at SCL-Espinoza075413 (requiring patrol officers to remain in their assigned district or beat).) Mr. Espinoza also has no evidence that Mr. Mahaffey disciplined him more harshly than other non-reservist SPD officers. (See generally MSJ Resp.; Espinoza Decl.) Mr. Espinoza underscores Mr. Mahaffey's admission that he has never transferred another officer for leaving his sector without authorization as evidence of Mr. Mahaffey's anti-military animus (see MSJ Resp. at 12-13), but Mr. Espinoza has no evidence to dispute Mr. Mahaffey's testimony that he has never supervised another officer who has left his or her assigned precinct without authorization (see Mahaffey Decl. ¶ 5). Absent some non-conclusory evidence showing that Mr. Mahaffey harbored anti-military motivations, the fact that Mr. Espinoza repeatedly violated SPD policy and was disciplined by multiple superiors for those violations near the time that he challenged Mr. Mahaffey is nothing more than a coincidence.

In sum, the court rejects Mr. Espinoza's argument that the court may infer that Defendants delayed his transfer to the Motorcycle Unit based on proximity in time between Mr. Espinoza "challenging" Mr. Mahaffey and SPD's decisions to delay Mr. Espinoza's transfer requests. The alleged adverse employment actions that Mr. Espinoza bases his claims on—SPD's delayed decision to transfer him to the Motorcycle Unit—began before Mr. Espinoza challenged Mr. Mahaffey; Mr. Espinoza bases his claims of discrimination on Mr. Mahaffey's alleged anti-military animus, but the undisputed evidence shows that Mr. Mahaffey had no authority or control over Mr. Espinoza's requests to transfer to a different operations bureau; and even if Mr. Espinoza could show that Mr. Mahaffey impacted his transfer requests, he has failed to provide any evidence beyond speculation, coincidence, and his own beliefs in support of his allegation that Mr. Mahaffey exhibits anti-military bias against him. This is insufficient to create a genuine dispute of material fact on the question of whether Defendants’ anti-military bias was a motivating factor in Mr. Espinoza's delayed transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. See Caines v. City of New York , No. 13-CV-676 (VEC), 2015 WL 13021892, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. July 8, 2015), aff'd , 649 F. App'x 74 (2d Cir. 2016) ("[W]hile Plaintiff asserts that he believes a number of adverse actions occurred because of his military service ..., his arguments linking those complaints to the change of his shift, his poor performance evaluation, his transfer to the 110th Precinct, and the penalty for his 2007 Charges are purely speculative. Although he may believe that those things happened because of his military service ..., he points to no evidence to support that belief, and there is substantial evidence in the record that undermines the reasonableness of his belief.").

ii. SPD's "Inconsistent" Explanations

Mr. Espinoza argues that Defendants’ explanations for why Mr. Espinoza was not promoted to the Motorcycle Unit are inconsistent with Defendants’ other actions, which should be construed as evidence of military animus. (See MSJ Resp. at 18); see also Leisek , 278 F.3d at 900 (listing "inconsistencies between the proffered reason and other actions of the employer" as one of the grounds courts may consider in determining whether an employer acted with discriminatory intent). Specifically, Mr. Espinoza notes that SPD allowed him to attend the Motorcycle Unit training in 2012 and apply for transfers to the Motorcycle Unit, but never informed him that his delayed transfer to the Motorcycle Unit was due to disciplinary issues until he filed this lawsuit. (See MSJ Resp. at 9 ("Mr. Espinoza declares that the first time he ever heard SPD's supposed reasoning for not promoting him to the motorcycle squad was after he filed this lawsuit.").) He also alleges that the fact that SPD eventually transferred him to the Motorcycle Unit after this lawsuit is inconsistent with SPD's assertion that his disciplinary record prevented him from qualifying for the Motorcycle Unit. (See id. at 1-2.)

