Opinion
Docket No. 51975.
Decided September 10, 1981. Leave to appeal applied for.
Cholette, Perkins Buchanan (by Bruce M. Bieneman and Robert J. Riley), for plaintiff.
Varnum, Riddering, Wierengo Christenson (by Thomas J. Mulder), for defendant.
Plaintiff, as administratrix of the estate of her late husband, Jack Ellis, appeals as of right a May 20, 1980, jury verdict of no cause of action in a wrongful death action arising out of a railroad crossing accident on July 13, 1977. The principal issue raised on appeal is whether the trial court erred in excluding from evidence (1) a report of the Department of State Highways and Transportation recommending that automatic protective warning devices be installed at the crossing, and (2) an order requiring defendant railroad company to install flashing signal lights at the crossing.
On July 13, 1977, Jack Ellis, a long time sandgravel truck driver for the L.W. Edison Company, picked up a load of gravel and drove north on Spaulding Road in Ada Township, Kent County. As he turned north, he was required to cross a railroad track marked by crossbucks. The crossbucks consisted of two crossed boards treated to reflect light. They did not have flashing lights to warn of approaching trains. Traveling at about 25 to 30 miles per hour, Ellis ran into the fourth boxcar of defendant's seven-car train (one engine, five boxcars, and a caboose) which was crossing Spaulding Road. Ellis' truck jackknifed, killing him. July 13th was a hot, clear, dry and sunny day. The accident occurred at approximately 3:05 in the afternoon.
After the accident, the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation investigated the railroad crossing to determine if additional warning devices were required. In a report dated August 26, 1977, the department recommended that automatic protective warning devices be installed at the crossing. The State Highway Commission issued an order requiring Grand Trunk and the Kent County Road Commission to place flashing light signals at the crossing. Such signals were installed.
On October 17, 1978, plaintiff commenced this action against Grand Trunk and the Kent County Road Commission. Prior to trial, defendant railroad moved to have any reference to the subsequent installation of the flashing signals excluded from the trial. The trial court granted the railroad's motion. At trial, plaintiff's attorney attempted to introduce the report and order but the trial court ruled them inadmissible. However, it did allow plaintiff to introduce the traffic volume count contained in pages 1 and 2 of the report. After plaintiff had finished her proofs, the Kent County Road Commission moved for a directed verdict as to it, which plaintiff did not oppose. After Grand Trunk's proofs were entered, the jury returned a verdict in Grand Trunk's favor. Plaintiff appeals, claiming the trial court erred when it excluded the report and order.
The report in question consists of a routine letter of transmittal plus five pages. Pages 1 and 2 contain statistical data pertaining to vehicular and train traffic volume. Pages 3 and 4 set forth the observations and recommendations of D.W. Westphal, the safety inspector who conducted the investigation and signed the report. Page 5 is a checklist of action required. For purposes of this case, the relevant portions of the report appear at pages 3 and 4 as follows:
" This investigation was scheduled by this Department as a result of a fatal accident occurring at the crossing on July 13, 1977. No responsibility or liability as a result of the accident is intended nor implied. The investigation was to consider the safety conditions at the subject crossing. Spaulding Avenue was improved during the 1971 construction season. At the same time the crossing was rebuilt, modern crossbuck signs were installed and the southeast and northwest quadrants were cut back to eliminate part of the embankment in these two quadrants. The quadrant work has increased road to rail vision to some extent, however, seasonal vegetation growth in the quadrants continues to be a problem and is restricting road to rail vision.
"A highway construction project immediately north of the crossing has resulted in the diverting of a high volume of heavy trucks to Spaulding Avenue and over the crossing to a gravel pit south of the crossing. The truck traffic has increased the normal traffic count to some great extent, however, it is indicated that the area on both sides of the road is zoned residential and a residential complex is scheduled for the area at the intersection of Spaulding Avenue and Ada Drive south of the crossing. It appears that with the completion of the rebuilding of Fulton Street M-21 north of the crossing and expected growth of the residential area vehicular traffic will continue to increase.
"It is this Inspector's opinion that because of the volume of vehicular traffic on Spaulding Avenue and the expected increase of vehicular traffic in the near future together with the number of rail movements both operating at maximum allowable speed limits an upgrading of the crossing protection from static signing to automatic protective devices is warranted.
