Opinion
Civil Action 21-1089
03-15-2022
LAMAR ELLIS, ET AL. v. EVONIK CORPORATION, ET AL.
SECTION “R” (3)
ORDER AND REASONS
SARAH S. VANCE UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Before the Court is plaintiffs' motion for reconsideration of the Court's October 19, 2021 denial of plaintiffs' motion to remand. Defendants, Evonik Corporation (“Evonik”) and Shell Oil Company (“Shell”), oppose the motion. For the following reasons, the Court denies plaintiffs' motion.
R. Doc. 32.
R. Docs. 39 & 40.
I. BACKGROUND
This case arises out of alleged exposure to ethylene oxide (“EtO”) near a petrochemical plant in Reserve, Louisiana (the “facility”), owned and operated by defendants Evonik and Shell. Plaintiffs are fourteen Louisiana residents who live within seven miles of the facility, and who have either contracted cancer, or had a spouse die from cancer, allegedly because of unknowing exposure to dangerous levels of EtO emitted by the facility.
R. Doc. 1-1 ¶ 1.
Id. ¶¶ 12-25, 80-93.
Id. ¶¶ 1, 7-8.
On April 26, 2021, plaintiffs filed suit in the Civil District Court for the Parish of St. John the Baptist, alleging that inhalation of EtO emitted from the facility was a substantial factor in causing plaintiffs' cancer, or their spouses' cancer. In their complaint, plaintiffs named as defendants Evonik Corporation and Shell Oil Company, as well as four individual defendants (the “employee defendants” or the “employees”): Randy Cashio, James Carter, Artis Williams, and Kerry Harrison. Plaintiffs alleged that the employee defendants were designated as Responsible Officials (“ROs”) who provided emissions information to state regulators at the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (“LDEQ”), and who knew or should have known that the facility was emitting unsafe levels of EtO into the surrounding community. Plaintiffs alleged negligence and civil batteryagainst the four employee defendants. The employee defendants are residents of Louisiana.
Id. ¶¶ 1-9.
Id. ¶¶ 26, 31. In their complaint, plaintiffs named other corporate entities, including Evonik Materials Corporation, Versum Materials Performance Manufacturing, Inc., Air Products Performance Manufacturing, Inc., and Tomah Reserve, Inc. Id. ¶¶ 27-30. Defendants represent, and plaintiffs do not dispute, that Evonik Corporation is the successor in interest of those entities. R. Doc. 1 ¶¶ 5-6; R. Doc. 19-1 at 1 n.1. Accordingly, the only corporate defendants in this matter are Evonik Corporation and Shell Oil Company.
R. Doc. 1-1 ¶ 32.
Id. ¶ 33. Defendant James Carter has not been served in this action. See Id. at 59-60.
Id. ¶ 34.
Id. ¶ 35.
Id. ¶¶ 61-71.
Id. ¶¶ 203-207 (“Count 19 - Negligence of James Carter”); id. ¶¶ 215-219 (“Count 21 - Negligence of Artis Williams”); id. ¶¶ 226-230 (“Count 23 - Negligence of Randy Cashio”); id. ¶¶ 237-240 (“Count 25 - Negligence of Kerry Harrison”).
Id. ¶¶ 208-213 (“Count 20 - Civil Battery by James Carter”); id. ¶¶ 220-225 (“Count 22 - Civil Battery by Artis Williams”); id. ¶¶ 231-236 (“Count 24 - Civil Battery by Randy Cashio”); id. ¶¶ 241-246 (“Count 26 - Civil Battery by Kerry Harrison”).
See Id. ¶¶ 32-35; R. Doc. 1 ¶ 20.
On June 4, 2021, Evonik removed the case to federal court, contending that the non-diverse employee defendants were improperly joined, and that, therefore, this Court has diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332.
R. Doc. 1 ¶¶ 20-37.
On June 30, 2021, plaintiffs moved to remand the case to state court.They argued that the employee defendants were not improperly joined because plaintiffs have shown a possibility of recovery against the employee defendants under Louisiana law. They contended that, because the in-state employee defendants were properly joined, the parties in the case are not completely diverse, and the Court should therefore remand for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Defendants Evonik, Shell, and Williams opposed the motion to remand, and argued that the employee defendants were improperly joined, and should be dismissed.
R. Doc. 19.
R. Doc. 19-1 at 9-18.
Id. at 25. Plaintiffs also argued that this Court did not have federal-officer jurisdiction, id. at 18-25, but the Court did not address that contention in ruling on the motion to remand, and it is not at issue on the present motion for reconsideration.