There are a litany of issues with Mr. Espinoza's argument that SPD treated him inconsistently. First, there is no evidence that SPD acted inconsistently by allowing Mr. Espinoza to take the Motorcycle Unit training course but then delaying his transfer due to disciplinary issues. Special Operations maintains specific policies that detail the selection criteria for transfer to Traffic Section and to the Motorcycle Unit. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 24 at SCL-Espinoza001499; id. ¶ 26, Ex. 25.) An applicant's work record and disciplinary record are listed amongst the criteria that the Motorcycle Unit considers when assessing applicants. (See id. )

Mr. Espinoza testified that SPD applied those criteria prior to selecting officers for Motorcycle Unit training, which meant that he was essentially pre-qualified for assignment to the Motorcycle Unit. (See Espinoza Dep at 60:18-61:6.) However, Mr. Espinoza does not point to any evidence in the record showing that the Motorcycle Unit considered the selection criteria prior to selecting him for training in 2012, and he does not show that the Motorcycle Unit disregards the selection criteria once an officer completes the training. (See generally MSJ Resp.) In fact, the specific language in the policies and the available documentary evidence confirms that completion of the training course is only one of many criteria that the Motorcycle Unit considers when selecting an officer for transfer into the unit. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 25, Ex. 24 at SCL-Espinoza001499 (noting that "assignment" into the Traffic Section will be determined by a number of criteria); id. at SCL-Espinoza001500 ("Upon successful completion of this two-week course of instruction, student riders are placed on an eligibility list for consideration for future assignment to a motorcycle squad."); id. at SCL-Espinoza001502 ("Successful completion of the [training course] does not guarantee an assignment with the Motorcycle Unit, and other factors such as attitude, compatibility with others, and the ability to ride safely will be considered."); id. ¶ 26, Ex. 25 (stating that completion of the Motorcycle Unit training course is one of 15 criteria that the Motorcycle Unit considers for "[a]ssignment into the Motorcycle Unit"); id. ¶ 39, Ex. 38 (SPD posting for availability in the Motorcycle Unit noting that "[s]uccessful completion of the motorcycle operators course does not guarantee a candidate's selection into the unit"); id. ¶ 43, Ex. 42 (email from Traffic Section Commander listing "working events," "continuous training, and "recent OPA findings" as factors considered in ranking candidates for transfer to Motorcycle Unit); id. ¶ 46, Ex. 45 (email listing frequency of volunteer work, job performance during volunteer work, "[t]ardiness," and attitude concerns as factors considered in ranking candidates for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit).) Thus, Mr. Espinoza's allegation that he essentially pre-qualified for assignment to the Motorcycle Unit by passing the training course is directly contradicted by the evidence in the record showing that the Motorcycle Unit considers a host of factors before selecting applicants for the unit.

Moreover, Mr. Espinoza ignores all of the disciplinary incidents that occurred after he completed the Motorcycle Unit training course in 2012. The only relevant disciplinary incidents in Mr. Espinoza's record prior to taking the training course were his 2004 arrest for patronizing a prostitute and the 2006 reprimand he received for failing to follow arrest protocols. See supra §§ II.C.1-2. After Mr. Espinoza took the training course, SPD disciplined him for failing to assist an assault victim, failing to conduct proper Terry stops and detentions, failing to properly explain enforcement actions, leaving duty early without being excused, a multitude of ICV violations, leaving his assigned precinct without authorization, and failing to provide adequate backup. See supra §§ II.C.2-6. Thus, even if Mr. Espinoza submitted evidence that SPD's decision to allow Mr. Espinoza meant that the Motorcycle Unit had signed off on his pre-training discipline record—which he does not—Mr. Espinoza fails to explain why the Motorcycle Unit was not entitled to consider his post-training discipline record.¹³ Mr. Espinoza's allegation that SPD failed to inform him why he was not selected for the Motorcycle Unit until he filed this lawsuit also does not create any "inconsistencies" sufficient to create a genuine dispute of material fact that Defendants acted with anti-military animus. The first issue with this argument is that there is no record of Mr. Espinoza's applications for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit in 2012 and 2014 beyond Mr. Espinoza's own assertions that he applied. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶¶ 11-12, 24.) Mr. Espinoza concedes that a lieutenant in the Motorcycle Unit informed him in 2014 that SPD had no record of his 2012 transfer request (see Espinoza Dep. at 63:14-64:12), Mr. Mahaffey asserts he never received a transfer request from Mr. Espinoza in 2014 when he was Mr. Espinoza's supervisor (see Mahaffey Dep. at 66:3-20), and neither party produces the transfer memoranda that Mr. Espinoza alleges he submitted (see generally MSJ; MSJ Resp.) Although SPD cannot definitively rebut Mr. Espinoza's testimony that he submitted transfer requests in 2012 and 2014, Mr. Espinoza's failure to produce any record of SPD's decision-making process on Mr. Espinoza's transfer requests prevents the court from determining whether SPD's alleged denials of Mr. Espinoza's transfer requests in 2012 and 2014 were inconsistent with the positions Defendants take in this lawsuit.

