Summary
holding forum adequate because "although plaintiff wife could not pursue a cause of action for loss of consortium in Scotland or England, plaintiff husband would be permitted to recover compensation for the services she provided for him in tending to his injuries"
Summary of this case from In re XTO Energy, Inc.Opinion
2013-04-26
James EMSLIE and Lisa Ann Emslie, Plaintiffs–Respondents–Appellants, v. RECREATIVE INDUSTRIES, INC., Defendant–Appellant–Respondent, et al., Defendant.
Underberg & Kessler LLP, Buffalo (Colin D. Ramsey of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant–Respondent. Thomas E. Stiles, Brooklyn, for Plaintiffs–Respondents–Appellants.
Underberg & Kessler LLP, Buffalo (Colin D. Ramsey of Counsel), for Defendant–Appellant–Respondent. Thomas E. Stiles, Brooklyn, for Plaintiffs–Respondents–Appellants.
PRESENT: SMITH, J.P., PERADOTTO, LINDLEY, WHALEN, AND MARTOCHE, JJ.
MEMORANDUM:
This action arises from an incident in which plaintiff James Emslie, a British citizen residing in Scotland, allegedly sustained serious physical injuries in England while he was a passenger on an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) manufactured by defendant Recreative Industries, Inc. (RII), a New York entity. RII moved to dismiss the action pursuant to CPLR 327 based on the doctrine of forum non conveniens, contending that England is the more convenient forum. Supreme Court granted the motion to the extent that it stayed the action in Erie County on the conditions that RII agreed to waive the right to raise the defenses of lack of jurisdiction and the statute of limitations in an action to be commenced by plaintiffs in Scotland or England within 90 days of service of the court's order or, in the event of an appeal thereof, within 90 days of service of an order of the Appellate Division. The court further imposed the condition that RII agreed to waive the right to seek any attorney's fees or costs in the action to be commenced in Scotland or England. RII appeals and plaintiffs cross-appeal.
Contrary to plaintiffs' contention on their cross appeal, the court properly conditionally stayed this action on the ground of forum non conveniens. As a preliminary matter, we reject plaintiffs' contention that the “Governing Law and Jurisdiction” provision in the operator's manual of the ATV contractually binds RII to submit to the jurisdiction of the court in Erie County or otherwise estops RII from seeking to dismiss the complaint based upon the ground of forum non conveniens. That provision expressly provides that the “parties” consent to jurisdiction in Erie County, and it is undisputed that the term “parties” refers to the owner of the ATV and RII. It is also undisputed that neither plaintiff was the owner of the ATV, and we thus conclude as a matter of law that the provision in question does not apply herein ( see generally Tigue v. Commercial Life Ins. Co., 219 A.D.2d 820, 821, 631 N.Y.S.2d 974).
We further conclude that the court properly determined that “the action, although jurisdictionally sound, would be better adjudicated elsewhere” ( Islamic Republic of Iran v. Pahlavi, 62 N.Y.2d 474, 479, 478 N.Y.S.2d 597, 467 N.E.2d 245,cert. denied469 U.S. 1108, 105 S.Ct. 783, 83 L.Ed.2d 778). Plaintiffs are both British citizens residing in Scotland. The accident occurred in England, and other witnesses, including the driver of the ATV, are located there. As the trial court in the federal action between the same parties noted, “highly material evidence, such as the eyewitness testimony, accident investigation documents and witnesses, the scene of the accident, and the vehicle itself, which will not be readily within plaintiffs' control in this court, would be more accessible to both sides in a British forum” ( Emslie v. Recreative Indus., Inc., 2010 WL 1840311, at *9 [W.D.N.Y.], affd. 655 F.3d 123). Moreover, RII is amenable to service of process in Scotland or England, and it does not take issue with the conditions imposed by the court concerning the waiver of defenses based on jurisdiction and the statute of limitations.
Plaintiffs nevertheless contend that neither Scotland nor England is an adequate alternative forum because those jurisdictions would not permit them to retain counsel on a contingency fee basis, would hinder their right to a jury trial, which would have been guaranteed in Erie County, and would not recognize plaintiff wife's cause of action for loss of consortium. Although various courts have considered the burden imposed on plaintiffs with respect to the first two factors ( see e.g. Waterways Ltd. v. Barclays Bank PLC, 174 A.D.2d 324, 328, 571 N.Y.S.2d 208; Gyenes v. Zionist Org. of Am., 169 A.D.2d 451, 452, 564 N.Y.S.2d 155), we conclude under the circumstances of this case that those factors do not warrant reversal. With respect to the third factor, we note that the record contains submissions from plaintiffs and RII establishing that, although plaintiff wife could not pursue a cause of action for loss of consortium in Scotland or England, plaintiff husband would be permitted to recover compensation for the services she provided for him in tending to his injuries. Courts have concluded under similar circumstances that a foreign forum is adequate despite the fact that it does not recognize such a cause of action ( see e.g. Massaquoi v. Virgin Atl. Airways, 945 F.Supp. 58, 61 [S.D.N.Y.]; Bell v. British Telecom, 1995 WL 476684, at *2 [S.D.N.Y.]; see also Bewers v. American Home Prods. Corp., 99 A.D.2d 949, 949–950, 472 N.Y.S.2d 637, affd. 64 N.Y.2d 630, 485 N.Y.S.2d 39, 474 N.E.2d 247). We likewise reach that conclusion here, particularly in light of the well-established principle set forth by the United States Supreme Court that the possibility of a change in substantive law, even one that would be less favorable to plaintiffs, “should ordinarily not be given conclusive or even substantial weight” in the scope of a forum non conveniens inquiry ( Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 247, 102 S.Ct. 252, 70 L.Ed.2d 419, reh. denied 455 U.S. 928, 102 S.Ct. 1296, 71 L.Ed.2d 474).
To the extent that plaintiffs contend for the first time on their cross appeal that they are entitled to the imposition of additional conditions upon the stay, that contention is not properly before us ( see Ciesinski v. Town of Aurora, 202 A.D.2d 984, 985, 609 N.Y.S.2d 745).
Turning to RII's appeal, we conclude that the court erred in imposing the condition that RII may not seek attorney's fees or costs in an action brought by plaintiffs in Scotland or England. We therefore modify the order accordingly. Pursuant to CPLR 327(a), courts are empowered to “stay or dismiss the action in whole or in part on any conditions that may be just.” Indeed, in granting motions under CPLR 327, courts often impose conditions requiring the defendants to waive the right to assert a defense based upon lack of jurisdiction and/or the statute of limitations ( see e.g. Mensah v. Moxley, 235 A.D.2d 910, 912, 653 N.Y.S.2d 166;Dawson v. Seenardine, 232 A.D.2d 521, 521, 648 N.Y.S.2d 681;Dales v. Tiessen, 231 A.D.2d 920, 920–921, 647 N.Y.S.2d 629). In this case, however, we conclude that the court abused its discretion by infringing on RII's substantive right to collect attorney's fees and costs if it were to prevail in a “loser pays” jurisdiction such as Scotland or England.
It is hereby ORDERED that the order so appealed from is unanimously modified on the law by vacating condition number three and as modified the order is affirmed without costs.