"Therefore, side-of-street flashing-light signals and gongs are required to increase the safety conditions at the subject crossing." (Emphasis supplied.)
Defendant argues that plaintiff did not offer the entire report in evidence, but even if properly offered in evidence, the report constituted inadmissible hearsay and hence was properly excluded. In support of its position, defendant contends that if the report were to be allowed in evidence, defendant would be denied the opportunity to subject the maker of the report to cross-examination. We disagree.
While defendant argues that plaintiff failed to properly introduce the whole report, the transcript discloses that at trial the entire report was offered in evidence.
Several days prior to trial, a hearing was held on defendant's motion to exclude the report of August 26, 1977, and the order of October 19, 1977. Following the hearing, the trial judge granted defendant's motion for the reason that admission of the documents would be in contravention of MRE 407, which proscribes admission of evidence of remedial measures as proof of negligence. At trial, plaintiff's counsel renewed the motion and stated that if the court should conclude that the report and order did not violate "the remedial measure prohibition", counsel was fully prepared to subpoena Inspector Westphal, the author of the report. Again, the trial court denied the motion to introduce the reports, but on this occasion did not give the reason why the motion was denied. Had the trial court ruled in plaintiff's favor on the motion at trial, the person making the statements at pages 3 and 4 of the report would have been present in court, could have been cross-examined by defendant, and hearsay would not have been an issue.
The report and order should not have been excluded on grounds that they constituted a violation of MRE 407. Neither document was a subsequent remedy but instead was only a study and order by the Department of State Highways and Transportation. The report and order only stated that current and anticipated traffic volume at the railroad crossing in question warranted the installation of automatic warning devices. Therefore, to the extent that the trial court excluded the documents on the grounds they constituted evidence of remedial measures, the trial court erred. Nevertheless, it remains to be seen whether the proposed exhibits were excludable on grounds that they were not relevant.
"When, after an event, measures are taken which, if taken previously, would have made the event less likely to occur, evidence of the subsequent measures is not admissible to prove negligence or culpable conduct in connection with the event. This rule does not require the exclusion of evidence of subsequent measures when offered for another purpose, such as proving ownership, control, or feasibility of precautionary measures, if controverted, or impeachment."
If a trial judge sustains a specific objection for the wrong reason, the ruling may still be upheld if there was an unstated tenable ground, unless it appears that the proponent of the evidence could have obviated the grounds for the true objection, if stated. Moncrief v Detroit, 398 Mich. 181, 191, fn 4; 247 N.W.2d 783 (1976), McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 52, pp 117-118.
In Denolf v Frank L Jursik Co, 395 Mich. 661, 669-670; 238 N.W.2d 1 (1976), the Supreme Court stated an exception to the rule that subsequent repairs could not be introduced in evidence as proof of negligence.
"We therefore hold that the exclusionary rule under discussion was inapplicable, and that the circuit court did not err in allowing the jury to view the photographs and vehicle. We emphasize, for the purpose of this holding, that it is confined to the context where (1) evidence of subsequent remedial action is otherwise relevant, (2) admission of the evidence would not offend policy considerations favoring encouragement of repairs, and (3) the remedial action is not undertaken at the direction of a party plaintiff so that it does not constitute a self-serving, out-of-court declaration by that party."
In the instant case the report was not instigated or conducted by plaintiff and we find no reason why the report's admission into evidence would discourage making repairs. Therefore, the determinative issue is whether the proposed remedial action was relevant.
The test of relevancy is found in MRE 401 which defines relevant evidence as evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. MRE 402 states that all relevant evidence is admissible, except as otherwise provided by the state or federal constitution or rules adopted by the Supreme Court. Admissibility rests within the trial judge's discretion and his determination will not be set aside unless there has been an abuse of discretion. Aetna Life Ins Co v Brooks, 96 Mich. App. 310, 314; 292 N.W.2d 532 (1980).