13 Indeed, in 2016, when the Motorcycle Unit ranked Mr. Espinoza ninth on the list of applicants for the Motorcycle Unit, the officer who compiled the ranking noted that there were "some concerns" about Mr. Espinoza due to "recent OPA findings," suggesting that the Motorcycle Unit was more concerned with Mr. Espinoza's post-training record than his pre-training record. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 44, Ex. 43 at SCL-Espinoza001213-14.)

Mr. Espinoza's argument that Defendants never informed him why he was not transferred to the Motorcycle Unit is also directly contradicted by Mr. Espinoza's own declaration. Mr. Espinoza alleges that he asked Mr. Kuehn about his application for transfer in May 2015, and Mr. Kuehn informed him that he had been made aware that there were "issues with" Mr. Espinoza. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 26.) Although Mr. Espinoza asserts that Mr. Kuehn did not expound on what the "issues" were (see id. ), Mr. Espinoza had notice as of at least May 2015 that the Motorcycle Unit had identified issues with his record, which contributed to the delay in his transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. This explanation provided to Mr. Espinoza in 2015 is entirely consistent with Defendants’ allegations that Mr. Espinoza's disciplinary record slowed his transfer. Further, although there is no evidence that SPD informed Mr. Espinoza that his disciplinary record remained a problem in 2016, the evidence shows that Mr. Espinoza's disciplinary record resulted in the Motorcycle Unit ranking him lower than other officers at that time, which is in line with the explanations SPD provided in this lawsuit. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 44, Ex. 43 at SCL-Espinoza001213-14.)

Finally, the fact that SPD transferred Mr. Espinoza to the Motorcycle Unit in July 2018—10 months after he filed notice of his tort claim against SPD (see id. ¶ 55, Ex. 54)—is not evidence that SPD's explanation that his disciplinary record delayed his transfer is inconsistent and does not suggest that Defendants’ true motivation for the delay was anti-military animus. In 2015 and 2016, the Motorcycle Unit placed other officers ahead of Mr. Espinoza on the transfer list and cited the frequency of his volunteer work and "recent OPA findings" as justifications for placing him lower on the list at that time. (See id. ; id. ¶ 46, Ex. 45; id. ¶ 40, Ex. 39.) By June 2018, the Motorcycle Unit ranked Mr. Espinoza as the top available candidate. (See id. ¶ 49, Ex. 48; id. ¶ 50, Ex. 49 (noting that Mr. Espinoza was "[number] 1 on traffic list (motors) to come in).) Notably, by June 2018, the top six candidates from the Motorcycle Unit's September 2016 rankings—all of whom were ranked ahead of Mr. Espinoza at that time—were no longer on the ranking list. (Compare id. ¶ 44, Ex. 43 at SCL-Espinoza001213-14 with id. ¶ 49, Ex. 48.) Moreover, in the same email where SPD ranked Mr. Espinoza as the top available transfer candidate, the Traffic Section Commander noted that the Motorcycle Unit believed that next candidate in should be an officer who had "been on the wait list the longest," which suggests that the seniority of an officer's transfer request impacted the unit's ranking decisions. (See id. ¶ 49, Ex. 48.) This is consistent with Defendants’ explanation that Mr. Espinoza was transferred in 2018 because he had eventually become the top candidate and it was his turn to be transferred. In contrast, Mr. Espinoza, who bears the burden to show that Defendants’ acted with anti-military animus when they delayed his transfer to the Motorcycle Unit, see 38 U.S.C. § 4311(c), has no evidence beyond his own conclusory testimony to support his belief that his low ranking on the 2015 and 2016 transfer list was due to anti-military animus.