R. Doc. 20.
On October 19, 2021, the Court denied the motion to remand, and dismissed plaintiffs' claims against the employee defendants.
R. Doc. 28.
On November 5, 2021, plaintiffs filed a motion for reconsideration of the Court's denial of the motion to remand. They contend that the Court's Order and Reasons denying remand contained multiple legal errors, and the motion should therefore be reconsidered. Defendants Evonik and Shell oppose the motion.
R. Doc. 32.
R. Doc. 32-1.
R. Docs. 39 & 40.
The Court considers the motion below.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
The Fifth Circuit has consistently recognized that parties may challenge a court's order under Rules 54(b), 59(e), or 60(b). Reyes v. Julia Place Condo. Homeowners Ass'n, Inc., No. 12-2043, 2016 WL 4272943, at *2 (E.D. La. Aug. 15, 2016) (collecting cases). “Rules 59 and 60, however, apply only to final judgments.” Id. (citing S. Snow Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Snowizard Holdings, Inc., 921 F.Supp.2d 548, 563-64 (E.D. La. 2013)). If a party seeks reconsideration of an order that adjudicates fewer than all the claims among all the parties, then Rule 54(b) controls.
Here, plaintiffs seek reconsideration of an interlocutory order that denied remand, and dismissed some, but not all, of the defendants from this case. Accordingly, Rule 54(b) is the appropriate standard under which to evaluate the motion. See Adams v. Columbia/HCA of New Orleans, Inc., No. 20-3030, 2021 WL 809372, at *1 (E.D. La. Mar. 3, 2021) (applying Rule 54(b) to plaintiff's motion to reconsider the court's order granting a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss that dismissed some but not all of plaintiff's claims); Butler v. Denka Performance Elastomer LLC, No. 18-6685, 2019 WL 697164, at *1 (E.D. La. Feb. 20, 2019) (applying Rule 54(b) to a motion for reconsideration of the denial of plaintiff's motion to remand); Hill v. Travelers Indem. Co., No. 11-4146, 2012 WL 12895265, at *1 (S.D. Tex. Sept. 5, 2012) (same).
Rule 54(b) provides that an order that adjudicates fewer than all of the claims among all of the parties “may be revised at any time” before the entry of a final judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 54(b). As Rule 54 recognizes, a district court “possesses the inherent procedural power to reconsider, rescind, or modify an interlocutory order for cause seen by it to be sufficient.” Melancon v. Texaco, 659 F.2d 551, 553 (5th Cir. 1981). Under Rule 54(b), the court “is free to reconsider and reverse its decision for any reason it deems sufficient, even in the absence of new evidence or an intervening change in or clarification of the substantive law.” Austin v. Kroger Tex., L.P., 864 F.3d 326, 336 (5th Cir. 2017). Although reconsideration under Rule 54(b) is within the trial court's broad discretion, reconsideration “is not provided indiscriminately whenever some party may wish it, ” as judges “must protect themselves and the other parties against the delays and burdens that could be imposed by yielding to simple disappointment or a deliberate desire to inflict delay and burden.” See 18B Wright & Miller, Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 4478.1 (3d ed. 2021); Calpetco 1981 v. Marshall Expl., Inc., 989 F.2d 1408, 1414-15 (5th Cir. 1993).
Reconsideration of an interlocutory order under Rule 54(b) is less stringent than reconsideration of judgments under Rule 59(e). Austin, 864 F.3d at 336. But “[a]lthough a less exacting standard applies, courts look to similar considerations as those it considers when evaluating Rule 59(e) motions.” Edwards v. Take Fo' Records, Inc., No. 19-12130, 2020 WL 3832606, at *11 & n.12 (E.D. La. July 8, 2020); see also Pierce v. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., No. 15-6585, 2017 WL 2082947, at *1 (E.D. La. May 15, 2017). A motion to reconsider is “not the proper vehicle for rehashing evidence, legal theories, or arguments that could have been offered or raised before the entry of [the order].” Templet v. HydroChem Inc., 367 F.3d 473, 478-79 (5th Cir. 2004).