The critical fact in the instant case is whether the railroad crossing in question was dangerous. The report contains factual statements, both pro and con, bearing on that issue. For example, the report notes that vegetation growth was a problem and restricted road to rail vision and that an ongoing construction project in the area had increased the traffic "to some great extent". These facts, plus the decision to install flashing signals immediately rather than at some time in the future, suggest that the crossing was dangerous. On the other hand, the report also states that a residential complex was scheduled to be constructed which would increase traffic in the "near future". These facts suggest that the crossing was not dangerous on the date of the accident but would soon become dangerous and hence installation of flashing signals should not be delayed. Clearly, these statements, both pro and con, would be helpful and materially assist the jury in determining whether the crossing was dangerous. Thus, they are "relevant". Furthermore, Inspector Westphal would have taken the stand and testified, providing the jury with the advantage of cross-examination, so any possible prejudice regarding anticipated dangers could have been minimized.
Factually similar to the instant case is Louisville Nashville R Co v Williams, 370 F.2d 839 (CA 5, 1966). Plaintiff's wife and daughter were killed when plaintiff drove his car across a railroad crossing marked only by a crossbuck sign. Over objection, the trial court allowed testimony from a State Highway Department engineer that subsequent to the accident, the Highway Department installed automatic signals. The jury found for plaintiff and the railroad appealed claiming the engineer's testimony should not have been admitted. The Fifth Circuit affirmed the trial court, saying:
"The State Highway Department which made the repairs or improvements was not a party to the suit, and the policy ground for excluding such evidence was not applicable. As has been seen, the jury was informed, both at the time of admission of such evidence and in the court's final charge, that the evidence was to be considered solely as circumstantial evidence of whether the crossing was a dangerous or hazardous crossing." Id., 844.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the trial court in this case erred in excluding the report and order.
Our determination should not be interpreted as deciding that the crossing was dangerous, or, if dangerous, that the defendant railroad is necessarily liable. These are decisions that must be made by the jury. Even if the crossing had been illuminated by flashing lights, the jury might find that the accident would have occurred. After all, the accident did take place in mid-afternoon on a bright sunlit day when decedent drove his truck into the fourth car of a seven-car train. All we decide is that in reaching its determinations, the jury should have advantage of all of the relevant facts.
Reversed and remanded for trial. Costs to plaintiff.
R.B. BURNS, P.J., concurred.
For several reasons I must dissent in this decision.
The issue in this lawsuit is:
Based on the facts as they existed before or at the time of the accident, was the defendant negligent?
The accident occurred on July 13, 1977. On August 26, 1977, the Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation issued a report recommending that automatic signals be installed at this crossing. This was done.
Before trial the circuit judge granted a motion in limine against reference to the subsequent repairs. When the report was sought by the plaintiff to be introduced in evidence, it was denied by the court. From a verdict of no cause of action against the plaintiff, there is an appeal.
The trial court made the correct decision in excluding the report for the following reasons:
1. The report raises collateral issues to be tried, among which are:
a. Is the report of the Highway Department sound and practical?
b. If the report was sound, would it have prevented the accident, in light of the evidence that the decedent ran into the fourth boxcar of a seven-car train?
These are irrelevant to the principle issue.
2. The report is hearsay. It is an out-of-court opinion going to the ultimate decision to be made by the jury. The plaintiff, without attempting to introduce the report, had the right to bring in the author of the report to give his observations and, had he been qualified as an expert and been cross-examined on his expertise, he could have rendered an opinion on the ultimate issue. MRE 703. Further, it automatically opens the door to testimony regarding subsequent remedial measures which is inadmissible under MRE 407.
3. The report is highly prejudicial. A jury could well conclude that if the Highway Department felt that more warning devices were necessary that a priori the defendant was negligent. The exercise of discretion of the trial judge should not be overturned unless clearly erroneous. Grawey v Genesee County Road Comm'rs, 48 Mich. App. 742, 752; 211 N.W.2d 68 (1973). A limiting instruction could not overcome this prejudice.
4. The allowance of opinions "that there is a better way" opens the door to all kinds of extraneous evidence and collateral matter unnecessarily burdening the system. As Bramwell in Hart v Lancashire Y R Co, 21 LTR(ns) 261, 263 said in denying introduction of this kind of evidence, it is based on a theory of "because the world gets wiser as it gets older, therefore it was foolish before".
5. Louisville N R Co v Williams, 370 (CA 5, 1966), cited by the majority, is indeed similar factually except that in that case, after setting forth many reasons why the judge should not have admitted the report, the court affirmed his decision to do so because they hesitated to overturn his discretion. Also, in that case the author of the report testified and was subject to cross-examination.
I would affirm the trial judge.