iii. Corporate Atmosphere of Discrimination

The court rejects Mr. Espinoza's argument that it should consider allegations from Mr. Sackman and his lawsuits against SPD as evidence that SPD acted with anti-military animus in this case. (See MSJ Resp. at 19.) Mr. Espinoza alleges that SPD discriminated and retaliated against him by delaying his transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. (See MSJ Resp. at 16.) Mr. Sackman's lawsuit against SPD and his belief that Mr. Espinoza's claims of discrimination are consistent with his experience at SPD have no relevance to those claims. Mr. Sackman is a captain at SPD, not an officer like Mr. Espinoza (see Sackman Decl. ¶ 3); outside of alleging that he "knows" Mr. Espinoza and is "aware" of his allegations, Mr. Sackman does not purport to have any direct knowledge of Mr. Espinoza's employment circumstances (see id. ¶ 10); Mr. Sackman does not allege that he was employed in Mr. Espinoza's precinct (see generally id. ); and Mr. Sackman does not allege that he had any of the same supervisors, like Mr. Mahaffey, that Mr. Espinoza alleges discriminated against him (see generally id. ). Mr. Sackman's lawsuit settled without any admission of liability. (See id. ¶ 4; see also id. at 12-16 (Mr. Sackman's settlement agreement).) Thus, even if Mr. Sackman's lawsuit was relevant to Mr. Espinoza's lawsuit, Mr. Sackman's complaint and the statements about his lawsuit in his declaration constitute nothing more than unverified allegations of discrimination. Finally, the email chain Mr. Espinoza repeatedly cites as evidence of a "corporate atmosphere of discrimination" at SPD (see Tymczyszyn Decl. ¶ 3, Ex. H) relates to Mr. Sackman, not Mr. Espinoza, and was sent between two SPD supervisors who were never in Mr. Espinoza's chain of command (see 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 6, Ex. 5 at RFA 16-17); see also Smith v. Vill. of Downers Grove , No. 18-CV-05649, 2020 WL 1491177, at *8 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 26, 2020) ("Simply alleging a general ‘bad taste’ within a department is not enough to allow a reasonable jury to infer that [the plaintiff's] supervisors (1) had that same bad taste with regard to military service and (2) acted on that animus when they made the [adverse employment action at issue].").

In sum, Mr. Espinoza has not identified any relevant, admissible evidence that there was a "corporate atmosphere of discrimination" at SPD. Thus, the court rejects this basis for inferring that SPD acted with discriminatory motive when it delayed transferring Mr. Espinoza to the Motorcycle Unit.

iv. Dissimilar Treatment of Similarly Situated Individuals

Mr. Espinoza's argument that Defendants treated "similarly situated" non-reservists differently than Mr. Espinoza regarding transfer to the Motorcycle Unit actually highlights a crucial evidentiary shortcoming in Mr. Espinoza's case. Mr. Espinoza submits no evidence that any of the other officers that SPD transferred to the Motorcycle Unit instead of him were similarly situated to Mr. Espinoza. In the related context of Title VII discrimination claims, the Ninth Circuit requires that plaintiffs show that they are similar to other employees who received more favorable treatment "in all material respects" to show that the employees are similarly situated. See Moran v. Selig , 447 F.3d 748, 755 (9th Cir. 2006). "Generally, we have determined that ‘individuals are similarly situated when they have similar jobs and display similar conduct.’ " Hawn v. Exec. Jet Mgmt., Inc. , 615 F.3d 1151, 1157 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Vasquez v. Cty. of Los Angeles , 349 F.3d 634, 641 (9th Cir. 2003) ). Here, Mr. Espinoza summarily declares that he is similarly situated to the other SPD employees who took the August 2012 Motorcycle Unit training based solely on the fact that the officers all took the same Motorcycle Unit training course. (See MSJ Resp. at 3, 7-8.) As discussed above, however, SPD policy listed 15 different criteria for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 26, Ex. 25.) Passing the Motorcycle Unit training course is just one of those 15 factors.¹⁴ (See id. ) Mr. Espinoza submits no evidence about the other officers who took the August 2012 training course that would allow the court or a jury to conclude that these officers are similarly situated to Mr. Espinoza with respect to any of the other 14 factors the Motorcycle Unit considered. (See generally MSJ Resp.) Indeed, Mr. Espinoza does not even provide affirmative evidence beyond conclusory allegations in his declaration about the military status—or lack thereof—of these other officers. (See id. at 7; Espinoza Decl. ¶ 32.) Instead, he concludes that these other officers were not members of the military reserves based solely on Defendants’ discovery response that they lacked sufficient information to admit or deny that the five officers who took the August 2012 training course were members of the military reserves. (See MSJ Resp. at 7 (citing Tymczyszyn Decl. ¶ 11, Ex. E at 1-2).).