III. DISCUSSION
Plaintiffs argue that the Court should reconsider its October 19, 2021 Order and Reasons denying remand and dismissing the employee defendants because the Court: (i) failed to recognize that, under Louisiana law, the employee defendants “may” have a personal duty to these plaintiffs, thereby supporting plaintiffs' dismissed negligence claims; (ii) misapplied the improper-joinder framework of Smallwood v. Illinois Central Railroad Co., 385 F.3d 568 (5th Cir. 2004); and (iii) erroneously dismissed plaintiffs' civil-battery claims against the employee defendants. The Court addresses each of plaintiffs' contentions in turn. In so doing, the Court assumes the parties' familiarity with its October 19, 2021 Order and Reasons.
R. Doc. 32-1 at 2-4.
Id. at 8-15.
Id. at 5-8.
R. Doc. 28.
A. Personal Duty
First, the Court rejects plaintiffs' renewed attempt to argue that the employee defendants owed a personal duty to these plaintiffs for the purposes of liability under Canter v. Koehring Co., 283 So.3d 716 (La. 1973). In its remand order, the Court gave no fewer than four distinct reasons why plaintiffs were unable to show that such a duty was owed. Those reasons were that: (1) Evonik and Shell did not, as required under Canter, delegate relevant safety duties to the employee defendants by designating them as ROs; (2) plaintiffs alleged no facts indicating that the employee defendants had actual knowledge of the cited health risks; (3) the plaintiffs and/or decedents were non-employees of the facility who were injured off the facility's premises; and (4) the employee defendants had never met any of the plaintiffs.
Id. at 11-20.
In seeking reconsideration, plaintiffs focus on the latter two reasons. That they are unable to marshal legal authority or any other argumentation challenging the Court's first two reasons is grounds enough to deny their motion for reconsideration. Nonetheless, the Court proceeds to address, and reject, the substance of plaintiffs' arguments regarding the other two reasons: that the employee defendants had no personal contact with the plaintiffs, and that the plaintiffs or decedents were non-employees injured off the premises.
To the extent that the Court's opinion denying remand could be read to hold that there can never be a duty in the absence of personal contact, or if the injury occurs off the employer's premises, the Court acknowledges that there is authority to the contrary. But, for the following reasons, these authorities do not undermine the Court's conclusion in this case, that these employee defendants did not owe a personal duty to these plaintiffs.
First, on the issue of personal contact, the Court's Order cited Kemp v. CTL Distribution, Inc., 440 Fed.Appx. 240 (5th Cir. 2011), which in turn quoted the Louisiana Supreme Court in Esco v. Smith, 468 So.2d 1169 (La. 1985), for the proposition that, for personal liability to attach under Canter, the employee defendant must have had some personal contact with and responsibility toward the injured plaintiff. Kemp, 440 Fed.Appx. at 246 (quoting Esco, 468 So.2d at 1175). Plaintiffs contend that the Fifth Circuit erred in Kemp when it cited Esco, because Esco involved an older body of law regarding “executive officer” liability, under which injured employees could sue their co-employed managers or supervisors for injuries sustained in the course of their work. In 1976, Louisiana's workers' compensation law was amended to foreclose these suits, except for intentional tort claims. See La. Rev. Stat. § 23:1032. Plaintiffs argue that Esco's “jurisprudential rule” requiring personal contact and responsibility toward the injured claimant was thus “mooted.”
R. Doc. 41-1 at 3.
Id.
But plaintiffs cite no authority for this proposition. They baldly assert that Esco was “superseded” as of 1976, and that the Fifth Circuit was wrong to cite it for the “personal contact” factor in 2011. But even though executive-officer suits by co-employees were abrogated in 1976, it does not follow that the personal-contact consideration shares the same fate. Notwithstanding the 1976 amendment, the Court's Canter inquiry remains focused on whether the employee defendants owed and breached a duty that was personal to the injured plaintiffs. Whether those people ever met is relevant to that analysis. Consistent with this notion, Kemp and other Canter cases illustrate that the nature of the contact, if any, between the employee defendants and the plaintiff(s) is a factor that may be taken into account in the duty analysis. See, e.g., Kemp, 440 Fed.Appx. at 246 (finding no Canter liability despite that the employee defendant had “contact with [the decedent] on a daily basis”); Sam v. Genesis Behav. Hosp., Inc., 255 So.3d 42, 50 (La.App. 3 Cir. 2018) (“[E]ven if [the employee defendant] handled the clinical aspects of the facility and had some personal contact with the clients, Plaintiff offered no evidence to support her contention that [the employee defendant] assumed a duty to protect [those] clients from assaults from other clients.” (emphasis added)).