14 Mr. Espinoza repeatedly contends that one of the officers in his training class, Eric Daylong, failed to pass the August 2012 Motorcycle Unit training course but was still transferred to the Motorcycle Unit before Mr. Espinoza. (See, e.g. , MSJ Resp. at 7.) However, even if Mr. Daylong failed the training course in August 2012, by December 2015, Mr. Daylong had passed the training course. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 40, Ex. 39 (noting that Mr. Daylong had "successfully completed the basic police motorcycle operators course").)

Although Mr. Espinoza failed to provide even basic information about the five officers who took the August 2012 Motorcycle Unit training with him—such as rank, length of service time, or even military status—Defendants submit the disciplinary records for those five officers. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 51, Ex. 50.) At the time he was transferred to the Motorcycle Unit, Mr. Ogard had two disciplinary notices in his file, both of which were more than 10 years old: (1) a 1990 reprimand for unnecessary use of force during an arrest;¹⁵ and (2) a one-day suspension and transfer to a different position for using SPD equipment for an inappropriate purpose in 2003. (See id. at SCL-Espinoza087825-26.) Mr. Daylong had one 2006 reprimand in his file for a preventable vehicle accident. (See id. at SCL-Espinoza037451.) The other three officers who took the August 2012 training course—Roy Ellis, Steve Mathisen, and Matt Diezsi—had no disciplinary records at all. (See id. ) Similarly, Gregory Rice, Gary Davenport, and Arthur Garza—who were ranked ahead of Mr. Espinoza on the Motorcycle Unit's transfer rankings in 2015 and 2016 (see id. ¶¶ 40, 44, Exs. 39, 43)—had no disciplinary records. (See id. ¶ 51, Ex. 50.) Thus, not only did Mr. Espinoza fail to provide evidence that the officers who took the August 2012 training course with him were similarly situated based on the selection criteria for the Motorcycle Unit, Defendants submitted disciplinary evidence showing that these officers were more favorably suited for selection to the Motorcycle Unit than Mr. Espinoza.¹⁶

15 The fact that Mr. Ogard has a 1990 reprimand in his file suggests that he was employed at SPD for at least eight years longer than Mr. Espinoza at the time Mr. Ogard was promoted. (See Espinoza Decl. ¶ 3.)

16 Mr. Espinoza's passing reference to his argument that he was denied transfer to the Southwest Precinct at the same time SPD granted transfer requests from other similarly situated employees (see MSJ Resp. at 19) fails for a similar lack of proof about whether these other officers were similarly situated. Further, the available evidence shows that the Assistant Chief of Patrol Operations approved Mr. Espinoza's transfer request, but Mr. Espinoza was not transferred because the Southwest Precinct wanted an officer for the third watch and Mr. Espinoza wanted to stay on second watch. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 38, Ex. 37; Espinoza Dep. at 127:18-128:3.)

v. "Other Violations" of USERRA

Mr. Espinoza argues that the court should infer that Mr. Espinoza's delayed transfer to the Motorcycle Unit was due to SPD's anti-military animus because SPD engaged in other practices that violated USERRA. (See MSJ Resp. at 19.) The court disagrees that SPD violated other provisions of USERRA. First, Mr. Espinoza acknowledges that he received all the service credits he is entitled to after he requested that DRS update his service credit amounts in 2017. (See Espinoza Dep. at 165:3-16; 173:24-174:2.) Thus, his complaint about service credits is that SPD did not provide him with service credits for his periods of military deployment until he asked for them and provided the necessary supporting documentation.

Mr. Espinoza has not identified any provision of USERRA or Washington law that required SPD to automatically credit Mr. Espinoza with service credits for his periods of military deployment. (See generally MSJ Resp.) USERRA states that reemployed service members "shall be treated as not having incurred a break in service" for pension purposes, see 38 U.S.C. § 4318(a)(2)(A), but specifically allows employers to require documentation of military leave prior to providing pension benefits under § 4318(a)(2)(A), see 38 U.S.C. § 4312(f)(3)(B). Similarly, Washington law states that military members who leave the employ of an employer to perform military service "shall be entitled to retirement system service credit for up to five years of military service." RCW 41.40.710(4). If the reemployed military member wishes to obtain service credits at no cost, the member must provide "proof that the member's interruptive military service was during a period of war." RCW 41.40.710(4)(a)(iv). When Mr. Espinoza contacted DRS to inquire about his service credits, DRS requested the relevant documentation to establish that Mr. Espinoza's military service was during a period of war. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 9, Ex. 8 at Espinoza 0049.) Once Mr. Espinoza provided that information, DRS approved his request for service credits, SPD made the necessary contributions, and Mr. Espinoza received his service credits. (See id. ¶¶ 7, 13, 14, Exs. 6, 12-13.) Thus, DRS and SPD's response to Mr. Espinoza's request for service credits was fully consistent with USERRA and Washington law and is not evidence that SPD delayed Mr. Espinoza's transfer based on anti-military animus.