In its remand order, the Court relied on the absence of contact between the employee defendants and the plaintiffs to support a finding that plaintiffs were unable to show that the employees owed them a personal duty. That reasoning is not undermined by the 1976 amendment to Louisiana's workers' compensation law. The Court's citation to Kemp and Esco does not warrant reconsideration of the remand order.
Second, as to the undisputed fact that these plaintiffs are non-employees injured off the employer's premises, the Court finds no reason to reconsider its remand order. In their motion for reconsideration, plaintiffs cite four cases that they contend undermine the Court's finding that an off-premises injury weighs against a finding of personal duty. As an initial matter, in each of plaintiffs' cited cases, the respective court merely granted remand, and/or declined to dismiss certain claims, because plaintiffs in those cases had shown a possibility of recovery under Canter, based on the specific facts alleged. See Ford v. Elsbury, 32 F.3d 931 (5th Cir. 1994); Garrett v. AEP River Operations, LLC, No. 15-5562, 2016 WL 945056 (E.D. La. Mar. 14, 2016); Davis v. Omega Refining, LLC, No. 15-518, 2015 WL 3650832 (E.D. La. June 11, 2015); Turner v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc., No. 05-45206, 2007 WL 4233676 (E.D. La. Nov. 28, 2007). But finding that certain facts, if proven, might establish a personal duty, is not the same as finding that a personal duty was owed.
Furthermore, even construing these cases as favorably as possible to plaintiffs, the facts in each case-two of which were already discussed in the Court's remand order-are crucially different from the facts presented here. For instance, in Davis, plaintiffs alleged that the defendants, including a plant manager sued individually, “failed to prevent frequent, foreseeable, and preventable breakdowns” at the facility, and, “along with the improper functioning of refinery equipment, violated [their] hourly permit emission limits for” multiple chemicals. 2015 WL 3650832, at *1. Plaintiffs further alleged that the facility “concealed and misrepresented information” to LDEQ; “neglected to disclose a new un-permitted point-source altogether- inevitably resulting in the direct emissions of harmful pollutants without any measure of protection for the surrounding community;” and caused certain unpermitted discharges that went unreported to the proper authorities. Id. In denying the plant manager's motion to dismiss, the court found that more discovery was warranted as to the potential liability of the manager, who was an RO, and who testified that she was a “liaison for the plant with [LDEQ].” Id. at *4. There was thus a clear nexus between plaintiffs' alleged violations and the substance of the plant manager's role. Here, there are no allegations that the employee defendants made misrepresentations or omissions in their submissions to LDEQ, nor that they failed to report any unauthorized discharges from the facility. The significant differences between the allegations here and those in Davis make Davis unpersuasive.
In plaintiffs' other three cases, evidence of the employee defendants' actual, personal knowledge of the risks favored a finding that the plaintiffs might be able to establish that a personal duty was owed. Specifically, Ford, Garrett, and Turner all involved factually substantial allegations that the employee defendants had personal knowledge of the relevant hazards, and had disregarded the risk. In Ford, a case involving an explosion caused by a rupture of the plant's urea reactor, employees had testified that they had complained of a leaky reactor and an unsafe work area, that management had not acted, and that the plant-manager defendant had said, “[s]ometimes you have to overlook safety to get the job done.” 32 F.3d at 939. Similarly, in Garrett, plaintiffs allegedly injured by nearby sandblasting operations had lodged complaints about the harmful practice with the employee defendant, and the employee did not remedy the situation. 2016 WL 945056, at *4. And in Turner, an oil-spill case involving allegations that the employee defendant did not follow the refinery's protocol for flood risk, the employee defendant testified that he was aware of the relevant flood protocol, that he understood the rationale behind the protocol, that he knew the risks posed by possible flooding at the refinery, and that, before the relevant incident, he was “aware of the potential for flooding.” 2007 WL 4233676, at *3-4. Facts like these, indicating that an employee defendant had personal knowledge of the hazard that ultimately caused the plaintiffs' injuries, are significant for the purposes of Canter liability. As the Fifth Circuit has explained, “[a] supervisor's knowledge of the dangers present ‘could give rise to the personal duty contemplated in Canter.'” Ford, 32 F.3d at 936 (quoting Hayden v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 788 F.Supp. 285, 287 (E.D. La. 1992)). As discussed in the Court's remand order, plaintiffs here have alleged no facts of this kind. What these cases stand for, at most, is that an off-premises injury does not alone preclude liability if other factors favor the existence of a personal duty. For these reasons, the cases that plaintiffs cite do not warrant reconsideration of the Court's findings that it was proper to consider in its duty analysis that plaintiffs' injuries occurred off-premises, or that the off-premises location of plaintiffs' injuries weighs against a finding of personal duty.