Mr. Espinoza's allegation that SPD required him to get "supervisor approval" to perform military service contorts the available facts in the record. Regulations promulgated under USERRA state that an employee is not required to "ask for or get his or her employer's permission" to perform military service. See 20 C.F.R. § 1002.87. However, the employee is required to "give the employer notice of pending service." See id. The problem with Mr. Espinoza's argument that SPD required him to get approval to perform military service is that he considers circling furlough days as his only option for taking leave for military duty. The undisputed facts in the record showed that SPD officers had a number of options for taking leave from SPD to perform military duty, including: (1) up to 21 days of paid military leave per year; (2) discretionary furlough days; (3) unpaid leave; or (4) circling furlough days. (See Mahaffey Dep at 68:24-69:6; Zwaschka Dep. at 23:6-25:2.) SPD policy required that all SPD officers obtain supervisor approval to circle furlough days because circling furlough days resulted in an officer "trading" a regularly scheduled day off for a regularly scheduled work day, which created staffing challenges if supervisors did not properly account for the traded days. (See 1st Seals Decl. ¶ 52, Ex. 51 at § 4.010(12); Espinoza Decl. at 126:21-127:7; Mahaffey Dep. at 71:24-73:4; Zwaschka Dep. at 25:19-26:19.) The fact that Mr. Espinoza asserts that he prefers to circle furlough days to perform military service (see Espinoza Decl. ¶ 14) does not mean SPD's policy that supervisors must approve an officer's request to circle furlough days violates USERRA. Unlike circling furlough days, an officer's 21 days of paid military leave and discretionary furlough days could be used at an officer's discretion without any requirement for supervisor approval.¹⁷ (See Zwaschka Dep. at 23:6-20.)

17 No evidence in the record details the process for requesting unpaid leave.

Critically, although Mr. Espinoza takes issue with the policy for circling furlough days at a high level, Mr. Espinoza does not point to a single instance in which SPD required him to seek permission to perform military service or prevented him from circling a furlough day for military service. (See generally MSJ Resp.) On the other hand, Mr. Mahaffey and Mr. Zwaschka, who provided the only evidence in the record on this topic, both testified that SPD accommodated officers who needed leave to perform military duty. (See Mahaffey Dep. at 69:7-22; Zwaschka Dep. at 25:3-18.) Thus, the undisputed evidence shows that SPD's practices regarding leave for military duty did not run afoul of USERRA.

vi. "Related Anti-Military Animus"

Finally, the court rejects Mr. Espinoza's arguments that other evidence of "[r]elated anti-military animus" that Mr. Espinoza suffered at SPD can be construed as evidence that SPD delayed Mr. Espinoza's request for transfer to the Motorcycle Unit due to anti-military animus. (See MSJ Resp. at 19.) Mr. Espinoza presents no evidence of any "related anti-military animus" that the court has not already addressed. Mr. Espinoza submits no evidence to corroborate his allegations that SPD's decisions not to promote him to the Bicycle, Narcotics, Bomb, or Homeland Security Units had any connection to anti-military animus or to his requests to transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. (See generally MSJ Resp.) Similarly, Mr. Espinoza's opposition brief does not offer any argument about the relevance of the September 2015 Ride the Ducks accident. (See generally id. ; See also supra § II.B.8.) Mr. Espinoza makes a conclusory statement that "others [at SPD] express[ed] frustration with [Mr.] Espinoza's military service." (See MSJ Resp. at 19.) But the only other individual addressed in Mr. Espinoza's briefing is Mr. Zwaschka, who Mr. Espinoza asserts spoke to him about circling furlough days in a tone that led Mr. Espinoza to believe that [SPD] was frustrated with the amount of military leave that [Mr. Espinoza] was taking." (See MSJ Resp. at 10; Espinoza Decl. ¶ 14.) This allegation is both speculative and conclusory. Moreover, Mr. Espinoza fails to draw a meaningful connection to Mr. Zwaschka's expressed frustration and SPD's decision to delay his transfer to the Motorcycle Unit. (See generally MSJ Resp.) Thus, the court concludes that there is no cognizable evidence that Mr. Espinoza suffered "[r]elated anti-military animus" at SPD related to his claims in this case.