And for these same reasons, the Court rejects plaintiffs' contention that Garrett illustrates that these plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged that the employee defendants had actual knowledge of the relevant danger. Again, the employee defendant in Garrett had received complaints about the allegedly harmful practice. 2016 WL 945056, at *4. Far from lending support to plaintiffs' position in this case, Garrett exemplifies what is missing-among other issues-in this case: factual allegations indicating that the employee defendants had actual knowledge of the alleged risk.
See R. Doc. 32-1 at 13-14.
In sum, the Court's remand order, fairly read, indicates that its personal-duty analysis considered the entire factual context of plaintiffs' allegations, taking into account the absence of personal contact between the alleged tortfeasors and the plaintiffs or decedents, that the alleged injuries occurred away from the premises where the defendants were employed, and the lack of any non-conclusory, factual allegations indicating that these defendants had personal knowledge that EtO emissions within permissible limits presented a real risk of causing these plaintiffs or decedents to develop cancer. Whether or not any of these factors that the Court considered were alone sufficient to negate the presence of a duty, these factors together certainly demonstrate that plaintiffs had not adequately alleged a personal duty, as required for Canter liability.
Because plaintiffs' Canter arguments fail, and because the Court's other reasoning on the duty question remains unchallenged, the Court denies plaintiffs' request to reconsider its finding that the employee defendants did not owe a personal duty to plaintiffs for the purposes of Canter liability.
B. Improper Joinder
Second, the Court rejects plaintiffs' arguments regarding the Court's improper-joinder analysis. Plaintiffs argue that the Court erred by (i) piercing the pleadings to consider the employee defendants' declarations, (ii) failing to consider certain “unchallenged factual allegations” in the complaint, (iii) failing to draw “reasonable inferences from the facts alleged” in the complaint, and (iv) “appear[ing]” not to have considered the sworn permit applications that plaintiffs attached to their reply memorandum.
Id. at 8.
These arguments lack merit. The Court properly considered the employee defendants' sworn declarations, attesting to certain discrete facts that would preclude plaintiffs' recovery, including, for instance, that the employee defendants' “duty associated with being a ‘Responsible Official' . . . was limited to assuring (and certifying) that [the facility]'s regulatory submissions were true, accurate, and complete.'” These statements, coupled with the regulatory definition of an RO, and the insufficiency of plaintiffs' factual allegations regarding the employee defendants' RO status and job responsibilities, persuaded the Court that Evonik and Shell did not, for Canter purposes, delegate any relevant duty to the employee defendants. The Court's other citations to the declarations served a similar purpose: to further illustrate, alongside plaintiffs' factually vacant allegations in the complaint, that their Canter theory was meritless. And in any case, the Court already considered plaintiffs' objections to these declarations in their original briefing on the motion to remand. The Court declines to rehear those arguments on the present motion.
R. Doc. 28 at 11-12.
The Court also rejects plaintiffs' contentions that the Court failed to consider, or to draw reasonable inferences from, the factual allegations in the complaint. The Court cited extensively to plaintiffs' complaint, and found it factually wanting. And the “facts” that plaintiffs re-urge at this stage were either considered and found inadequate to state a claim, or are indeed legal conclusions couched as factual allegations. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
Finally, plaintiffs protest that the Court did not cite in its remand order the permit applications that plaintiffs attached to their reply brief. But the Court found these exhibits to be useless for the remand motion. The documents merely indicate that the employee defendants submitted permit applications, and that they certified that they met the regulatory criteria to be ROs. But there is no dispute that the employee defendants were ROs, that they submitted permit applications, and that they purportedly satisfied the regulatory criteria. The documents therefore do nothing to salvage plaintiffs' RO theory. And that the Court did not cite them in its order denying remand does not warrant reconsideration.
See, e.g., R. Doc. 25-2 at 6 (Certification of Compliance with Applicable Requirements, signed by Artis Williams) (Oct. 20, 2011).
C. Battery Claims
Third, the Court rejects plaintiffs' arguments regarding the dismissal of their battery claims. In opposing remand, defendant Evonik explicitly argued that plaintiffs had not stated a claim for civil battery, with citations to case authority. Of course, Evonik was prudent to do so-its removal to federal court was premised on the improper joinder of the employee defendants. If plaintiffs had shown a possibility of recovery against any of the nondiverse employees, under any theory of liability, then joinder was not improper, and the case would have had to be remanded for lack of diversity. Accordingly, defendants sought dismissal of plaintiffs' civil-battery claims. Plaintiffs, in reply, did not dedicate one word to their expressly challenged battery claims. This 54(b) motion is not the proper vehicle for these belated arguments. Cf. Templet, 367 F.3d at 478-79 (noting that a motion to reconsider is “not the proper vehicle for rehashing evidence, legal theories, or arguments that could have been offered or raised before the entry of [the order]”).
R. Doc. 20 at 15 n.32.
Regardless, plaintiffs have not shown that the Court's conclusion was erroneous. Plaintiffs challenge the Court's statement that it was unaware of any Louisiana case law recognizing the viability of a claim of battery by omission. In support of their argument, plaintiffs cite three cases: Swope v. Columbian Chemicals Co., 281 F.3d 185 (5th Cir. 2002), Mulkey v. Century Indemnity Co., No. 2016-1119, 2017 WL 1378234 (La.App. 1 Cir. 2017), and Nase v. Teco Energy, 347 F.Supp.2d 313 (E.D. La. 2004). The Court welcomes plaintiffs' belated research, which would have been useful had it been supplied in the original briefing. The Court further acknowledges that two of these cases, Swope and Mulkey, could be read to support the view that a failure to act, under circumstances where the non-actor knows that imminent and direct harm will result from his inaction, could amount to battery under Louisiana law. But this does not rectify plaintiffs' theory as alleged here. As explained in the Court's remand order, plaintiffs' complaint merely recites the elements of civil battery in a conclusory fashion, with no discernible factual content.
At any rate, the cases that plaintiffs cite do not change this Court's conclusion that plaintiffs have not stated a battery claim. In Swope, 281 F.3d 185, the Fifth Circuit reversed summary judgment as to plaintiff's battery claims because the record indicated that plaintiff's employer, Columbian,
continually required [plaintiff] to breathe ozone without protective respiratory equipment throughout his nine years and some months of employment. Columbian in this manner repeatedly caused him and other employees to breathe levels of ozone high enough to cause them respiratory discomfort, “choke ups, ” nausea, headaches, and chest pains. On at least three occasions, employees other than Mr. Swope had passed out from breathing too much ozone and had been taken to hospital emergency rooms or given oxygen on the plant premises. Many other times, employees had to flee the immediate vicinity in which they were working because the ozone level had become intolerable. In fact, from the deposition testimony, it appears that the only safety instruction Columbian ever gave to Mr. Swope and his fellow employees for dealing with such levels of ozone was to vacate the area of excessive concentration of ozone, get some fresh air, and return to work when feeling better.Id. at 194. The Fifth Circuit held that this evidence could lead a reasonable jury to find that defendant “knew to a substantial certainty that it was continually exposing [plaintiff] to high levels of ozone without affording him the protection of any respiratory safeguard, ” and that “his direct inhalations of such large quantities of ozone would do gradual, but definite and repeated, bodily harm to him.” Id. at 201. Defendant's inaction was akin to recklessness or deliberate indifference. Plaintiffs here have alleged no facts that even remotely resemble these facts supporting a battery claim in Swope.
Similarly, in Mulkey, 2017 WL 1378234, the Louisiana First Circuit Court of Appeal reversed the trial court's dismissal of plaintiffs' battery claims because plaintiffs had “elaborate[d] in articulated detail individuals at Exxon who were aware of problems with benzene exposure and the dates of their knowledge.” Id. at *3. As explained at length in the Court's remand order, plaintiffs here have asserted no specific facts to this effect.
Finally, this Court's opinion in Nase, 347 F.Supp.2d 313, is inapplicable. There, the sole basis of defendants' assertion that plaintiff had not stated a claim for an intentional tort was that plaintiff said at his deposition that he did not know whether the individual defendant “intended to hurt” him, and that plaintiff did not experience personal apprehension that the individual defendant was trying to hurt him. Id. at 321-22. The Court noted that these statements are not fatal to a battery claim, because an act can be “intentional” so long as the person who acts “knows that the result is substantially certain to follow from his conduct.” Id. at 322. The basis of defendants' argument was therefore legally meritless. Here, the Court explained and considered the elements of battery under Louisiana law, and found that plaintiffs had not stated a claim.
None of plaintiffs' cited cases warrant reconsideration of the Court's remand order. The Court denies reconsideration as to the dismissal of plaintiffs' civil-battery claims.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs' motion to reconsider is DENIED.