vii. Summary

The court concludes that Mr. Espinoza has failed to establish a genuine dispute of material fact regarding whether his military service was a "motivating factor" behind SPD's delay in transferring him to the Motorcycle Unit as required by 38 U.S.C. § 4311(c). Even when the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to Mr. Espinoza—as it must be for summary judgment—Mr. Espinoza failed to submit evidence beyond his own conclusory allegations showing that SPD "relied on, took into account, considered, or conditioned its decision" on Mr. Espinoza's status as a member of USMCR. See Campbell , 2012 WL 13020051, at *2 ; Accordingly, the court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Mr. Espinoza's retaliation and discrimination claims under 38 U.S.C. § 4311.¹⁸ See, e.g. , McConnell , 944 F.3d at 990 ("[S]ummary judgment [is] appropriate here because McConnell has failed to present sufficient evidence to make a threshold showing that his military status was a motivating factor in Anixter's decision to fire him."); Ward v. United Parcel Serv. , 580 F. App'x 735, 738 (11th Cir. 2014) ("Here, Ward did not present sufficient evidence that would allow a reasonable jury to find that his military service was a motivating factor in UPS's failure to employ him between October 2009 and January 2011. Notably, he failed to offer evidence of express hostility towards members of the military or disparate treatment of similarly situated employees. At best, Ward attempted to show inconsistencies in UPS's proffered reasons for its actions. But the evidence Ward offered did not show a material dispute of fact."); De Cuir v. Cty. of Los Angeles , 223 F. App'x 639, 640 (9th Cir. 2007) ("[T]he district court properly granted summary judgment because De Cuir failed to create a triable issue as to whether his veteran status was a "motivating factor" in defendants’ action.").

18 Because Mr. Espinoza fails to carry his initial burden to show by a preponderance of the evidence that his military status was a "motivating factor" in SPD's decision-making, the court need not consider whether Defendants carried their burden to establish their affirmative defense that SPD "would have taken the same action without regard to [Mr. Espinoza's] protected status." Huhmann , 874 F.3d at 1105 (quoting Wallace , 479 F.3d at 624 ).

2. Mr. Espinoza's Other USERRA Claims

Mr. Espinoza's complaint alleges three additional USERRA claims; (1) denial of seniority benefits in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4316 of USERRA; (2) failure to contribute to a pension plan in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4318 of USERRA; and (3) willful violation of USERRA in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4323. (See Am. Compl. at 14-16.) Although SPD argued that the court should grant summary judgment on each of these causes of action (see MSJ at 16-17, 30), Mr. Espinoza offered no argument in support of these claims in his opposition brief (see generally MSJ Resp.).

Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on each of these remaining USERRA claims. Section 4316 of USERRA states that reemployed military members are entitled to "seniority and other rights and benefits determined by seniority" that the member would have received had the member remained continuously employed. 38 U.S.C. § 4316. This claim fails because Mr. Espinoza makes no effort to identify any "seniority" rights that SPD did not grant him. (See generally MSJ Resp.) As discussed above, SPD's treatment of Mr. Espinoza's request for service credits did not violate 38 U.S.C. § 4318. See supra § III.B.2.v. Accordingly, SPD is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on Mr. Espinoza's § 4318 claim. Finally, because each of Mr. Espinoza's USERRA claims fail, Mr. Espinoza's claim for willful violation of USERRA under 38 U.S.C. § 4323 also necessarily fails. See 38 U.S.C. § 4323(d)(1)(C). Thus, the court GRANTS summary judgment on Mr. Espinoza's claims for (1) denial of seniority benefits in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4316 of USERRA; (2) failure to contribute to a pension plan in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4318 of USERRA; and (3) willful violation of USERRA in violation of 38 U.S.C. § 4323.

3. Mr. Espinoza's WLAD Claim

Mr. Espinoza's claim for discrimination in violation of WLAD fails for the same reasons that his USERRA discrimination and retaliation claims fail. "WLAD makes it an unfair practice for any person acting in the interests of an employer to discriminate against an employee in the terms and conditions of employment because of military status." Fennell v. Pac. Mar. Ass'n , No. CV C16-5933RSL, 2017 WL 1543249, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 28, 2017) (citing RCW 49.60.040(11) and RCW 49.60.180(3) ). To overcome summary judgment on a WLAD discrimination claim, an employee "needs to show only that a reasonable jury could find that the plaintiff's protected trait was a substantial factor motivating the employer's adverse actions." See Scrivener v. Clark Coll. , 181 Wash.2d 439, 334 P.3d 541, 545 (2014).

Where an employee lacks direct evidence of discrimination, a WLAD claim proceeds under the three-step McDonnell Douglas analysis. See id. at 546 ; see also McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green , 411 U.S. 792, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). "Under the first prong of the McDonnell Douglas framework, a plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination, which creates a presumption of discrimination." Scrivener , 334 P.3d at 546 (citations omitted). "Once the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case, the burden of production shifts to the employer to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action." Id. (citations omitted). "If the Defendant meets this burden, the third prong of the McDonnell Douglas test requires the Plaintiff to produce sufficient evidence that Defendant's alleged nondiscriminatory reason for [the employment action] was a pretext." Id. (citations omitted).

The court concludes that Mr. Espinoza fails to carry his burden to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. To establish a prima facie discrimination claim under the McDonnell Douglas framework, Mr. Espinoza must show that he: "(1) belongs to the protected class; (2) was qualified for the position; (3) was subject to an adverse employment action; and (4) similarly situated employees outside the protected class were treated more favorably." See Ellorin v. Applied Finishing, Inc. , 996 F. Supp. 2d 1070, 1092 (W.D. Wash. 2014) (citing Chuang v. University of Cal. Davis , 225 F.3d 1115, 1123 (9th Cir. 2000) ). In its analysis of Mr. Espinoza's USERRA claim, the court addressed Mr. Espinoza's failure to show that similarly situated employees were treated more favorably than him. See supra § III.B.1.b.iv. Mr. Espinoza's failure to provide evidence that SPD favored similarly situated employees also dooms his WLAD claim. See, e.g. , McElwain v. Boeing Co. , 244 F. Supp. 3d 1093, 1100 (W.D. Wash. 2017) (granting summary judgment on WLAD claim based on plaintiff's failure to provide more than "bare allegation" of similarly situated employees receiving favorable treatment). Thus, the court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Mr. Espinoza's WLAD claim.

Although Mr. Espinoza's failure to establish a prima facie case of discrimination under WLAD is fatal to his claim, the court also concludes that Defendants’ met their burden to articulate "legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason[s]" for SPD's delay in transferring Mr. Espinoza by providing evidence that Mr. Espinoza's disciplinary record caused him to be ranked lower on the Motorcycle Unit's transfer list. (See MSJ at 26-29); supra § III.B.1.b; Scrivener , 334 P.3d at 546. Additionally, based on the court's analysis of the merits of Mr. Espinoza's USERRA claim, see supra § III.B.1.b, the court concludes that Mr. Espinoza fails to submit any evidence that Defendants’ articulated nondiscriminatory reason for his delayed transfer was pretextual. Thus, his WLAD claim also fails at the third step of the McDonnell Douglas framework.

C. Defendants’ Daubert Motion

The contents of Mr. West's report and deposition do not change the court's determination the Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on each of Mr. Espinoza's claims. Mr. West's reports relate solely to the amount of Mr. Espinoza's alleged damages. (See Lee Decl. ¶¶ 2-3, 6-7, Exs. 1-2, 5-6.) Damages are not relevant to Defendants’ summary judgment motion or the court's analysis of that motion. Thus, because Mr. West's reports, even if fully admitted, would not change the court's conclusion on summary judgment, the court DENIES as moot Defendants’ motion to exclude Mr. West.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the court GRANTS Defendants’ motion for summary judgment (Dkt. # 75), and DENIES as moot Defendants’ motion to exclude (Dkt. # 73) and Defendants’ motion to strike (see MSJ Reply at 2-7).